Great Bird Migrations of the World

result_set_id: rc30a7492464
total_rows: 447
columns[3]: birds,title,url
preview:
  sample_rows[3]:
    - url: "https://datazone.birdlife.org/sowb/casestudy/the-bar-tailed-godwit-undertakes-one-of-the-avian-worlds-most-extraordinary-migratory-journeys-"
      title: Bar-tailed Godwit migration | BirdLife DataZone
      birds[1]:
        - species: Bar-tailed Godwit
          route: null
          timing: mid-March
          distance_km: null
          distinction: null
          species_evidence[1]: **The Bar-tailed Godwit *Limosa lapponica* undertakes one of the avian world’s most extraordinary migratory journeys.
          route_evidence: null
          timing_evidence[2]: "The birds begin their northward migration from their non-breeding grounds in New Zealand in mid-March, typically completing the journey in two stages.",**The Bar-tailed Godwit *Limosa lapponica* undertakes one of the avian world’s most extraordinary migratory journeys.
          distance_km_evidence: null
          distinction_evidence: null
    - url: "https://audubon.org/news/lost-birds-rely-earths-magnetic-field-get-back-track"
      title: Lost Birds Rely on Earth's Magnetic Field to Get Back on Track
      birds[1]:
        - species: Eurasian Reed Warblers
          route: null
          timing: fall migration
          distance_km: null
          distinction: null
          species_evidence[2]: # Lost Birds Rely on Earth’s Magnetic Field to Get Back on Track,"Problem was, these Eurasian Reed Warblers were somehow starting out in entirely the wrong place, in Neftekamsk, Russia—or so they thought."
          route_evidence: null
          timing_evidence[2]: # Lost Birds Rely on Earth’s Magnetic Field to Get Back on Track,"Using mist-nets, the scientists caught adult reed warblers in Austria at the onset of their fall migration and kept them in outdoor aviaries."
          distance_km_evidence: null
          distinction_evidence: null
    - url: "https://arkfoundationus.org/arctic-tern-migration-map"
      title: "Arctic Tern Migration Map: The Epic Pole-to-Pole Journey (Visualized)"
      birds[1]:
        - species: Arctic Tern
          route: null
          timing: every year
          distance_km: null
          distinction: null
          species_evidence[2]: "Arctic Tern Migration Map: The Epic Pole-to-Pole Journey (Visualized)","The **Arctic Tern migration map** reveals the most extraordinary journey in the animal kingdom, spanning over 50,000 miles from the High Arctic to the shores of Antarctica."
          route_evidence: null
          timing_evidence[2]: "Arctic Tern Migration Map: The Epic Pole-to-Pole Journey (Visualized)","By following specific wind patterns and stopover points, these birds experience two summers every year, covering a distance equivalent to three trips to the moon and back over their lifetime."
          distance_km_evidence: null
          distinction_evidence: null
notes[4,]{text}:
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result_set_id: r7222fb4253c
total_rows: 42
columns[14]: annual_km,annual_km_evidence,breeding_area,breeding_area_evidence,nonbreeding_area,nonbreeding_area_evidence,one_way_km,one_way_km_evidence,route_details,route_details_evidence,species,species_evidence,title,url
rows[42]:
  - url: "http://safari-ecology.blogspot.com/2012/02/wheatears-remarkable-migration-alaska.html"
    title: "The wheatear's remarkable migration: Alaska to East Africa"
    species: Northern Wheatear
    breeding_area: null
    nonbreeding_area: null
    route_details: null
    one_way_km: null
    annual_km: null
    species_evidence[2]: "### The wheatear's remarkable migration: Alaska to East Africa","We've long known this must happen, as pretty much all the world's Northern Wheatears *Oenanthe oenanthe* spend the winter in Africa, but now technology has allowed us to follow individual birds on their 14,600km long migration from Alaska to East Africa and back."
    breeding_area_evidence: null
    nonbreeding_area_evidence: null
    route_details_evidence: null
    one_way_km_evidence: null
    annual_km_evidence: null
  - url: "doi://10.1002/ece3.5459"
    title: "Hypotheses and tracking results about the longest migration: The case of the arctic tern"
    species: Arctic Tern
    breeding_area: null
    nonbreeding_area: null
    route_details: null
    one_way_km: null
    annual_km: null
    species_evidence[2]: ## Introduction,"The arctic tern has a very special reputation among migratory birds since more than a 100 years, being appointed by Cooke (1915) as the “world's migration champion.”"
    breeding_area_evidence: null
    nonbreeding_area_evidence: null
    route_details_evidence: null
    one_way_km_evidence: null
    annual_km_evidence: null
  - url: "https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rsbl.2011.1223"
    title: Cross-hemisphere migration of a 25 g songbird
    species: Northern Wheatear
    breeding_area: northeastern Canada and Alaska
    nonbreeding_area: northern sub-Sahara Africa
    route_details: "northern Russia and Kazakhstan before crossing the Arabian Desert for Alaskan birds, and via Greenland and western Europe for Canadian birds"
    one_way_km: "14600"
    annual_km: null
    species_evidence[2]: ## 1. Introduction,"The northern wheatear (Oenanthe oenanthe; wheatear hereafter) is a small (approx. 25 g), insectivorous migrant with one of the largest ranges of any songbird in the world, breeding from northeastern Canada (CN) across Europe and Asia into AK and extreme northwestern CN."
    breeding_area_evidence[2]: ## 1. Introduction,"The northern wheatear (Oenanthe oenanthe; wheatear hereafter) is a small (approx. 25 g), insectivorous migrant with one of the largest ranges of any songbird in the world, breeding from northeastern Canada (CN) across Europe and Asia into AK and extreme northwestern CN."
    nonbreeding_area_evidence[4]: ## 1. Introduction,"Although there is abundant of tundra breeding habitat between the two Nearctic populations, they have not met.","The eastern Canadian birds belong to the subspecies leucorhoa while the Alaskan birds belong to the nominate subspecies [2].","Despite sporadic reports in temperate North America [3], there is no direct evidence that wheatears have established permanent wintering sites in the Western Hemisphere, suggesting that both Nearctic populations overwinter with Eurasian populations in northern sub-Sahara Africa [2]."
    route_details_evidence[4]: ## 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION,Data from the remaining three geolocators revealed that the AK birds spent their winter in eastern Africa somewhere in Sudan or Uganda/Kenya (figure 1).,"During the autumn, birds travelled through northern Russia and Kazakhstan before crossing the Arabian Desert, a one-way trip that averaged 14 600 km (+360, mean + s.d.) and took 91 (+11) days (approx. 160 km d 21 ).","The CN bird appeared to cross about 3400 km from Baffin Island to the western British Isles in no more than four days (approx. 850 km d 21 ) possibly via Greenland (electronic supplementary material, figure S3) and continued south through Europe for another 4000 km to spend the winter in western Africa on the coast of Mauritania (figure 1)."
    one_way_km_evidence[2]: ## 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION,"During the autumn, birds travelled through northern Russia and Kazakhstan before crossing the Arabian Desert, a one-way trip that averaged 14 600 km (+360, mean + s.d.) and took 91 (+11) days (approx. 160 km d 21 )."
    annual_km_evidence: null
  - url: "https://www.birdsnz.org.nz/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/2009-State-of-NZ-Birds.pdf"
    title: Conservation of Migrant Birds
    species: Bar-tailed Godwit
    breeding_area: null
    nonbreeding_area: null
    route_details: null
    one_way_km: null
    annual_km: null
    species_evidence[4]: "The State of\nNew Zealand’s Birds\n\n2009","CONSERVATION OF\nMIGRATORY BIRDS",Bar-tailed Godwit,"The bar-tailed godwits that breed in \nAlaska and ‘winter’ in New Zealand \nundertake one of the most impressive \nmigrations of any animal."
    breeding_area_evidence: null
    nonbreeding_area_evidence: null
    route_details_evidence: null
    one_way_km_evidence: null
    annual_km_evidence: null
  - url: "https://www.birdsnz.org.nz/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/2009-State-of-NZ-Birds.pdf"
    title: Conservation of Migrant Birds
    species: Red Knot
    breeding_area: null
    nonbreeding_area: null
    route_details: null
    one_way_km: null
    annual_km: null
    species_evidence[4]: "The State of\nNew Zealand’s Birds\n\n2009","CONSERVATION OF\nMIGRATORY BIRDS",Red Knot,Red knots contrast greatly with godwits.
    breeding_area_evidence: null
    nonbreeding_area_evidence: null
    route_details_evidence: null
    one_way_km_evidence: null
    annual_km_evidence: null
  - url: "https://www.birdsnz.org.nz/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/2009-State-of-NZ-Birds.pdf"
    title: Conservation of Migrant Birds
    species: Sooty Shearwater
    breeding_area: null
    nonbreeding_area: null
    route_details: null
    one_way_km: null
    annual_km: null
    species_evidence[4]: "The State of\nNew Zealand’s Birds\n\n2009","CONSERVATION OF\nMIGRATORY BIRDS","Southern Breeding, \nTrans-equatorial \nMigratory Seabirds","Sooty shearwater and mottled petrel \nmake the longest movements."
    breeding_area_evidence: null
    nonbreeding_area_evidence: null
    route_details_evidence: null
    one_way_km_evidence: null
    annual_km_evidence: null
  - url: "https://www.birdsnz.org.nz/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/2009-State-of-NZ-Birds.pdf"
    title: Conservation of Migrant Birds
    species: Arctic Tern
    breeding_area: null
    nonbreeding_area: null
    route_details: null
    one_way_km: null
    annual_km: null
    species_evidence[3]: "The State of\nNew Zealand’s Birds\n\n2009","CONSERVATION OF\nMIGRATORY BIRDS","Southern Breeding, \nTrans-equatorial \nMigratory Seabirds"
    breeding_area_evidence: null
    nonbreeding_area_evidence: null
    route_details_evidence: null
    one_way_km_evidence: null
    annual_km_evidence: null
  - url: "https://newsbreak.com/animals-around-the-globe-312249899/4854632420613-12-migratory-birds-that-are-losing-their-natural-routes"
    title: 12 Migratory Birds That Are Losing Their Natural Routes - NewsBreak
    species: Arctic Tern
    breeding_area: Arctic
    nonbreeding_area: Antarctic
    route_details: traveling from the Arctic to the Antarctic and back each year
    one_way_km: null
    annual_km: null
    species_evidence[3]: # 12 Migratory Birds That Are Losing Their Natural Routes,## The Arctic Tern A Long-Distance Voyager in Peril,"The Arctic Tern is renowned for its astonishing migration, traveling from the Arctic to the Antarctic and back each year."
    breeding_area_evidence[3]: # 12 Migratory Birds That Are Losing Their Natural Routes,## The Arctic Tern A Long-Distance Voyager in Peril,"The Arctic Tern is renowned for its astonishing migration, traveling from the Arctic to the Antarctic and back each year."
    nonbreeding_area_evidence[3]: # 12 Migratory Birds That Are Losing Their Natural Routes,## The Arctic Tern A Long-Distance Voyager in Peril,"The Arctic Tern is renowned for its astonishing migration, traveling from the Arctic to the Antarctic and back each year."
    route_details_evidence[3]: # 12 Migratory Birds That Are Losing Their Natural Routes,## The Arctic Tern A Long-Distance Voyager in Peril,"The Arctic Tern is renowned for its astonishing migration, traveling from the Arctic to the Antarctic and back each year."
    one_way_km_evidence: null
    annual_km_evidence: null
  - url: "https://newsbreak.com/animals-around-the-globe-312249899/4854632420613-12-migratory-birds-that-are-losing-their-natural-routes"
    title: 12 Migratory Birds That Are Losing Their Natural Routes - NewsBreak
    species: Blackpoll Warbler
    breeding_area: North America
    nonbreeding_area: Amazon basin
    route_details: transoceanic flight from North America to the Amazon basin. This incredible journey involves nonstop flights over the Atlantic Ocean.
    one_way_km: null
    annual_km: null
    species_evidence[3]: # 12 Migratory Birds That Are Losing Their Natural Routes,## The Blackpoll Warbler A Tiny Bird’s Epic Journey,"Weighing just half an ounce, the Blackpoll Warbler undertakes a transoceanic flight from North America to the Amazon basin."
    breeding_area_evidence[3]: # 12 Migratory Birds That Are Losing Their Natural Routes,## The Blackpoll Warbler A Tiny Bird’s Epic Journey,"Weighing just half an ounce, the Blackpoll Warbler undertakes a transoceanic flight from North America to the Amazon basin."
    nonbreeding_area_evidence[3]: # 12 Migratory Birds That Are Losing Their Natural Routes,## The Blackpoll Warbler A Tiny Bird’s Epic Journey,"Weighing just half an ounce, the Blackpoll Warbler undertakes a transoceanic flight from North America to the Amazon basin."
    route_details_evidence[4]: # 12 Migratory Birds That Are Losing Their Natural Routes,## The Blackpoll Warbler A Tiny Bird’s Epic Journey,"Weighing just half an ounce, the Blackpoll Warbler undertakes a transoceanic flight from North America to the Amazon basin.",This incredible journey involves nonstop flights over the Atlantic Ocean.
    one_way_km_evidence: null
    annual_km_evidence: null
  - url: "https://newsbreak.com/animals-around-the-globe-312249899/4854632420613-12-migratory-birds-that-are-losing-their-natural-routes"
    title: 12 Migratory Birds That Are Losing Their Natural Routes - NewsBreak
    species: Northern Wheatear
    breeding_area: Arctic tundra
    nonbreeding_area: sub-Saharan Africa
    route_details: crossing oceans and deserts
    one_way_km: null
    annual_km: null
    species_evidence[3]: # 12 Migratory Birds That Are Losing Their Natural Routes,## The Northern Wheatear A Small Bird with a Big Journey,The Northern Wheatear embarks on a remarkable migration from the Arctic tundra to sub-Saharan Africa.
    breeding_area_evidence[3]: # 12 Migratory Birds That Are Losing Their Natural Routes,## The Northern Wheatear A Small Bird with a Big Journey,The Northern Wheatear embarks on a remarkable migration from the Arctic tundra to sub-Saharan Africa.
    nonbreeding_area_evidence[3]: # 12 Migratory Birds That Are Losing Their Natural Routes,## The Northern Wheatear A Small Bird with a Big Journey,The Northern Wheatear embarks on a remarkable migration from the Arctic tundra to sub-Saharan Africa.
    route_details_evidence[3]: # 12 Migratory Birds That Are Losing Their Natural Routes,## The Northern Wheatear A Small Bird with a Big Journey,"This small bird covers vast distances, crossing oceans and deserts."
    one_way_km_evidence: null
    annual_km_evidence: null
  - url: "https://newsbreak.com/animals-around-the-globe-312249899/4854632420613-12-migratory-birds-that-are-losing-their-natural-routes"
    title: 12 Migratory Birds That Are Losing Their Natural Routes - NewsBreak
    species: Red Knot
    breeding_area: Arctic
    nonbreeding_area: southern tip of South America
    route_details: "stopover sites to refuel, particularly Delaware Bay, where they feast on horseshoe crab eggs"
    one_way_km: null
    annual_km: null
    species_evidence[3]: # 12 Migratory Birds That Are Losing Their Natural Routes,## The Red Knot A Marathon Migrant in Decline,The Red Knot is a shorebird known for its incredible migration from the Arctic to the southern tip of South America.
    breeding_area_evidence[3]: # 12 Migratory Birds That Are Losing Their Natural Routes,## The Red Knot A Marathon Migrant in Decline,The Red Knot is a shorebird known for its incredible migration from the Arctic to the southern tip of South America.
    nonbreeding_area_evidence[3]: # 12 Migratory Birds That Are Losing Their Natural Routes,## The Red Knot A Marathon Migrant in Decline,The Red Knot is a shorebird known for its incredible migration from the Arctic to the southern tip of South America.
    route_details_evidence[3]: # 12 Migratory Birds That Are Losing Their Natural Routes,## The Red Knot A Marathon Migrant in Decline,"These birds rely on specific stopover sites to refuel, particularly Delaware Bay, where they feast on horseshoe crab eggs."
    one_way_km_evidence: null
    annual_km_evidence: null
  - url: "https://newsbreak.com/animals-around-the-globe-312249899/4854632420613-12-migratory-birds-that-are-losing-their-natural-routes"
    title: 12 Migratory Birds That Are Losing Their Natural Routes - NewsBreak
    species: Bar-tailed Godwit
    breeding_area: Alaska
    nonbreeding_area: New Zealand
    route_details: traveling from Alaska to New Zealand
    one_way_km: null
    annual_km: null
    species_evidence[3]: # 12 Migratory Birds That Are Losing Their Natural Routes,## The Bar-tailed Godwit A Record-Breaking Migrant Facing Challenges,"The Bar-tailed Godwit holds the record for the longest nonstop flight of any bird, traveling from Alaska to New Zealand."
    breeding_area_evidence[3]: # 12 Migratory Birds That Are Losing Their Natural Routes,## The Bar-tailed Godwit A Record-Breaking Migrant Facing Challenges,"The Bar-tailed Godwit holds the record for the longest nonstop flight of any bird, traveling from Alaska to New Zealand."
    nonbreeding_area_evidence[3]: # 12 Migratory Birds That Are Losing Their Natural Routes,## The Bar-tailed Godwit A Record-Breaking Migrant Facing Challenges,"The Bar-tailed Godwit holds the record for the longest nonstop flight of any bird, traveling from Alaska to New Zealand."
    route_details_evidence[3]: # 12 Migratory Birds That Are Losing Their Natural Routes,## The Bar-tailed Godwit A Record-Breaking Migrant Facing Challenges,"The Bar-tailed Godwit holds the record for the longest nonstop flight of any bird, traveling from Alaska to New Zealand."
    one_way_km_evidence: null
    annual_km_evidence: null
  - url: "https://newsbreak.com/animals-around-the-globe-312249899/4854632420613-12-migratory-birds-that-are-losing-their-natural-routes"
    title: 12 Migratory Birds That Are Losing Their Natural Routes - NewsBreak
    species: Swainson’s Hawk
    breeding_area: North America
    nonbreeding_area: South America
    route_details: "migrate from North America to South America, covering vast distances in search of food"
    one_way_km: null
    annual_km: null
    species_evidence[3]: # 12 Migratory Birds That Are Losing Their Natural Routes,## The Swainson’s Hawk A Raptor on a Risky Route,"Swainson’s Hawks migrate from North America to South America, covering vast distances in search of food."
    breeding_area_evidence[3]: # 12 Migratory Birds That Are Losing Their Natural Routes,## The Swainson’s Hawk A Raptor on a Risky Route,"Swainson’s Hawks migrate from North America to South America, covering vast distances in search of food."
    nonbreeding_area_evidence[3]: # 12 Migratory Birds That Are Losing Their Natural Routes,## The Swainson’s Hawk A Raptor on a Risky Route,"Swainson’s Hawks migrate from North America to South America, covering vast distances in search of food."
    route_details_evidence[3]: # 12 Migratory Birds That Are Losing Their Natural Routes,## The Swainson’s Hawk A Raptor on a Risky Route,"Swainson’s Hawks migrate from North America to South America, covering vast distances in search of food."
    one_way_km_evidence: null
    annual_km_evidence: null
  - url: "https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0603715103"
    title: Migratory shearwaters integrate oceanic resources across the Pacific Ocean in an endless summer
    species: sooty shearwater
    breeding_area: null
    nonbreeding_area: null
    route_details: null
    one_way_km: null
    annual_km: null
    species_evidence[2]: ## Abstract,"Here, we report the extraordinary transequatorial postbreeding migrations of a small seabird, the sooty shearwater, obtained with miniature archival tags that log data for estimating position, dive depth, and ambient temperature."
    breeding_area_evidence: null
    nonbreeding_area_evidence: null
    route_details_evidence: null
    one_way_km_evidence: null
    annual_km_evidence: null
  - url: "https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0603715103"
    title: Migratory shearwaters integrate oceanic resources across the Pacific Ocean in an endless summer
    species: Arctic Tern
    breeding_area: null
    nonbreeding_area: null
    route_details: null
    one_way_km: null
    annual_km: null
    species_evidence[2]: ## Results and Discussion,"Arctic terns (*Sterna paradisaea*) undertake a similar transequatorial migration as sooty shearwaters (17, 18) but the movements of individual terns have not been studied, so the true ranges, distances and rates of travel, habitat usage, and migratory flyways remain equivocal."
    breeding_area_evidence: null
    nonbreeding_area_evidence: null
    route_details_evidence: null
    one_way_km_evidence: null
    annual_km_evidence: null
  - url: "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31534672"
    title: "Hypotheses and tracking results about the longest migration: The case of the arctic tern"
    species: Arctic Tern
    breeding_area: null
    nonbreeding_area: null
    route_details: null
    one_way_km: null
    annual_km: null
    species_evidence[2]: ## Introduction,"The arctic tern has a very special reputation among migratory birds since more than a 100 years, being appointed by Cooke (1915) as the “world's migration champion.”"
    breeding_area_evidence: null
    nonbreeding_area_evidence: null
    route_details_evidence: null
    one_way_km_evidence: null
    annual_km_evidence: null
  - url: "https://share.google/jzh0MOZsADdujFwIJ"
    title: "Reconnecting the skies: Linking flyways for migratory seabirds across continents"
    species: Arctic Tern
    breeding_area: null
    nonbreeding_area: null
    route_details: null
    one_way_km: null
    annual_km: null
    species_evidence[2]: "# Reconnecting the skies: Linking flyways for migratory seabirds across continents","Arctic terns make the longest migration of any creature on Earth, with some *Sterna paradisaea* clocking more than [80,000 kilometers](https://www.pnas.org/doi/full/10.1073/pnas.0909493107) (49,709 miles) a year, flying from the Southern Ocean to their breeding grounds in the Arctic — and back."
    breeding_area_evidence: null
    nonbreeding_area_evidence: null
    route_details_evidence: null
    one_way_km_evidence: null
    annual_km_evidence: null
  - url: "https://livescience.com/18475-songbird-migration-africa.html"
    title: "Flight Record: Songbirds Trek 9,000 Miles to Africa"
    species: Northern Wheatear
    breeding_area: null
    nonbreeding_area: null
    route_details: null
    one_way_km: null
    annual_km: null
    species_evidence[2]: "Tiny songbirds weighing no more than two tablespoons of salt apparently globe-trot regularly from the Arctic to Africa, crossing either Asia or the Atlantic to do it, scientists find.","Researchers had known the northern wheatear (*Oenanthe oenanthe*) had one of the largest ranges of any [songbird](https://www.livescience.com/18408-bird-parasite-evolution.html) in the world, with breeding grounds extending from Alaska and extreme northwestern Canada across northeastern Canada and into Europe and Asia."
    breeding_area_evidence: null
    nonbreeding_area_evidence: null
    route_details_evidence: null
    one_way_km_evidence: null
    annual_km_evidence: null
  - url: "https://livescience.com/18475-songbird-migration-africa.html"
    title: "Flight Record: Songbirds Trek 9,000 Miles to Africa"
    species: Arctic Tern
    breeding_area: null
    nonbreeding_area: null
    route_details: null
    one_way_km: null
    annual_km: null
    species_evidence[2]: "Considering the distances albatrosses and arctic terns migrate — about 50,000 miles (80,000 km) a year — \"it seems that birds' migration performance is actually limited by the size of the Earth,\" Schmaljohann said.","Tiny songbirds weighing no more than two tablespoons of salt apparently globe-trot regularly from the Arctic to Africa, crossing either Asia or the Atlantic to do it, scientists find."
    breeding_area_evidence: null
    nonbreeding_area_evidence: null
    route_details_evidence: null
    one_way_km_evidence: null
    annual_km_evidence: null
  - url: "https://polarguidebook.com/why-do-arctic-terns-migrate"
    title: Why Do Arctic Terns Migrate? Where Do They Go?
    species: Arctic Tern
    breeding_area: null
    nonbreeding_area: null
    route_details: null
    one_way_km: null
    annual_km: null
    species_evidence[2]: Why Do Arctic Terns Migrate? Where Do They Go?,"**Arctic terns migrate from the Arctic to [Antarctica](https://polarguidebook.com/arctic-vs-antarctica/) every single year, giving them the farthest known migration of any animal on the planet at around 50,000km (31,000 miles) each year."
    breeding_area_evidence: null
    nonbreeding_area_evidence: null
    route_details_evidence: null
    one_way_km_evidence: null
    annual_km_evidence: null
  - url: "https://repository.library.noaa.gov/view/noaa/57817/noaa_57817_DS1.pdf"
    title: "Migratory hummingbirds make their own rules: the decision to resume migration along a barrier"
    species: Ruby-throated Hummingbird
    breeding_area: temperate breeding grounds in the United States and Canada
    nonbreeding_area: Mexico and Central America
    route_details: "along the Gulf of Mexico during southbound migration, coastal Alabama, circum-Gulf path, fly-and-forage strategy"
    one_way_km: null
    annual_km: null
    species_evidence[1]: "To understand how inexperienced individuals respond to ecological features, we \n21 \n\ntracked the migratory departures of juvenile Archilochus colubris (ruby-throated \n22 \n\nhummingbird), one of the smallest (~ 3 grams) and least-studied migrants, along the \n23 \n\nGulf of Mexico during southbound migration using an international automated radio-\n24 \n\ntelemetry system."
    breeding_area_evidence[1]: "Archilochus colubris (ruby-throated hummingbird; hereafter “hummingbirds”) is \n108 \n\nthe smallest (~3 g) migratory bird in eastern North America, travelling between \n109 \n\ntemperate breeding grounds in the United States and Canada and wintering grounds in \n110 \n\nMexico and Central America (Weidensaul, Robinson, Sargent, & Sargent, 2013)."
    nonbreeding_area_evidence[1]: "Archilochus colubris (ruby-throated hummingbird; hereafter “hummingbirds”) is \n108 \n\nthe smallest (~3 g) migratory bird in eastern North America, travelling between \n109 \n\ntemperate breeding grounds in the United States and Canada and wintering grounds in \n110 \n\nMexico and Central America (Weidensaul, Robinson, Sargent, & Sargent, 2013)."
    route_details_evidence[1]: "To understand how inexperienced individuals respond to ecological features, we \n21 \n\ntracked the migratory departures of juvenile Archilochus colubris (ruby-throated \n22 \n\nhummingbird), one of the smallest (~ 3 grams) and least-studied migrants, along the \n23 \n\nGulf of Mexico during southbound migration using an international automated radio-\n24 \n\ntelemetry system."
    one_way_km_evidence: null
    annual_km_evidence: null
  - url: "https://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/17562/1/m449p277.pdf"
    title: "Marine Ecology Progress Series 449:277"
    species: Sooty Shearwater
    breeding_area: "New Zealand, southeast Australia, southern Chile and the Falkland Islands"
    nonbreeding_area: North Atlantic
    route_details: "heading rapidly northeast from the colony to be- tween 8 and 30° W, northwest from ~30° S to 30° N, and finally northeast again before settling in the northern hemisphere"
    one_way_km: "15696"
    annual_km: null
    species_evidence[2]: "Trans-equatorial migration and habitat use by \nsooty shearwaters Puffinus griseus from the South\nAtlantic during the nonbreeding season","Sooty shearwaters breed in the southern hemi-\nsphere, with substantial populations in New Zealand,\nsoutheast Australia, 
...[truncated]...
odwits during their fall migration from Siberia to Australia in the October of 2008.,"Fig. 1 Bar-tailed godwit (Wikipedia), a wading bird with a mass less than 1/2 kg."
    breeding_area_evidence: null
    nonbreeding_area_evidence: null
    route_details_evidence: null
    one_way_km_evidence: null
    annual_km_evidence: null
  - url: "https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/978-3-642-27925-6"
    title: "Migration on Wings: Aerodynamics and Energetics"
    species: Sooty Shearwater
    breeding_area: null
    nonbreeding_area: null
    route_details: null
    one_way_km: null
    annual_km: null
    species_evidence[1]: Sooty shearwaters are seabirds slightly over a kilogram in mass (Fig. 4).
    breeding_area_evidence: null
    nonbreeding_area_evidence: null
    route_details_evidence: null
    one_way_km_evidence: null
    annual_km_evidence: null
  - url: "https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/978-3-642-27925-6"
    title: "Migration on Wings: Aerodynamics and Energetics"
    species: Arctic Tern
    breeding_area: null
    nonbreeding_area: null
    route_details: null
    one_way_km: null
    annual_km: null
    species_evidence[1]: The Arctic Tern is a small seabird with an average of 110 g in mass and 0.8 m wing span (Fig. 6).
    breeding_area_evidence: null
    nonbreeding_area_evidence: null
    route_details_evidence: null
    one_way_km_evidence: null
    annual_km_evidence: null
  - url: "http://juneauempire.com/2019/08/08/from-alaska-to-africa-northern-wheatears-now-on-remarkable-journey"
    title: "From Alaska to Africa: Northern wheatears now on remarkable journey - Juneau Empire"
    species: Northern Wheatear
    breeding_area: null
    nonbreeding_area: null
    route_details: null
    one_way_km: null
    annual_km: null
    species_evidence[2]: "## From Alaska to Africa: Northern wheatears now on remarkable journey",Northern wheatears are robin-size songbirds with tan bodies and handsome black eyebands.
    breeding_area_evidence: null
    nonbreeding_area_evidence: null
    route_details_evidence: null
    one_way_km_evidence: null
    annual_km_evidence: null
  - url: "http://juneauempire.com/2019/08/08/from-alaska-to-africa-northern-wheatears-now-on-remarkable-journey"
    title: "From Alaska to Africa: Northern wheatears now on remarkable journey - Juneau Empire"
    species: Northern Wheatear
    breeding_area: Alaska
    nonbreeding_area: Africa
    route_details: "crossing the Bering Strait, the length of Russia, Kazakhstan, the Arabian Desert, the Red Sea"
    one_way_km: null
    annual_km: null
    species_evidence[2]: "## From Alaska to Africa: Northern wheatears now on remarkable journey",Northern wheatears are robin-size songbirds with tan bodies and handsome black eyebands.
    breeding_area_evidence[2]: "## From Alaska to Africa: Northern wheatears now on remarkable journey",Birds that spent their summer next to muskoxen are now leaving Alaska to spend winter with zebras.
    nonbreeding_area_evidence[2]: "## From Alaska to Africa: Northern wheatears now on remarkable journey","From the information recorded on the tiny devices, they teased out the wheatears’ incredible journey from Alaska to Africa, and then back again the next spring."
    route_details_evidence[3]: "## From Alaska to Africa: Northern wheatears now on remarkable journey","The birds will soon fly into the moist air just after sunset, maybe tonight, and cross the Bering Strait.","From Wales, the birds will travel the length of Russia and then Kazakhstan before crossing the Arabian Desert and then the Red Sea."
    one_way_km_evidence: null
    annual_km_evidence: null
  - url: "https://natur.gl/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/PhD_CEg_2010.pdf"
    title: Migration and breeding biology of Arctic terns in Greenland
    species: Arctic Tern
    breeding_area: null
    nonbreeding_area: null
    route_details: null
    one_way_km: null
    annual_km: null
    species_evidence[2]: Migration and breeding biology of Arctic terns in Greenland,This thesis presents novel fi ndings for the Arctic tern in Greenland.
    breeding_area_evidence: null
    nonbreeding_area_evidence: null
    route_details_evidence: null
    one_way_km_evidence: null
    annual_km_evidence: null
  - url: "https://natur.gl/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/PhD_CEg_2010.pdf"
    title: Migration and breeding biology of Arctic terns in Greenland
    species: Arctic Tern
    breeding_area: Greenland and Iceland
    nonbreeding_area: Weddell Sea in Antarctica
    route_details: "On the southbound migration, the birds would stop for almost a month (25 days on average) in the central part of the North Atlantic Ocean before continuing south. Close to Equator (~10º N) a divide in the migration path way occurred: seven birds migrated along the coast of Africa, while four birds crossed the Atlantic Ocean to follow the coast of South America. The northbound migration from the winter quarters to the breeding grounds was performed particular fast (520 km per day on average) following a route of favourable wind systems."
    one_way_km: null
    annual_km: 71000.0
    species_evidence[3]: Migration and breeding biology of Arctic terns in Greenland,This thesis presents novel fi ndings for the Arctic tern in Greenland.,"Included is a study on Arctic tern migration– the longest \nannual migration ever recorded in any animal."
    breeding_area_evidence[4]: Migration and breeding biology of Arctic terns in Greenland,This thesis presents novel fi ndings for the Arctic tern in Greenland.,"Included is a study on Arctic tern migration– the longest \nannual migration ever recorded in any animal.","The study \ndocumented how Greenland and Iceland breeding terns \nconduct the roundtrip migration to the Weddell Sea in \nAntarctica and back."
    nonbreeding_area_evidence[4]: Migration and breeding biology of Arctic terns in Greenland,This thesis presents novel fi ndings for the Arctic tern in Greenland.,"Included is a study on Arctic tern migration– the longest \nannual migration ever recorded in any animal.","The study \ndocumented how Greenland and Iceland breeding terns \nconduct the roundtrip migration to the Weddell Sea in \nAntarctica and back."
    route_details_evidence[5]: Summary,"The study on Arctic tern migration (Manus I) – the longest annual mi-\ngration ever recorded in any animal – is a study with an international \nappeal.","On the southbound migration, the birds would stop for almost a month \n(25 days on average) in the central part of the North Atlantic Ocean before \ncontinuing south.","Close to Equator (~10º N) a divide in the migration path \nway occurred: seven birds migrated along the coast of Africa, while four \nbirds crossed the Atlantic Ocean to follow the coast of South America.","The \nnorthbound migration from the winter quarters to the breeding grounds \nwas performed particular fast (520 km per day on average) following a \nroute of favourable wind systems."
    one_way_km_evidence: null
    annual_km_evidence[5]: Migration and breeding biology of Arctic terns in Greenland,This thesis presents novel fi ndings for the Arctic tern in Greenland.,"Included is a study on Arctic tern migration– the longest \nannual migration ever recorded in any animal.","The study \ndocumented how Greenland and Iceland breeding terns \nconduct the roundtrip migration to the Weddell Sea in \nAntarctica and back.","Although the sheer \ndistance (71,000 km on average) travelled by the birds is interesting, the study furthermore showed how the \nbirds depend on high-productive at-sea areas and global wind systems during their massive migration."
  - url: "https://natur.gl/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/PhD_CEg_2010.pdf"
    title: Migration and breeding biology of Arctic terns in Greenland
    species: Sooty Shearwater
    breeding_area: New Zealand
    nonbreeding_area: waters in the northern Pacifi c Ocean
    route_details: null
    one_way_km: null
    annual_km: 64037.0
    species_evidence[2]: 1.15 Migration,"Using \ngeolocators, Shaffer et al. (2006) were able to document that sooty shear-\nwaters (Puffi nus griseus) make an annual round trip from New Zealand to \nthe waters in the northern Pacifi c Ocean and back, of 64,037 (± 9,779) km \non average."
    breeding_area_evidence[2]: 1.15 Migration,"Using \ngeolocators, Shaffer et al. (2006) were able to document that sooty shear-\nwaters (Puffi nus griseus) make an annual round trip from New Zealand to \nthe waters in the northern Pacifi c Ocean and back, of 64,037 (± 9,779) km \non average."
    nonbreeding_area_evidence[2]: 1.15 Migration,"Using \ngeolocators, Shaffer et al. (2006) were able to document that sooty shear-\nwaters (Puffi nus griseus) make an annual round trip from New Zealand to \nthe waters in the northern Pacifi c Ocean and back, of 64,037 (± 9,779) km \non average."
    route_details_evidence: null
    one_way_km_evidence: null
    annual_km_evidence[2]: 1.15 Migration,"Using \ngeolocators, Shaffer et al. (2006) were able to document that sooty shear-\nwaters (Puffi nus griseus) make an annual round trip from New Zealand to \nthe waters in the northern Pacifi c Ocean and back, of 64,037 (± 9,779) km \non average."
  - url: "https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.16891"
    title: "Global warming and arctic terns: Estimating climate change impacts on the world's longest migration"
    species: Arctic Tern
    breeding_area: Arctic
    nonbreeding_area: Antarctic
    route_details: "Atlantic and Indian Oceans, North Atlantic, Benguela upwelling of southwest Africa, Amsterdam Island in the Indian Subantarctic, and the Atlantic sector of the Southern Ocean"
    one_way_km: null
    annual_km: 100000.0
    species_evidence[2]: ## 1 Introduction,"One of the most iconic seabirds is the arctic tern (__Sterna paradisaea__, Pontoppidan, 1763), a small (__c__. 100 g) seabird that makes the longest annual migration of any animal on Earth (more than 100,000 km) between the Arctic during the boreal summer breeding season and the Antarctic during the boreal winter (Egevang et al., 2010)."
    breeding_area_evidence[2]: ## 1 Introduction,"One of the most iconic seabirds is the arctic tern (__Sterna paradisaea__, Pontoppidan, 1763), a small (__c__. 100 g) seabird that makes the longest annual migration of any animal on Earth (more than 100,000 km) between the Arctic during the boreal summer breeding season and the Antarctic during the boreal winter (Egevang et al., 2010)."
    nonbreeding_area_evidence[2]: ## 1 Introduction,"One of the most iconic seabirds is the arctic tern (__Sterna paradisaea__, Pontoppidan, 1763), a small (__c__. 100 g) seabird that makes the longest annual migration of any animal on Earth (more than 100,000 km) between the Arctic during the boreal summer breeding season and the Antarctic during the boreal winter (Egevang et al., 2010)."
    route_details_evidence[3]: ## 1 Introduction,"In the present study, we investigate how future climate change may impact arctic terns in breeding and non‐breeding regions, and along one major flyway through the Atlantic and Indian Oceans.","Key regions visited by arctic terns that follow the Atlantic flyway include the North Atlantic, the Benguela upwelling of southwest Africa, Amsterdam Island in the Indian Subantarctic and the Atlantic sector of the Southern Ocean (Alerstam et al., 2019; Egevang et al., 2010; Fijn et al., 2013)."
    one_way_km_evidence: null
    annual_km_evidence[2]: ## 1 Introduction,"One of the most iconic seabirds is the arctic tern (__Sterna paradisaea__, Pontoppidan, 1763), a small (__c__. 100 g) seabird that makes the longest annual migration of any animal on Earth (more than 100,000 km) between the Arctic during the boreal summer breeding season and the Antarctic during the boreal winter (Egevang et al., 2010)."
  - url: "http://nzbirdsonline.org.nz/?q=node/201"
    title: Home page | New Zealand Birds Online
    species: Sooty Shearwater
    breeding_area: null
    nonbreeding_area: null
    route_details: null
    one_way_km: null
    annual_km: null
    species_evidence[2]: "Sooty shearwater Puffinus griseus (Gmelin, 1789) Other names: muttonbird, tītī, titi, hākoakoa, hakoakoa, hakoko, New Zealand muttonbird, mutton bird Geographical variation: Nil Sooty shearwaters are the common dark seabird of coastal New Zealand, south of Banks Peninsula.",Sooty shearwater
    breeding_area_evidence: null
    nonbreeding_area_evidence: null
    route_details_evidence: null
    one_way_km_evidence: null
    annual_km_evidence: null
  - url: "http://nzbirdsonline.org.nz/?q=node/201"
    title: Home page | New Zealand Birds Online
    species: Sooty Shearwater
    breeding_area: New Zealand
    nonbreeding_area: North Pacific Ocean
    route_details: "stop over in one of three discrete regions off Japan, Alaska or California"
    one_way_km: null
    annual_km: null
    species_evidence[2]: "Sooty shearwater Puffinus griseus (Gmelin, 1789) Other names: muttonbird, tītī, titi, hākoakoa, hakoakoa, hakoko, New Zealand muttonbird, mutton bird Geographical variation: Nil Sooty shearwaters are the common dark seabird of coastal New Zealand, south of Banks Peninsula.",Sooty shearwater
    breeding_area_evidence[3]: "In addition to breeding in New Zealand, it also breeds on islands off Australia, Chile and the Falklands.",Distribution and habitat,Sooty shearwater
    nonbreeding_area_evidence[3]: "After breeding, birds from New Zealand migrate to the North Pacific Ocean where each bird stops over in one of three discrete regions off Japan, Alaska or California before returning to New Zealand for the following breeding season.",Distribution and habitat,Sooty shearwater
    route_details_evidence[3]: "After breeding, birds from New Zealand migrate to the North Pacific Ocean where each bird stops over in one of three discrete regions off Japan, Alaska or California before returning to New Zealand for the following breeding season.",Distribution and habitat,Sooty shearwater
    one_way_km_evidence: null
    annual_km_evidence: null
  - url: "https://digitalcommons.usf.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3181&context=bird_banding"
    title: "Autumn Migration of the Blackpoll Warbler: Evidence for Long Flight Provided by Regional Survey"
    species: Blackpoll Warbler
    breeding_area: north and west
    nonbreeding_area: south and east
    route_details: "Atlantic seaboard of North America; SSW down the Atlantic Coast to the southeastern United States, before turning southeast towards their winter range; or migration SSE from southern New England across the Atlantic Ocean towards their wintering range"
    one_way_km: null
    annual_km: null
    species_evidence[2]: "Autumn Migration of the Blackpoll Warbler: Evidence for Long \nFlight Provided by Regional Survey","The long migrations of the Blackpoll Warbler (Dendroica striata) \nhave been discussed extensively."
    breeding_area_evidence[2]: "Autumn Migration of the Blackpoll Warbler: Evidence for Long \nFlight Provided by Regional Survey","The species breeds farther to the \nnorth and west and winters farther \nto the south and east than most \nother North American warblers (Fig. 3); on autumn migration it \nis found in large numbers along the Atlantic seaboard of North \nAmerica."
    nonbreeding_area_evidence[2]: "Autumn Migration of the Blackpoll Warbler: Evidence for Long \nFlight Provided by Regional Survey","The species breeds farther to the \nnorth and west and winters farther \nto the south and east than most \nother North American warblers (Fig. 3); on autumn migration it \nis found in large numbers along the Atlantic seaboard of North \nAmerica."
    route_details_evidence[3]: "Autumn Migration of the Blackpoll Warbler: Evidence for Long \nFlight Provided by Regional Survey","Cooke (1904, 1915) suggested that all birds of the species \nmigrate SSW down the Atlantic Coast to the southeastern United \nStates, before turning southeast towards their winter range.","On the other hand, Nisbet et al. (1963) suggested that many birds \nwhich stop over in southern New England migrate SSE from there \nacross the Atlantic Ocean towards their wintering range."
    one_way_km_evidence: null
    annual_km_evidence: null
  - url: "https://ecomagazine.com/news/science/landmark-study-of-world-s-longest-migrating-seabird-reveals-new-insights"
    title: Landmark Study of World’s Longest Migrating Seabird Reveals New Insights - environment coastal & offshore
    species: Arctic Tern
    breeding_area: null
    nonbreeding_area: null
    route_details: null
    one_way_km: null
    annual_km: null
    species_evidence[2]: "Analysing the data from electronic tags retrieved from 47 Arctic Terns, the Newcastle University-led team has been able to characterise in unprecedented detail the route and stop-off points during this record-breaking bird’s 90,000 km annual migration.","Weighing just over 100 g the [Arctic Tern has the longest migration of any bird](news/science/poor-diet-may-have-caused-nosedive-in-major-atlantic-seabird-nesting-colony), travelling all the way to Antarctica for the winter and back to the Farnes, which are owned and managed by the National Trust, to breed in the spring."
    breeding_area_evidence: null
    nonbreeding_area_evidence: null
    route_details_evidence: null
    one_way_km_evidence: null
    annual_km_evidence: null
  - url: "https://research.bangor.ac.uk/cy/publications/a-boreal-songbirds-20000-km-migration-across-north-america-and-th"
    title: "A boreal songbird’s 20,000 km migration across North America and the Atlantic Ocean"
    species: Blackpoll Warbler
    breeding_area: North America's boreal forest
    nonbreeding_area: South America
    route_details: northeast Atlantic coast and embark on a nonstop transoceanic flight
    one_way_km: "2770"
    annual_km: null
    species_evidence[3]: "# A boreal songbird’s 20,000 km migration across North America and the Atlantic Ocean","Migration is one of the most fascinating natural history events on the planet, and our understanding of these seasonal movements continues to rapidly increase with the advancement of tracking technology.","For the 12 g Blackpoll Warbler (Setophaga striata; hereafter, Blackpoll; Fig. 1), the ability to follow year-round movement is essential given that they are one of the fastest declining songbirds in North America (Rosenberg et al. 2016)."
    breeding_area_evidence[3]: "# A boreal songbird’s 20,000 km migration across North America and the Atlantic Ocean","Migration is one of the most fascinating natural history events on the planet, and our understanding of these seasonal movements continues to rapidly increase with the advancement of tracking technology.","Yet, because their breeding range spans the entirety of North America's boreal forest, questions remain about the migration of Blackpolls from central and western breeding populations."
    nonbreeding_area_evidence[3]: "# A boreal songbird’s 20,000 km migration across North America and the Atlantic Ocean","Migration is one of the most fascinating natural history events on the planet, and our understanding of these seasonal movements continues to rapidly increase with the advancement of tracking technology.","Using small geolocator tracking devices, DeLuca et al. (2015) documented Blackpolls from breeding populations in the Maritimes and New England, at the southeastern margins of their range, depart from the northeast Atlantic coast and embark on a nonstop transoceanic flight of up to 3 d and 2,770 km on their way to overwintering grounds in South America."
    route_details_evidence[3]: "# A boreal songbird’s 20,000 km migration across North America and the Atlantic Ocean","Migration is one of the most fascinating natural history events on the planet, and our understanding of these seasonal movements continues to rapidly increase with the advancement of tracking technology.","Using small geolocator tracking devices, DeLuca et al. (2015) documented Blackpolls from breeding populations in the Maritimes and New England, at the southeastern margins of their range, depart from the northeast Atlantic coast and embark on a nonstop transoceanic flight of up to 3 d and 2,770 km on their way to overwintering grounds in South America."
    one_way_km_evidence[3]: "# A boreal songbird’s 20,000 km migration across North America and the Atlantic Ocean","Migration is one of the most fascinating natural history events on the planet, and our understanding of these seasonal movements continues to rapidly increase with the advancement of tracking technology.","Using small geolocator tracking devices, DeLuca et al. (2015) documented Blackpolls from breeding populations in the Maritimes and New England, at the southeastern margins of their range, depart from the northeast Atlantic coast and embark on a nonstop transoceanic flight of up to 3 d and 2,770 km on their way to overwintering grounds in South America."
    annual_km_evidence: null
  - url: "https://manomet.org/publication/red-knot-to-the-moon"
    title: The Red Knot That Flew to the Moon and Back - Manomet Conservation Sciences
    species: Red Knot
    breeding_area: null
    nonbreeding_area: null
    route_details: null
    one_way_km: null
    annual_km: null
    species_evidence[1]: "In February 1995, on a beach at Río Grande on the Atlantic coast of Tierra del Fuego, Argentina, scientists banded hundreds of Red Knots (*Calidris canutus rufa)*, each with a small, numbered flag."
    breeding_area_evidence: null
    nonbreeding_area_evidence: null
    route_details_evidence: null
    one_way_km_evidence: null
    annual_km_evidence: null
  - url: "https://grokipedia.com/page/Red_knot"
    title: Red knot
    species: Red Knot
    breeding_area: null
    nonbreeding_area: null
    route_details: null
    one_way_km: null
    annual_km: null
    species_evidence[2]: # Red knot,"The red knot (*Calidris canutus*) is a medium-sized shorebird in the family Scolopacidae, characterized by its plump build, straight medium-length bill, and distinctive breeding [plumage](/page/Plumage) featuring brilliant terracotta-orange underparts with intricate gold, buff, [rufous](/page/Rufous), and black patterns on the back.[1][2]"
    breeding_area_evidence: null
    nonbreeding_area_evidence: null
    route_details_evidence: null
    one_way_km_evidence: null
    annual_km_evidence: null
  - url: "https://owiki.org/wiki/Swainson%27s_hawk"
    title: "Swainson's hawk ::: Open WIKI"
    species: Swainson's Hawk
    breeding_area: null
    nonbreeding_area: null
    route_details: null
    one_way_km: null
    annual_km: null
    species_evidence[2]: # Swainson's hawk,"Swainson's hawk inhabits North America mainly in the spring and summer, and winters in South America."
    breeding_area_evidence: null
    nonbreeding_area_evidence: null
    route_details_evidence: null
    one_way_km_evidence: null
    annual_km_evidence: null
  - url: "http://arcticgull.org/s/WongPOBEARTEVarmig.pdf"
    title: Variation in migration behaviors used by Arctic Terns (Sterna paradisaea) breeding across a wide latitudinal gradient
    species: Arctic Tern
    breeding_area: null
    nonbreeding_area: null
    route_details: null
    one_way_km: null
    annual_km: null
    species_evidence[2]: "Variation in migration behaviors used by Arctic Terns (Sterna \nparadisaea) breeding across a wide latitudinal gradient",Arctic Tern (Sterna paradisaea)
    breeding_area_evidence: null
    nonbreeding_area_evidence: null
    route_details_evidence: null
    one_way_km_evidence: null
    annual_km_evidence: null
  - url: "https://complete.bioone.org/journals/bulletin-of-the-british-ornithologists-club/volume-142/issue-3/bboc.v142i3.2022.a4/Review-of-non-Amazonian-records-of-Blackpoll-Warbler-Setophaga-striata/10.25226/bboc.v142i3.2022.a4.short"
    title: "Review of non-Amazonian records of Blackpoll Warbler Setophaga striata in Brazil, including a case of wintering in the largest urban area in South America"
    species: Blackpoll Warbler
    breeding_area: null
    nonbreeding_area: null
    route_details: null
    one_way_km: null
    annual_km: null
    species_evidence[2]: "Review of non-Amazonian records of Blackpoll Warbler *Setophaga striata* in Brazil, including a case of wintering in the largest urban area in South America","Blackpoll Warbler *Setophaga striata* migrates between its breeding grounds in northern North America and non-breeding areas in northern South America, mainly Amazonia, but the presence of apparently small numbers in southern South America suggests the existence of an additional wintering area."
    breeding_area_evidence: null
    nonbreeding_area_evidence: null
    route_details_evidence: null
    one_way_km_evidence: null
    annual_km_evidence: null
notes[2,]{text}:
  Merged 8 queries (1599 total) → 1591 unique results
  "Search result set: re40ac1251b9 (1591 rows), reference it as FROM re40ac1251b9 in follow-up queries"

result_set_id: rc53987c57b6
total_rows: 6
columns[14]: annual_km,annual_km_evidence,breeding_area,breeding_area_evidence,nonbreeding_area,nonbreeding_area_evidence,one_way_km,one_way_km_evidence,route_details,route_details_evidence,species,species_evidence,title,url
rows[6]:
  - url: "https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00227-023-04370-6"
    title: Hierarchical foraging strategies of migratory short-tailed shearwaters during the non-breeding stage
    species: Short-tailed Shearwater
    breeding_area: null
    nonbreeding_area: null
    route_details: null
    one_way_km: null
    annual_km: null
    species_evidence[2]: ## Introduction,"The migratory short-tailed shearwater (Ardenna tenuirostris) is a long-lived seabird that breeds in colonies in southern Australia and spends the non-breeding stage, May to October, in the North Pacific Ocean (Skira 1991)."
    breeding_area_evidence: null
    nonbreeding_area_evidence: null
    route_details_evidence: null
    one_way_km_evidence: null
    annual_km_evidence: null
  - url: "https://grokipedia.com/page/European_bee-eater"
    title: European bee-eater
    species: European Bee-eater
    breeding_area: null
    nonbreeding_area: null
    route_details: null
    one_way_km: null
    annual_km: null
    species_evidence[2]: # European bee-eater,"The European bee-eater (*Merops apiaster*) is a near-passerine bird in the family Meropidae, distinguished by its slender build, elongated central tail feathers, and iridescent plumage in hues of green, turquoise, yellow, and rufous, measuring approximately 27–29 cm in length with a wingspan of 44 cm.[1]"
    breeding_area_evidence: null
    nonbreeding_area_evidence: null
    route_details_evidence: null
    one_way_km_evidence: null
    annual_km_evidence: null
  - url: "https://preview-www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-01734-0"
    title: Linking migratory performance to breeding phenology and productivity in an Afro-Palearctic long-distance migrant
    species: European Bee-eater
    breeding_area: null
    nonbreeding_area: null
    route_details: null
    one_way_km: null
    annual_km: null
    species_evidence[2]: Linking migratory performance to breeding phenology and productivity in an Afro-Palearctic long-distance migrant,"In this study, we used geolocators to explore migration performance (speed and duration of migratory movements, migratory timings) and its association with breeding phenology and productivity in an Afro-Palearctic insectivore, the European bee-eater (*Merops apiaster*), breeding in Iberian Peninsula."
    breeding_area_evidence: null
    nonbreeding_area_evidence: null
    route_details_evidence: null
    one_way_km_evidence: null
    annual_km_evidence: null
  - url: "https://air.unimi.it/handle/2434/635939"
    title: "Representing migration routes from re-encounter data: a new method applied to ring recoveries of Barn Swallows (Hirundo rustica) in Europe"
    species: Barn Swallow
    breeding_area: null
    nonbreeding_area: null
    route_details: null
    one_way_km: null
    annual_km: null
    species_evidence[2]: "Here, we develop a novel, quantitative method for describing migration routes using ringing data and we applied it to a dataset of 72,827 ring recoveries of the Barn Swallow (Hirundo rustica) through western and central Europe from the EURING and SAFRING databanks spanning 1908–2011.","Representing migration routes from re-encounter data: a new method applied to ring recoveries of Barn Swallows (Hirundo rustica) in Europe"
    breeding_area_evidence: null
    nonbreeding_area_evidence: null
    route_details_evidence: null
    one_way_km_evidence: null
    annual_km_evidence: null
  - url: "https://nature.com/articles/ncomms12296"
    title: Population decline is linked to migration route in the Common Cuckoo
    species: Common Cuckoo
    breeding_area: null
    nonbreeding_area: null
    route_details: null
    one_way_km: null
    annual_km: null
    species_evidence[2]: Population decline is linked to migration route in the Common Cuckoo,We addressed this by tracking 42 male Common Cuckoos from the rapidly declining UK population during 56 autumn migrations in 2011–14.
    breeding_area_evidence: null
    nonbreeding_area_evidence: null
    route_details_evidence: null
    one_way_km_evidence: null
    annual_km_evidence: null
  - url: "https://briefpedia.org/articles/barn-swallow-biology-migration-and-behavior-of-hirundo-rustica"
    title: "Barn Swallow: Biology, Migration, and Behavior of Hirundo rustica"
    species: Barn Swallow
    breeding_area: null
    nonbreeding_area: null
    route_details: null
    one_way_km: null
    annual_km: null
    species_evidence[2]: "Barn Swallow: Biology, Migration, and Behavior of Hirundo rustica","The **Barn Swallow** (*[Hirundo rustica](/tag/Hirundo%20rustica)*) is a widespread and iconic member of the swallow family, [Hirundinidae](/tag/Hirundinidae)."
    breeding_area_evidence: null
    nonbreeding_area_evidence: null
    route_details_evidence: null
    one_way_km_evidence: null
    annual_km_evidence: null
notes[2,]{text}:
  Merged 8 queries (1600 total) → 1588 unique results
  "Search result set: rca49cc4f926 (1588 rows), reference it as FROM rca49cc4f926 in follow-up queries"

result_set_id: ra64b8a50434
total_rows: 502
columns[14]: breeding_area,breeding_area_evidence,distance,distance_evidence,distinction,distinction_evidence,nonbreeding_area,nonbreeding_area_evidence,species,species_evidence,title,url,waypoints,waypoints_evidence
preview:
  sample_rows[3]:
    - url: "https://birdlife.org/news/2026/08/19/great-knots-journey-along-the-east-asian-australasian-flyway"
      title: Great Knot’s journey along the East Asian-Australasian Flyway - BirdLife International
      species: Great Knot
      breeding_area: null
      nonbreeding_area: null
      waypoints: "Inner Gulf of Thailand, Yalu Jiang Estuary, and Sonadia Island"
      distance: null
      distinction: null
      species_evidence[2]: # Great Knot’s journey along the East Asian-Australasian Flyway,"Among them is the remarkable [Great Knot](https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/great-knot-calidris-tenuirostris), an Endangered shorebird that makes a long-distance journey."
      breeding_area_evidence: null
      nonbreeding_area_evidence: null
      waypoints_evidence[1]: # Great Knot’s journey along the East Asian-Australasian Flyway
      distance_evidence: null
      distinction_evidence: null
    - url: "https://cms.int/iosea-turtles/es/project/south-meets-north-%E2%80%93-partnership-linking-sooty-falcon-conservationists"
      title: South meets North – A partnership linking sooty falcon conservationists
      species: sooty falcon
      breeding_area: null
      nonbreeding_area: null
      waypoints: Eurasia to Africa
      distance: null
      distinction: null
      species_evidence[1]: "Project description The sooty falcon (Falco concolor) is a medium-sized falcon that breeds solely in the Middle East and north-eastern Africa, and winters in Madagascar... [truncated in preview]"
      breeding_area_evidence: null
      nonbreeding_area_evidence: null
      waypoints_evidence[2]: "Project description The sooty falcon (Falco concolor) is a medium-sized falcon that breeds solely in the Middle East and north-eastern Africa, and winters in Madagascar... [truncated in preview]","Unlike most falcons, the sooty falcon breeds late in the summer, feeding its young on birds that are migrating from Eurasia to Africa."
      distance_evidence: null
      distinction_evidence: null
    - url: "https://birdlife.org/news/2025/10/08/coastal-conservation-protects-millions-of-migratory-birds"
      title: Coastal Conservation Protects Millions of Migratory Birds
      species: Far Eastern Curlew
      breeding_area: null
      nonbreeding_area: null
      waypoints: Yellow Sea coast
      distance: null
      distinction: null
      species_evidence[1]: "After departing from their summer breeding sites in Siberia, species like the Critically Endangered Spoon-billed Sandpiper and the Endangered Far Eastern Curlew will follow coastlines... [truncated in preview]"
      breeding_area_evidence: null
      nonbreeding_area_evidence: null
      waypoints_evidence[1]: These stopover sites along the Yellow Sea coast are crucial for these birds to survive such a long journey.
      distance_evidence: null
      distinction_evidence: null
notes[3,]{text}:
  "The full table is too large to return in one response. This is a preview, not the data — do not draw conclusions from it alone. Query the result set by id: SEM_EXTRACT fields, filter with exact WHERE, aggregate, or page with LIMIT/OFFSET. Even if the preview looks irrelevant, probe the full result set before searching again."
  Merged 8 queries (1452 total) → 1370 unique results
  "Search result set: r94596850222 (1370 rows), reference it as FROM r94596850222 in follow-up queries"

result_set_id: r51f8609d0bd
total_rows: 352
columns[14]: breeding_area,breeding_area_evidence,distance,distance_evidence,distinction,distinction_evidence,nonbreeding_area,nonbreeding_area_evidence,species,species_evidence,title,url,waypoints,waypoints_evidence
preview:
  sample_rows[3]:
    - url: "https://doc.govt.nz/documents/science-and-technical/sap232.pdf"
      title: Migrations and movements of birds to New Zealand and surrounding seas
      species: bar-tailed godwit
      breeding_area: null
      nonbreeding_area: null
      waypoints: a single direct 12 000 km flight across the Pacific
      distance: null
      distinction: null
      species_evidence[2]: "2.\nWaders","breeding bar-tailed godwits are believed to reach New Zealand in a single direct 12 000 km flight across the Pacific (Reigen 1999; Minton et al.... [truncated in preview]"
      breeding_area_evidence: null
      nonbreeding_area_evidence: null
      waypoints_evidence[2]: "2.\nWaders","breeding bar-tailed godwits are believed to reach New Zealand in a single direct 12 000 km flight across the Pacific (Reigen 1999; Minton et al.... [truncated in preview]"
      distance_evidence: null
      distinction_evidence: null
    - url: "https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2020/3056/fs20203056.pdf"
      title: Shorebird Research at the U.S. Geological Survey Alaska Science Center — FS 2020-3056
      species: bar-tailed godwit
      breeding_area: null
      nonbreeding_area: null
      waypoints: central Pacific Ocean; Yellow Sea
      distance: null
      distinction: null
      species_evidence[2]: "Shorebird Research at the U.S. Geological Survey \nAlaska Science Center","For example, the USGS Alaska Science Center documented that Limosa lapponica (bar-tailed godwits) complete their fall migration in a single nonstop flight across the central... [truncated in preview]"
      breeding_area_evidence: null
      nonbreeding_area_evidence: null
      waypoints_evidence[2]: "Shorebird Research at the U.S. Geological Survey \nAlaska Science Center","For example, the USGS Alaska Science Center documented that Limosa lapponica (bar-tailed godwits) complete their fall migration in a single nonstop flight across the central... [truncated in preview]"
      distance_evidence: null
      distinction_evidence: null
    - url: "https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/70264859"
      title: USGS Publications Warehouse
      species: Pacific Black Brant
      breeding_area: null
      nonbreeding_area: null
      waypoints: null
      distance: null
      distinction: null
      species_evidence[3]: "Since the 1980s, Pacific Black Brant (*Branta bernicla nigricans*, hereafter brant) have shifted their winter distribution northward from Mexico to Alaska (approximately 4500 km) with... [truncated in preview]",### Background,"Shortening migration by 4500 km does not affect nesting phenology or increase nest success for black brant (Branta bernicla nigricans) breeding in Arctic and subarctic... [truncated in preview]"
      breeding_area_evidence: null
      nonbreeding_area_evidence: null
      waypoints_evidence: null
      distance_evidence: null
      distinction_evidence: null
notes[3,]{text}:
  "The full table is too large to return in one response. This is a preview, not the data — do not draw conclusions from it alone. Query the result set by id: SEM_EXTRACT fields, filter with exact WHERE, aggregate, or page with LIMIT/OFFSET. Even if the preview looks irrelevant, probe the full result set before searching again."
  Merged 8 queries (1527 total) → 1476 unique results
  "Search result set: r73fdeaa56b8 (1476 rows), reference it as FROM r73fdeaa56b8 in follow-up queries"

result_set_id: r880cdbb426d
total_rows: 53
columns[8]: breeding_area,distance,distinction,nonbreeding_area,species,title,url,waypoints
rows[53,]{species,breeding_area,nonbreeding_area,waypoints,distance,distinction,url,title}:
  Amur Falcon,null,null,"Nagaland, Bangladesh, and across the Bay of Bengal",null,null,"https://raptors.cms.int/sites/default/files/amur_falcons_nagaland_11_2013.pdf","Villagers, scientists and policy-makers unite to conserve the Amur Falcon in Nagaland"
  Amur Falcon,null,null,southeast over Bangladesh and out across the Bay of Bengal,null,null,"https://raptors.cms.int/node/1034","Villagers, Scientists and Policy-Makers Unite to Conserve the Amur Falcon in Nagaland"
  Amur Falcon,null,null,countries outside the Palearctic that the Amur Falcon Falco amurensis passes through on migration,null,null,"https://raptors.cms.int/sites/default/files/document/Doc_08_Add2_Geographic_Scope_0.pdf",Microsoft Word - Doc_08_Add2_Geographic_Scope.doc
  Amur Falcon,null,null,19 countries,null,null,"https://raptors.cms.int/sites/default/files/document/Raptors%20MOU%20TAG3%20Meeting%20Report%2015-04-2020.pdf",Microsoft Word - Raptors MOU TAG3 Meeting Report
  Amur Falcon,null,null,"across Asia, over the Indian Ocean",null,null,"https://cms.int/iosea-turtles/en/project/conservation-amur-falcon-nagaland-and-along-its-migration-route",Conservation of Amur Falcon in Nagaland and along its migration route
  Amur Falcon,null,null,"Siberia, China and Mongolia onto the southern parts of Africa, including Nagaland, the Arabian Sea, and the African continent",null,null,"https://cms.int/raptors/en/news/prey-protected-species-how-tide-turned-amur-falcon","From Prey to Protected Species: How the Tide Turned for the Amur Falcon"
  Amur Falcon,null,null,"Northern India, Southern Africa",null,null,"http://birdlife.org/asia/news/action-amur-falcons-brings-hope-end-hunting-nagaland",Action for Amur Falcons brings hope for an end to hunting in Nagaland
  Amur Falcon,null,null,"Siberia, China and Mongolia onto the southern parts of Africa, stopping in Northeast India (such as Nagaland, Manipur), and crossing the Arabian Sea",null,null,"https://www.cms.int/news/prey-protected-species-how-tide-turned-amur-falcon","From Prey to Protected Species: How the Tide Turned for the Amur Falcon"
  Amur Falcon,null,null,"across Asia, over the Indian Ocean",null,null,"https://cms.int/en/project/conservation-amur-falcon-nagaland-and-along-its-migration-route",Conservation of Amur Falcon in Nagaland and along its migration route
  Amur Falcon,null,null,between East Asia and South Africa,null,null,"https://datazone.birdlife.org/articles/migrating-birds-know-no-boundaries",Migrating birds know no boundaries | BirdLife DataZone
  Amur Falcon,null,null,"across Asia, over the Indian Ocean",null,null,"https://www.cms.int/raptors/en/project/conservation-amur-falcon-nagaland-and-along-its-migration-route",Conservation of Amur Falcon in Nagaland and along its migration route
  Amur Falcon,null,null,"Nagaland, India, and across the Indian Ocean",null,null,"https://raptors.cms.int/fr/node/1034","Villagers, Scientists and Policy-Makers Unite to Conserve the Amur Falcon in Nagaland"
  Amur Falcon,null,null,Nagaland State in Northeast India,null,null,"https://raptors.cms.int/news/cms-office-abu-dhabi-decade-achievements-4","CMS Office - Abu Dhabi : A Decade of Achievements"
  Amur Falcon,null,null,"Nagaland, northeast India, Bangladesh, Bay of Bengal",null,null,"https://cms.int/raptors/es/news/villagers-scientists-and-policy-makers-unite-conserve-amur-falcon-nagaland","Villagers, Scientists and Policy-Makers Unite to Conserve the Amur Falcon in Nagaland"
  Amur Falcon,null,null,Nagaland,null,null,"https://birdlife.org/news/2021/06/09/meet-the-indian-villages-battling-adversity-to-protect-migratory-birds",Meet the Indian villages battling adversity to protect migratory birds - BirdLife International
  Amur Falcon,null,null,"Siberia, China and Mongolia onto the southern parts of Africa, via Nagaland, Manipur and other mountainous parts of Northeastern India, and across the Arabian Sea",null,null,"https://raptors.cms.int/news/prey-protected-species-how-tide-turned-amur-falcon","From Prey to Protected Species: How the Tide Turned for the Amur Falcon"
  Amur Falcon,null,null,Nagaland,null,null,"https://birdlife.org/asia/news/meet-indian-villages-battling-adversity-protect-migratory-birds",Meet the Indian villages battling adversity to protect migratory birds
  Amur Falcon,null,null,"Manchurian Steppe, Tsavo National Park, NE India, Africa",null,null,"https://raptors.cms.int/sites/default/files/document/Doc.13.4_Amur%20Falcon.pdf",Amur Falcon Conservation Initiative in Northeast India
  Common cuckoo,null,null,"southwest through Spain (English cuckoos) or south-east through Italy, crossing the Sahara in one continuous flight (Scottish and Welsh cuckoos)",null,null,"https://wwt.org.uk/discover-wetlands/blog/which-birds-migrate-to-the-uk-in-spring",Which wetland birds migrate to the UK in spring?
  Great Knot,null,null,"Inner Gulf of Thailand, Yalu Jiang Estuary, and Sonadia Island",null,null,"https://birdlife.org/news/2026/08/19/great-knots-journey-along-the-east-asian-australasian-flyway",Great Knot’s journey along the East Asian-Australasian Flyway - BirdLife International
  Short-tailed Shearwater,null,null,"from its breeding grounds in Tasmania and southern Australia to Kamchatka in the Russian Far East, to then continue on to the Aleutian Islands in Alaska, then circle around the Pacific Ocean and travel back along the western coast of North America",null,null,"https://birdlife.org/news/2018/06/27/migration-marathons-7-unbelievable-bird-journeys?:~:text=By%20far%20the%20longest%20migration_Weddell%20Sea%20in%20the%20South.","Migration marathons: 7 bird journeys - BirdLife"
  Short-tailed Shearwater,null,null,"breeding grounds in Tasmania and southern Australia to Kamchatka in the Russian Far East, to then continue on to the Aleutian Islands in Alaska, then circle around the Pacific Ocean and travel back along the western coast of North America",null,null,"https://birdlife.org/news/2018/06/27/migration-marathons-7-unbelievable-bird-journeys","Migration marathons: 7 bird journeys - BirdLife"
  Siberian Crane,null,null,Western Siberia and wintering sites in Iran and India,null,null,"https://siberian-crane.cms.int/?field_country_status_value=All&field_country_target_id=&order=field_country_status&sort=asc",| Siberian Crane
  Siberian Crane,null,null,Kunovat Basin to southern Russia,null,null,"https://cms.int/sites/default/files/document/Inf_09_The_Lily_of_Brids_b_Eonly_1.pdf",Inf_09_The_Lily_of_Brids_b_Eonly
  Siberian Crane,null,null,"Naurzum wetlands in Kazakhstan, Astrakhan Nature Reserve in Russia, west side of the Caspian over Chechnya and Azerbaijan, and east along the south side of the Caspian to flooded rice fields near Fereidoonkenar and Esbaran in the Islamic Republic of Iran",null,null,"https://cms.int/sites/default/files/publication/TechSeries_SibCrane_3_0_0.PDF","S:\\Archive\\Species-Archive\\SIBC"
  Siberian Crane,null,null,"Russian Federation, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Afghanistan, and Pakistan",null,null,"https://cms.int/sites/default/files/document/Siberian_Crane_CP_c_pop_e_0.pdf",Microsoft Word - Part-4.doc
  Siberian Crane,null,null,"Yana, Indigirka, and Kolyma River valleys, central and eastern Mongolia, and then into eastern China",null,null,"https://cms.int/sites/default/files/document/Siberian_Crane_CP_e_pop_e_0.pdf",Microsoft Word - Part 5.doc
  Siberian Crane,null,null,between Western Siberia and wintering sites in Iran and India,null,null,"https://siberian-crane.cms.int/?field_country_status_value=All&field_country_target_id=&order=field_date&sort=asc",| Siberian Crane
  Siberian Crane,null,null,"between the Yana and Kolyma Rivers, through staging areas in the Aldan-Amga basin in southern Yakutia, through to major wetlands in SongNen Plain in northeast China, and from there south along the coast of Bohai and then overland to Poyang Lake along the middle reaches of the Yangtze River",null,null,"https://cms.int/sites/default/files/document/Doc_05_Overview_Report_unedited_draft_as_at_7Jun10_1.pdf",OVERVIEW REPORT
  Siberian Crane,null,null,"Yana, Indigirka and Kolyma Rivers through Yakutia, Aldan River and tributaries, south into China",null,null,"https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/siberian-crane-leucogeranus-leucogeranus",Siberian Crane Leucogeranus leucogeranus Species Factsheet | BirdLife DataZone
  Siberian Crane,null,null,extended from Uzbekistan in the north to Kabul in central Afghanistan,null,null,"https://cms.int/sites/default/files/document/Inf_07_5_NationalReport_Afghanistan_0.pdf",Inf_07_5_NationalReport_Afghanistan
  Siberian Crane,null,null,from Kunovat to Uzbekistan,null,null,"https://cms.int/sites/default/files/document/Report_6th_RS_Meeting_E_Taken_from_Part4_of_TechSeriesNo.16_1.pdf",Microsoft Word - Part 7.doc
  Siberian Crane,null,null,"lowlands of the Ob River Basin across the Russian Federation, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Afghanistan, and Pakistan, before arriving at the wintering grounds in Keoladeo Ghana National Park in Rajasthan, India",null,null,"https://siberian-crane.cms.int/page/species-conservation-0",Species Conservation
  Siberian Crane,null,null,"Volga river delta, Azerbaijan",null,null,"https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/siberian-crane-leucogeranus-leucogeranus",Siberian Crane Leucogeranus leucogeranus Species Factsheet | BirdLife DataZone
  Siberian Crane,null,null,"staging areas in northeast China, along the coast of China to the Yellow River Delta, migrating overland to Poyang Lake along the middle reaches of the Yangtze River",null,null,"https://cms.int/sites/default/files/document/Doc_05_Add1_Overview_Report_unedited_draft_clean_1.pdf",Doc_05_Add1_Overview_Report_unedited_draft_clean
  Siberian Crane,null,null,center of Western Siberia to Caspian Sea shores of the Islamic Republic of Iran,null,null,"https://siberian-crane.cms.int/page/species-conservation-0",Species Conservation
  Siberian Crane,null,null,Songnen Plain in north-eastern China,null,null,"https://cms.int/siberian-crane/en/page/monitoring-eastern-asian-population",Monitoring of Eastern Asian Population
  Siberian Crane,null,null,"Russia, Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan",null,null,"https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/siberian-crane-leucogeranus-leucogeranus",Siberian Crane Leucogeranus leucogeranus Species Factsheet | BirdLife DataZone
  Siberian Crane,null,null,"cross Russia from the north to the south with brief migration stopovers, then rest for the few weeks at large wetlands in northeast China before their long and rapid passage to Poyang Lake",null,null,"https://siberian-crane.cms.int/page/species-conservation-0",Species Conservation
  Siberian Crane,null,null,between Western Siberia and wintering sites in Iran and India,null,null,"https://cms.int/siberian-crane/en/legalinstrument/siberian-crane-mou",| Siberian Crane
  Siberian Crane,null,null,between Western Siberia and Iran and India,null,null,"https://dugong.cms.int/legalinstrument/siberian-crane-mou",Siberian Crane | Dugong
  Siberian Crane,null,null,Kunovat Basin to India,null,null,"https://cms.int/sites/default/files/document/Inf_09_The_Lily_of_Brids_b_Eonly_1.pdf",Inf_09_The_Lily_of_Brids_b_Eonly
  Siberian Crane,null,null,"Naurzum Nature Reserve, Volga River Delta, Dagestan, Azerbaijan, Fereydoon Kenar",null,null,"https://cms.int/sites/default/files/document/Siberian_Crane_CP_w_pop_e_0.pdf",Microsoft Word - Part-3.doc
  Siberian Crane,null,null,Western Siberia to Iran and India,null,null,"https://cms.int/siberian-crane",| Siberian Crane
  Siberian Crane,null,null,"territories of the Russian Federation, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Afghanistan, and Pakistan",null,null,"https://cms.int/sites/default/files/publication/TechSeries_SibCrane_3_0_0.PDF","S:\\Archive\\Species-Archive\\SIBC"
  White Stork,null,null,from southern Africa across the Sahara and into northern Europe,null,null,"https://birdlife.org/news/2025/10/06/world-bank-and-birdlife-international-launch-historic-conservation-push-2",World Bank and BirdLife launch historic conservation push
  White Stork,null,null,the Sahara,null,null,"https://birdlife.org/news/2025/10/06/world-bank-and-birdlife-international-launch-historic-conservation-push",World Bank and BirdLife launch historic conservation push
  White Stork,null,null,Europe to Africa across the Mediterranean,null,null,"https://birdlife.org/news/2024/09/27/global-bird-weekend-celebrating-birds-across-the-worlds-flyways","Global Bird Weekend: Celebrating Birds Across the World’s Flyways - BirdLife International"
  White Stork,null,null,"across Norfolk to the Wildfowl & Wetland Trust at Welney, Downham Market, Lyng, Nar Valley Fisheries, Wormegay High Bridge, West Winch Common, Blackborough End, Setchey, and near the River Nar at Wormegay High Bridge",null,null,"https://wwt.org.uk/wetland-centres/slimbridge/wildlife/latest-sightings/todays-sightings-heatwave",Today's sightings and late news of another White Stork
  short-tailed shearwater,null,null,from the Southern Ocean to the Arctic Circle and back,null,null,"https://publish.csiro.au/book/7851",Windcatcher
  short-tailed shearwater,null,null,"from the edge of the Southern Ocean, to the rim of the Arctic Circle",null,null,"https://blog.publish.csiro.au/windcatcher","Windcatcher: an amazing tale of migration, conservation and survival"
  short-tailed shearwater,null,null,from the edge of the Southern Ocean to the rim of the Arctic Circle,null,null,"https://ebooks.publish.csiro.au/content/windcatcher",Windcatcher
  short-tailed shearwater,null,null,Southern Ocean to Arctic Ocean,null,null,"https://blog.publish.csiro.au/science-illustrated-craig-smith","Science Illustrated: Q&A with Craig Smith"
notes[0]:

result_set_id: rb609652878f
total_rows: 92
columns[8]: breeding_area,distance,distinction,nonbreeding_area,species,title,url,waypoints
rows[92,]{species,breeding_area,nonbreeding_area,waypoints,distance,distinction,url,title}:
  Bar-tailed Godwit,null,null,coast of Asia,null,null,"https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/70176098","Evidence for an 11,000-km-long non-stop flight from Alaska to New Zealand and Eastern Australia by Bar-tailed Godwits"
  Bar-tailed Godwit,null,null,"Seward Peninsula, Alaska to Miranda, Firth of Thames",null,null,"https://doc.govt.nz/globalassets/documents/science-and-technical/sfc064.pdf",Report on bird banding in New Zealand 1993/1994
  Bar-tailed Godwit,null,null,direct route across the Pacific,null,null,"https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/70176098","Evidence for an 11,000-km-long non-stop flight from Alaska to New Zealand and Eastern Australia by Bar-tailed Godwits"
  Bar-tailed Godwit,null,null,Yellow Sea to Alaska,null,null,"https://usgs.gov/media/images/winds-role-bar-tailed-godwit-migrations-yellow-sea-alaska",Wind's role in Bar-tailed Godwit migrations from Yellow Sea to Alaska
  Bar-tailed Godwit,null,null,"western Alaska, New Zealand and Australia, China and the Koreas along the coast of the Yellow Sea, western and northern Alaska",null,null,"https://alaska.usgs.gov/science/biology/avian_influenza/species/species.php?code=BARG",Avian Influenza High Priority Species
  Bar-tailed Godwit,Alaska,New Zealand,"North Island New Zealand, northwest Australia, Yellow Sea, Siberia, Alaska",null,null,"https://usgs.gov/media/audio/public-lecture-wandering-wildlife-tracking-movement-migrations-and-mileage-wolves-wading","Public Lecture: Wandering Wildlife: Tracking movement, migrations and mileage, from wolves to wading birds"
  Bar-tailed godwit,null,null,European staging site,null,null,"https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/70200374",USGS Publications Warehouse
  Bar-tailed godwit,null,null,New Zealand,null,null,"https://doc.govt.nz/nature/native-animals/birds/birds-a-z/eastern-bar-tailed-godwit",Eastern bar-tailed godwit/kuaka
  Bar-tailed godwit,null,null,"From Northern Scandinavia across Northern Siberia to Alaska, then along a route from Alaska to New Zealand",null,null,"https://doc.govt.nz/parks-and-recreation/places-to-go/hawkes-bay/places/napier-area/ahuriri-estuary/ahuriri-estuary-bird-guide",Ahuriri Estuary bird guide
  Bar-tailed godwit,null,null,"New Zealand to a spring staging area in the Yellow Sea, then to a breeding area in Alaska, and finally a trans-Pacific return flight to Australasia",null,null,"https://usgs.gov/centers/asc/science/wind-habitat-dynamics?qt-science_center_objects=3",Wind - Habitat Dynamics
  Blackpoll Warbler,null,null,"eastern boreal forest of Canada, northeastern coast of North America, Atlantic Ocean, Bermuda or another island, northern South America",null,null,"https://allaboutbirds.org/news/a-new-flyway-fall-migrants-cross-the-atlantic-to-reach-south-america","A New Flyway: Fall Migrants Cross the Atlantic to Reach South America | All About Birds"
  Blackpoll Warbler,null,null,across the Atlantic Ocean,null,null,"https://allaboutbirds.org/news/the-flyways-birds-use-to-migrate-across-continents",The Flyways Birds Use to Migrate Across Continents | All About Birds
  Blackpoll Warbler,null,null,Northeast and Mid-Atlantic Coast over the Atlantic to South America,null,null,"https://academy.allaboutbirds.org/identifying-fall-warblers-with-eric-ripma-and-bird-academy",Identifying Fall Warblers with Eric Ripma and Bird Academy | Bird Academy • The Cornell Lab
  Blackpoll Warbler,null,null,"North and South America, Northeast of the US, Canadian maritimes, Massachusetts, New York, New Jersey, and northern South America",null,null,"https://academy.allaboutbirds.org/live-event/birds-of-the-world-amazing-migrations","Birds of the World: Amazing Migrations | Bird Academy • The Cornell Lab"
  Blackpoll Warbler,null,null,from the Maritime Provinces to the Carolinas,null,null,"https://allaboutbirds.org/news/gut-check-evolution-shapes-the-microbiomes-of-warblers","Gut Check: Evolution Shapes the Microbiomes of Warblers | All About Birds"
  Blackpoll Warbler,null,null,off the Atlantic Coast,null,null,"https://allaboutbirds.org/news/where-do-migrants-go-in-winter-new-models-provide-exquisite-detail",Where Do Migrants Go in Winter? New Models Provide Exquisite Detail | All About Birds
  Blackpoll Warbler,null,null,Colombia,null,null,"https://allaboutbirds.org/news/is-bird-migration-getting-more-dangerous",Is Bird Migration Getting More Dangerous? | All About Birds
  Blackpoll Warbler,null,null,stopping over in the West Indies and Florida,null,null,"https://audubon.org/magazine/best-dressed-class-clown-these-15-birds-own-their-spring-migrant-superlatives","From Best Dressed to Class Clown, These 15 Birds Own Their Spring Migrant Superlatives"
  Red Knot,null,null,"Grays Harbor and Willapa Bay in Washington, as well as the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta and Copper River Delta in Alaska",null,null,"https://ecos.fws.gov/ecp/species/8880?eType=EmailBlastContent",Species Profile for Red Knot(Calidris canutus roselaari)
  Red Knot,null,null,Atlantic coast of the United States,null,null,"https://fws.gov/sites/default/files/documents/2024-04/1551.pdf",SSSPBook
  Red Knot,null,null,"from south to north every spring and \nrepeat the trip in reverse every \nautumn",null,null,"https://fws.gov/sites/default/files/documents/Red%20knot_fact%20sheet.pdf",Red Knot Fact Sheet
  Red Knot,null,null,Maine,null,null,"https://fws.gov/sites/default/files/documents/Red%20knot_fact%20sheet.pdf",Red Knot Fact Sheet
  Red Knot,null,null,"the Atlantic coast, over the Atlantic, Delaware Bay",null,null,"https://fws.gov/sites/default/files/documents/2024-04/1590.pdf",SSSPBook
  Red Knot,null,null,Delaware Bay,null,null,"https://fws.gov/sites/default/files/documents/2024-04/1552.pdf",SSSPBook
  Red Knot,null,null,"Tierra del Fuego, central coast of Argentina, northern coast of South America, Delaware Bay, Hudson Bay, Melville Peninsula, James Bay, Atlantic coastline, Suriname",null,null,"https://fws.gov/sites/default/files/documents/2024-04/1558.pdf",SSSPBook
  Ruby-throated Hummingbird,null,null,across the Gulf of Mexico,null,null,"https://audubon.org/magazine/when-expect-hummingbirds-your-feeders-and-flowers-spring",When to Expect Hummingbirds at Your Feeders and Flowers This Spring
  Ruby-throated Hummingbird,null,null,"Canada to Costa Rica, crossing the Gulf of Mexico or migrating around the Texas coast",null,null,"https://audubon.org/field-guide/bird/ruby-throated-hummingbird",Ruby-throated Hummingbird
  Ruby-throated Hummingbird,null,null,over the Gulf of Mexico,null,null,"https://audubon.org/news/strawberry-plains-audubon-center-hosts-annual-hummingbird-celebration-september",Strawberry Plains Audubon Center Hosts Annual Hummingbird Celebration September 7-9
  Ruby-throated Hummingbird,null,null,Gulf of Mexico,null,null,"https://audubon.org/magazine/bird-vs-building-portraits-flight-gone-wrong","Bird vs. Building: Portraits of Flight Gone Wrong"
  Ruby-throated Hummingbird,null,null,"coasts of Mexico, Central America, the coast, or across the Gulf of Mexico",null,null,"https://gl.audubon.org/news/spring-migration-great-lakes",Spring Migration in the Great Lakes
  Ruby-throated Hummingbird,null,null,Gulf of Mexico,null,null,"https://academy.allaboutbirds.org/discussion/topic/activities-different-seasons-different-birds/page/7","Activities: Different Seasons, Different Birds | Bird Academy • The Cornell Lab"
  Ruby-throated Hummingbird,null,null,Gulf of Mexico,null,null,"https://netapp.audubon.org/AudubonAdventures/hummingbird_essay.htm",Birds on the Move Background Essay
  Ruby-throated Hummingbird,null,null,across the Gulf of Mexico,null,null,"https://audubon.org/magazine/where-do-hummingbirds-go-winter-do-they-migrate",Where Do Hummingbirds Go in the Winter? Do They Migrate?
  Ruby-throated Hummingbird,null,null,crossing the Gulf of Mexico,null,null,"https://audubon.org/magazine/best-dressed-class-clown-these-15-birds-own-their-spring-migrant-superlatives","From Best Dressed to Class Clown, These 15 Birds Own Their Spring Migrant Superlatives"
  Ruby-throated Hummingbird,null,null,crossing the Gulf of Mexico,null,null,"https://audubon.org/magazine/10-fun-facts-about-ruby-throated-hummingbird",10 Fun Facts About the Ruby-throated Hummingbird
  Ruby-throated Hummingbird,null,null,across the Gulf of Mexico,null,null,"https://netapp.audubon.org/AudubonAdventures/docs/AA_Migratory_birds_FINAL.pdf",AA_Migratory_birds.indd
  Ruby-throated Hummingbird,null,null,"Carbondale, Illinois to Laredo, Texas",null,null,"https://audubon.org/news/the-illegal-trade-these-love-charms-growing-threat-hummingbirds",The Illegal Trade in These Love Charms Is a Growing Threat to Hummingbirds
  Ruby-throated Hummingbird,null,null,Gulf Coast down through Texas,null,null,"https://audubon.org/magazine/where-do-hummingbirds-go-winter-do-they-migrate",Where Do Hummingbirds Go in the Winter? Do They Migrate?
  Ruby-throated Hummingbird,null,null,Canada to Costa Rica,null,null,"https://audubon.org/bird-guide?family=6464",Guide to North American Birds
  Ruby-throated Hummingbird,null,null,Gulf of Mexico,null,null,"https://audubon.org/news/are-early-blooms-putting-hummingbirds-risk",Are Early Blooms Putting Hummingbirds at Risk?
  Ruby-throated Hummingbird,null,null,Mississippi,null,null,"https://audubon.org/news/mississippi-audubon-center-hosts-annual-hummingbird-festival-september-5-7-2008","Mississippi Audubon Center Hosts Annual Hummingbird Festival September 5-7, 2008"
  Ruby-throated Hummingbird,null,null,across the Gulf of Mexico,null,null,"http://netapp.audubon.org/AudubonAdventures/WhosWhoHumm",Audubon Adventures - Who's Who?
  Ruby-throated Hummingbird,null,null,across the Gulf of Mexico,null,null,"https://audubon.org/magazine/reimagining-ruby-throated-hummingbird",Reimagining the Ruby-throated Hummingbird
  Ruby-throated Hummingbird,null,null,Canada through Mississippi,null,null,"https://audubon.org/news/hummingbird-migration-celebration",Hummingbird Migration Celebration
  Ruby-throated Hummingbird,null,null,Louisiana,null,null,"https://audubon.org/news/not-flying-south-winter",(Not) Flying South for the Winter
  Ruby-throated hummingbird,null,null,Gulf of Mexico,null,null,"https://audubon.org/news/audubon-nfwf-mark-10th-year-neotropical-migratory-bird-conservation-act",Audubon & NFWF Mark 10th Year of NeoTropical Migratory Bird Conservation Act
  Sooty Shearwater,null,null,"Taiaroa Head, Dunedin, New Zealand to Fort Stevens, Oregon, USA",null,null,"https://doc.govt.nz/globalassets/documents/science-and-technical/sr19.pdf",Report on bird banding in New Zealand 1988-1989
  bar-tailed godwit,null,null,trans-Pacific flight,null,null,"https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/70221492",USGS Publications Warehouse
  bar-tailed godwit,null,null,south to New Zealand along the Asian coast,null,null,"https://doc.govt.nz/documents/science-and-technical/sap232.pdf",Migrations and movements of birds to New Zealand and surrounding seas
  bar-tailed godwit,null,null,central Pacific Ocean; Yellow Sea,null,null,"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2020/3056/fs20203056.pdf",Shorebird Research at the U.S. Geological Survey Alaska Science Center — FS 2020-3056
  bar-tailed godwit,null,null,Yellow Sea,null,null,"https://blog.doc.govt.nz/tag/godwit",godwit |
  bar-tailed godwit,null,null,"New Siberian Islands, Russia, Yellow Sea",null,null,"https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/70135114",USGS Publications Warehouse
  bar-tailed godwit,null,null,China,null,null,"https://doc.govt.nz/news/media-releases/2015/supporting-international-effort-to-protect-godwits-and-red-knots",News & events
  bar-tailed godwit,null,null,Pacific Ocean,null,null,"https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/70101408",USGS Publications Warehouse
  bar-tailed godwit,null,null,New Zealand and Alaska,null,null,"https://blog.doc.govt.nz/tag/godwits",Godwits |
  bar-tailed godwit,null,null,a single direct 12 000 km flight across the Pacific,null,null,"https://doc.govt.nz/documents/science-and-technical/sap232.pdf",Migrations and movements of birds to New Zealand and surrounding seas
  bar-tailed godwit,null,null,between New Zealand and Alaska,null,null,"https://blog.doc.govt.nz/tag/oystercatcher",oystercatcher |
  bar-tailed godwit,null,null,across the Pacific Ocean,null,null,"https://usgs.gov/news/national-news-release/ultra-marathon-champion-bird-may-plan-flights-based-weather-across","\"Ultra Marathon Champion\" Bird May Plan Flights Based on Weather Across Pacific"
  bar-tailed godwit,null,null,"coastal staging grounds in the Yellow Sea region of East Asia, North Pacific Ocean",null,null,"https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/70135114",USGS Publications Warehouse
  bar-tailed godwit,null,null,Yellow Sea,null,null,"https://blog.doc.govt.nz/tag/red-knot",red knot |
  bar-tailed godwit,null,null,Yellow Sea region in China,null,null,"https://doc.govt.nz/nature/native-animals/birds/birds-a-z/mirandas-migratory-birds",Miranda's migratory birds
  bar-tailed godwit,null,null,China,null,null,"https://doc.govt.nz/news/media-releases/2015/chinese-ambassador-farewells-godwits-on-flight-from-nz-to-china",News & events
  bar-tailed godwit,null,null,New Zealand to the Yellow Sea to Alaska to Australasia,null,null,"https://usgs.gov/centers/asc/science/wind-habitat-dynamics",Wind - Habitat Dynamics
  blackpoll warbler,null,null,over the Atlantic Ocean,null,null,"https://academy.allaboutbirds.org/live-event/exploring-bird-migration-your-questions-answered/","Exploring Bird Migration: Your Questions Answered | Bird Academy • The Cornell Lab"
  red knot,null,null,Iceland,null,null,"https://ecos.fws.gov/docs/candidate/assessments/2010/r5/B0DM_V01.pdf","{Format note – this is in MSWord, the font is Times New Roman, 12-point, please open this in MSWord, otherwise the formatting "
  red knot,null,null,Yellow Sea,null,null,"https://blog.doc.govt.nz/tag/red-knot",red knot |
  red knot,null,null,Delaware Bay,null,null,"https://fws.gov/ecological-services/highlights/12142015.html",Ecological Services
  red knot,null,null,South America to the Arctic,null,null,"https://fws.gov/endangered/map/state/DE.html",Endangered Species | Map | State |
  red knot,null,null,Delaware Bay,null,null,"https://ecos.fws.gov/ServCat/downloadfile/187781",Rufa Red Knot Species Status Assessment Report - FWS ECOS
  red knot,null,null,Atlantic coast of North America,null,null,"https://ecos.fws.gov/docs/candidate/assessments/2010/r5/B0DM_V01.pdf","{Format note – this is in MSWord, the font is Times New Roman, 12-point, please open this in MSWord, otherwise the formatting "
  red knot,null,null,Delaware,null,null,"https://fws.gov/endangered/map/state/DE.html",Endangered Species | Map | State |
  red knot,null,null,coastal (moving north along the coast to the mid-Atlantic before departing for the Arctic) and inland (departing overland for the Arctic directly from the Southeast coast),null,null,"https://fws.gov/sites/default/files/documents/Rufa%20Red%20Knot%20Supplemental%20Listing%20Document.pdf",Rufa Red Knot Background Information and Threats Assessment
  red knot,null,null,Delaware Bay and the arctic breeding grounds,null,null,"https://fws.gov/doiddata/dwh-ar-documents/1278/DWH-ARZ001219.pdf",Redknot Status 2007 - Body
  red knot,null,null,Mexico to Alaska,null,null,"https://fws.gov/story/2023-08/minestrone-ness-bird-subspecies",On the Minestrone-ness of Bird Subspecies | U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service
  red knot,null,null,Delaware Bay,null,null,"https://trainingcenter.fws.gov/resources/knowledge-resources/Birdscapes/win03/wetensp.html",USFWS/NCTC - Birdscapes
  red knot,null,null,Delaware Bay,null,null,"https://fws.gov/ecological-services/news/archives/2015-stories.html",Ecological Services
  red knot,null,null,China,null,null,"https://doc.govt.nz/news/media-releases/2015/chinese-ambassador-farewells-godwits-on-flight-from-nz-to-china",News & events
  red knot,null,null,South America,null,null,"https://fws.gov/endangered/map/state/DE.html",Endangered Species | Map | State |
  red knot,null,null,Delaware Bay,null,null,"https://fws.gov/endangered/map/state/DE.html",Endangered Species | Map | State |
  red knot,null,null,Delaware Bay,null,null,"https://fws.gov/carp/carp/sites/default/files/documents/Shorebird%20DBEP%20factsheet%204-7-2020_0.pdf",Monitoring shorebirds of Delaware Bay and conserving and restoring their habitat
  red knot,null,null,"coast of Argentina, southern Brazil, Delaware Bay, Arctic nesting grounds",null,null,"https://fws.gov/sites/default/files/documents/Shorebirds.pdf",Shorebirds 2004
  red knot,null,null,China,null,null,"https://doc.govt.nz/news/media-releases/2015/chinese-ambassador-farewells-godwits-on-flight-from-nz-to-china",News & events
  red knot,null,null,Delaware,null,null,"https://fws.gov/endangered/map/state/DE.html",Endangered Species | Map | State |
  red knot,null,null,Delaware Bay,null,null,"https://fws.gov/endangered/map/ESA_success_stories/DE/DE_story2",Endangered Species Program | ESA Success Story
  red knot,null,null,Delaware Bay,null,null,"https://fws.gov/story/2006-09/red-knot-named-candidate-endangered-species-act-protection",Red knot named candidate for Endangered Species Act protection | U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service
  red knot,null,null,Arctic,null,null,"https://fws.gov/endangered/map/state/DE.html",Endangered Species | Map | State |
  red knot,null,null,Delaware Bay,null,null,"https://fws.gov/news/ShowNews.cfm?ID=306702E2-C4DB-EDF8-28653BB2E2D600F5",Service Protects Red Knot as Threatened Under the Endangered Species Act | U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service
  red knot,null,null,Pacific Coast,null,null,"https://fws.gov/mountain-prairie/pressrel/2013/09272013_redKnotListing.php",Service Proposes to List Red Knot as a Threatened Species Under the Endangered Species Act
  red knot,null,null,Delaware Bay,null,null,"https://fws.gov/press-release/2014-12/service-protects-red-knot-threatened-under-endangered-species-act",Service Protects Red Knot as Threatened Under the Endangered Species Act | U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service
  red knot,null,null,Delaware Bay,null,null,"https://fws.gov/story/2022-03/banding-red-knots",Banding red knots | U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service
  ruby-throated hummingbird,null,null,"from points as far north as Canada, heading south to Mexico, Guatemala, even Panama",null,null,"https://audubon.org/magazine/banding-hummingbirds-solve-their-mysterious-ways",Banding Hummingbirds to Solve their Mysterious Ways
  ruby-throated hummingbird,null,null,across the Gulf of Mexico,null,null,"https://academy.allaboutbirds.org/live-event/exploring-bird-migration-your-questions-answered/","Exploring Bird Migration: Your Questions Answered | Bird Academy • The Cornell Lab"
notes[0]:

error: "SQL execution failed: Parser Error: syntax error at or near \"UNION\"\n\nLINE 1: ... AND species = 'Arctic Tern' AND NOT annual_km IS NULL LIMIT 1 UNION ALL SELECT 'Northern Wheatear', url, title FROM r7222...\n                                                                          ^\nTables in this query: r880cdbb426d(breeding_area, distance, distinction, nonbreeding_area, species, title, url, waypoints); rb609652878f(breeding_area, distance, distinction, nonbreeding_area, species, title, url, waypoints); r7222fb4253c(annual_km, annual_km_evidence, breeding_area, breeding_area_evidence, nonbreeding_area, nonbreeding_area_evidence, one_way_km, one_way_km_evidence, route_details, route_details_evidence, species, species_evidence, title, url)"
notes[1,]{text}:
  The ORDER BY on sequence references UNNEST output that does not exist until after the unnest — it was applied above the unnest level automatically.

result_set_id: r964a4a8964e
total_rows: 53
columns[10]: distance_note,latitude,longitude,migration_pattern,place,route_summary,sequence,source_title,source_url,species
rows[53,]{species,migration_pattern,route_summary,distance_note,sequence,place,latitude,longitude,source_url,source_title}:
  Amur Falcon,East Asia–India–southern Africa route,Siberia/China/Mongolia → Nagaland → Arabian Sea → southern Africa.,null,1,Siberia / Mongolia,52.0,110.0,"https://www.cms.int/news/prey-protected-species-how-tide-turned-amur-falcon","From Prey to Protected Species: How the Tide Turned for the Amur Falcon"
  Amur Falcon,East Asia–India–southern Africa route,Siberia/China/Mongolia → Nagaland → Arabian Sea → southern Africa.,null,2,Northeast China,42.0,125.0,"https://www.cms.int/news/prey-protected-species-how-tide-turned-amur-falcon","From Prey to Protected Species: How the Tide Turned for the Amur Falcon"
  Amur Falcon,East Asia–India–southern Africa route,Siberia/China/Mongolia → Nagaland → Arabian Sea → southern Africa.,null,3,Nagaland,26.0,94.0,"https://www.cms.int/news/prey-protected-species-how-tide-turned-amur-falcon","From Prey to Protected Species: How the Tide Turned for the Amur Falcon"
  Amur Falcon,East Asia–India–southern Africa route,Siberia/China/Mongolia → Nagaland → Arabian Sea → southern Africa.,null,4,Arabian Sea,14.0,65.0,"https://www.cms.int/news/prey-protected-species-how-tide-turned-amur-falcon","From Prey to Protected Species: How the Tide Turned for the Amur Falcon"
  Amur Falcon,East Asia–India–southern Africa route,Siberia/China/Mongolia → Nagaland → Arabian Sea → southern Africa.,null,5,Southern Africa,-24.0,28.0,"https://www.cms.int/news/prey-protected-species-how-tide-turned-amur-falcon","From Prey to Protected Species: How the Tide Turned for the Amur Falcon"
  Arctic Tern,Atlantic pole-to-pole ocean migration,"Greenland/Iceland → North Atlantic → West Africa → Weddell Sea; tracked average about 71,000 km annually.","≈71,000 km/year average",1,Greenland,70.0,-40.0,"https://natur.gl/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/PhD_CEg_2010.pdf",Migration and breeding biology of Arctic terns in Greenland
  Arctic Tern,Atlantic pole-to-pole ocean migration,"Greenland/Iceland → North Atlantic → West Africa → Weddell Sea; tracked average about 71,000 km annually.","≈71,000 km/year average",2,North Atlantic,45.0,-30.0,"https://natur.gl/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/PhD_CEg_2010.pdf",Migration and breeding biology of Arctic terns in Greenland
  Arctic Tern,Atlantic pole-to-pole ocean migration,"Greenland/Iceland → North Atlantic → West Africa → Weddell Sea; tracked average about 71,000 km annually.","≈71,000 km/year average",3,West African Atlantic,10.0,-20.0,"https://natur.gl/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/PhD_CEg_2010.pdf",Migration and breeding biology of Arctic terns in Greenland
  Arctic Tern,Atlantic pole-to-pole ocean migration,"Greenland/Iceland → North Atlantic → West Africa → Weddell Sea; tracked average about 71,000 km annually.","≈71,000 km/year average",4,Weddell Sea,-72.0,-30.0,"https://natur.gl/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/PhD_CEg_2010.pdf",Migration and breeding biology of Arctic terns in Greenland
  Bar-tailed Godwit,East Asian–Australasian flyway and nonstop trans-Pacific return,"New Zealand → Yellow Sea → Alaska → roughly 11,000–12,000 km nonstop trans-Pacific return.","≈11,000–12,000 km nonstop fall leg",1,New Zealand,-37.0,175.0,"https://usgs.gov/centers/asc/science/wind-habitat-dynamics",Wind - Habitat Dynamics
  Bar-tailed Godwit,East Asian–Australasian flyway and nonstop trans-Pacific return,"New Zealand → Yellow Sea → Alaska → roughly 11,000–12,000 km nonstop trans-Pacific return.","≈11,000–12,000 km nonstop fall leg",2,Yellow Sea,35.0,123.0,"https://usgs.gov/centers/asc/science/wind-habitat-dynamics",Wind - Habitat Dynamics
  Bar-tailed Godwit,East Asian–Australasian flyway and nonstop trans-Pacific return,"New Zealand → Yellow Sea → Alaska → roughly 11,000–12,000 km nonstop trans-Pacific return.","≈11,000–12,000 km nonstop fall leg",3,Western Alaska,64.0,-165.0,"https://usgs.gov/centers/asc/science/wind-habitat-dynamics",Wind - Habitat Dynamics
  Bar-tailed Godwit,East Asian–Australasian flyway and nonstop trans-Pacific return,"New Zealand → Yellow Sea → Alaska → roughly 11,000–12,000 km nonstop trans-Pacific return.","≈11,000–12,000 km nonstop fall leg",4,New Zealand,-37.0,175.0,"https://usgs.gov/centers/asc/science/wind-habitat-dynamics",Wind - Habitat Dynamics
  Blackpoll Warbler,Atlantic coastal staging and nonstop ocean crossing,Canadian boreal forest → northeastern coast → nonstop Atlantic flight → northern South America.,"Up to 2,770 km nonstop Atlantic leg",1,Canadian boreal forest,58.0,-95.0,"https://research.bangor.ac.uk/cy/publications/a-boreal-songbirds-20000-km-migration-across-north-america-and-th","A boreal songbird’s 20,000 km migration across North America and the Atlantic Ocean"
  Blackpoll Warbler,Atlantic coastal staging and nonstop ocean crossing,Canadian boreal forest → northeastern coast → nonstop Atlantic flight → northern South America.,"Up to 2,770 km nonstop Atlantic leg",2,Northeast coast,43.0,-70.0,"https://research.bangor.ac.uk/cy/publications/a-boreal-songbirds-20000-km-migration-across-north-america-and-th","A boreal songbird’s 20,000 km migration across North America and the Atlantic Ocean"
  Blackpoll Warbler,Atlantic coastal staging and nonstop ocean crossing,Canadian boreal forest → northeastern coast → nonstop Atlantic flight → northern South America.,"Up to 2,770 km nonstop Atlantic leg",3,Western Atlantic,28.0,-58.0,"https://research.bangor.ac.uk/cy/publications/a-boreal-songbirds-20000-km-migration-across-north-america-and-th","A boreal songbird’s 20,000 km migration across North America and the Atlantic Ocean"
  Blackpoll Warbler,Atlantic coastal staging and nonstop ocean crossing,Canadian boreal forest → northeastern coast → nonstop Atlantic flight → northern South America.,"Up to 2,770 km nonstop Atlantic leg",4,Northern South America,8.0,-60.0,"https://research.bangor.ac.uk/cy/publications/a-boreal-songbirds-20000-km-migration-across-north-america-and-th","A boreal songbird’s 20,000 km migration across North America and the Atlantic Ocean"
  Great Knot,East Asian–Australasian coastal flyway,Siberia → Yalu Jiang/Yellow Sea → Gulf of Thailand and Sonadia Island.,null,1,Siberia,60.0,130.0,"https://birdlife.org/news/2026/08/19/great-knots-journey-along-the-east-asian-australasian-flyway",Great Knot’s journey along the East Asian-Australasian Flyway - BirdLife International
  Great Knot,East Asian–Australasian coastal flyway,Siberia → Yalu Jiang/Yellow Sea → Gulf of Thailand and Sonadia Island.,null,2,Yalu Jiang,40.0,124.0,"https://birdlife.org/news/2026/08/19/great-knots-journey-along-the-east-asian-australasian-flyway",Great Knot’s journey along the East Asian-Australasian Flyway - BirdLife International
  Great Knot,East Asian–Australasian coastal flyway,Siberia → Yalu Jiang/Yellow Sea → Gulf of Thailand and Sonadia Island.,null,3,Gulf of Thailand,13.0,100.5,"https://birdlife.org/news/2026/08/19/great-knots-journey-along-the-east-asian-australasian-flyway",Great Knot’s journey along the East Asian-Australasian Flyway - BirdLife International
  Great Knot,East Asian–Australasian coastal flyway,Siberia → Yalu Jiang/Yellow Sea → Gulf of Thailand and Sonadia Island.,null,4,Sonadia Island,21.5,91.9,"https://birdlife.org/news/2026/08/19/great-knots-journey-along-the-east-asian-australasian-flyway",Great Knot’s journey along the East Asian-Australasian Flyway - BirdLife International
  Northern Wheatear,Trans-Eurasian songbird migration,"Alaska → Russia → Kazakhstan → Arabian Desert → East Africa; about 14,600 km one way.","≈14,600 km one way",1,Alaska,65.0,-165.0,"https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rsbl.2011.1223",Cross-hemisphere migration of a 25 g songbird
  Northern Wheatear,Trans-Eurasian songbird migration,"Alaska → Russia → Kazakhstan → Arabian Desert → East Africa; about 14,600 km one way.","≈14,600 km one way",2,Northern Russia,62.0,100.0,"https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rsbl.2011.1223",Cross-hemisphere migration of a 25 g songbird
  Northern Wheatear,Trans-Eurasian songbird migration,"Alaska → Russia → Kazakhstan → Arabian Desert → East Africa; about 14,600 km one way.","≈14,600 km one way",3,Kazakhstan,48.0,68.0,"https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rsbl.2011.1223",Cross-hemisphere migration of a 25 g songbird
  Northern Wheatear,Trans-Eurasian songbird migration,"Alaska → Russia → Kazakhstan → Arabian Desert → East Africa; about 14,600 km one way.","≈14,600 km one way",4,Arabian Desert,24.0,45.0,"https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rsbl.2011.1223",Cross-hemisphere migration of a 25 g songbird
  Northern Wheatear,Trans-Eurasian songbird migration,"Alaska → Russia → Kazakhstan → Arabian Desert → East Africa; about 14,600 km one way.","≈14,600 km one way",5,East Africa,8.0,33.0,"https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rsbl.2011.1223",Cross-hemisphere migration of a 25 g songbird
  Red Knot,Atlantic Americas coastal flyway,Tierra del Fuego → Argentina → northern South America → Delaware Bay → Canadian Arctic.,null,1,Tierra del Fuego,-54.0,-68.0,"https://fws.gov/sites/default/files/documents/2024-04/1558.pdf",SSSPBook
  Red Knot,Atlantic Americas coastal flyway,Tierra del Fuego → Argentina → northern South America → Delaware Bay → Canadian Arctic.,null,2,Argentina coast,-38.0,-57.0,"https://fws.gov/sites/default/files/documents/2024-04/1558.pdf",SSSPBook
  Red Knot,Atlantic Americas coastal flyway,Tierra del Fuego → Argentina → northern South America → Delaware Bay → Canadian Arctic.,null,3,Northern South America,6.0,-56.0,"https://fws.gov/sites/default/files/documents/2024-04/1558.pdf",SSSPBook
  Red Knot,Atlantic Americas coastal flyway,Tierra del Fuego → Argentina → northern South America → Delaware Bay → Canadian Arctic.,null,4,Delaware Bay,39.0,-75.0,"https://fws.gov/sites/default/files/documents/2024-04/1558.pdf",SSSPBook
  Red Knot,Atlantic Americas coastal flyway,Tierra del Fuego → Argentina → northern South America → Delaware Bay → Canadian Arctic.,null,5,Canadian Arctic,70.0,-85.0,"https://fws.gov/sites/default/files/documents/2024-04/1558.pdf",SSSPBook
  Ruby-throated Hummingbird,North American route with Gulf crossing,Canada/eastern U.S. → Gulf Coast → across Gulf of Mexico or around Texas → Central America.,null,1,Eastern Canada,45.0,-75.0,"https://audubon.org/field-guide/bird/ruby-throated-hummingbird",Ruby-throated Hummingbird
  Ruby-throated Hummingbird,North American route with Gulf crossing,Canada/eastern U.S. → Gulf Coast → across Gulf of Mexico or around Texas → Central America.,null,2,U.S. Gulf Coast,29.0,-90.0,"https://audubon.org/field-guide/bird/ruby-throated-hummingbird",Ruby-throated Hummingbird
  Ruby-throated Hummingbird,North American route with Gulf crossing,Canada/eastern U.S. → Gulf Coast → across Gulf of Mexico or around Texas → Central America.,null,3,Gulf of Mexico,24.0,-90.0,"https://audubon.org/field-guide/bird/ruby-throated-hummingbird",Ruby-throated Hummingbird
  Ruby-throated Hummingbird,North American route with Gulf crossing,Canada/eastern U.S. → Gulf Coast → across Gulf of Mexico or around Texas → Central America.,null,4,Costa Rica,10.0,-84.0,"https://audubon.org/field-guide/bird/ruby-throated-hummingbird",Ruby-throated Hummingbird
  Short-tailed Shearwater,North Pacific circuit from Australia,Tasmania → Kamchatka → Aleutians → western North America → Tasmania.,null,1,Tasmania,-42.0,147.0,"https://birdlife.org/news/2018/06/27/migration-marathons-7-unbelievable-bird-journeys","Migration marathons: 7 bird journeys - BirdLife"
  Short-tailed Shearwater,North Pacific circuit from Australia,Tasmania → Kamchatka → Aleutians → western North America → Tasmania.,null,2,Kamchatka,56.0,161.0,"https://birdlife.org/news/2018/06/27/migration-marathons-7-unbelievable-bird-journeys","Migration marathons: 7 bird journeys - BirdLife"
  Short-tailed Shearwater,North Pacific circuit from Australia,Tasmania → Kamchatka → Aleutians → western North America → Tasmania.,null,3,Aleutian Islands,52.0,-175.0,"https://birdlife.org/news/2018/06/27/migration-marathons-7-unbelievable-bird-journeys","Migration marathons: 7 bird journeys - BirdLife"
  Short-tailed Shearwater,North Pacific circuit from Australia,Tasmania → Kamchatka → Aleutians → western North America → Tasmania.,null,4,West North America,35.0,-125.0,"https://birdlife.org/news/2018/06/27/migration-marathons-7-unbelievable-bird-journeys","Migration marathons: 7 bird journeys - BirdLife"
  Short-tailed Shearwater,North Pacific circuit from Australia,Tasmania → Kamchatka → Aleutians → western North America → Tasmania.,null,5,Tasmania,-42.0,147.0,"https://birdlife.org/news/2018/06/27/migration-marathons-7-unbelievable-bird-journeys","Migration marathons: 7 bird journeys - BirdLife"
  Siberian Crane,East Asian wetland stepping-stone route,Yakutia → Songnen Plain → Bohai coast → Poyang Lake.,null,1,Yakutia,68.0,145.0,"https://cms.int/sites/default/files/document/Doc_05_Overview_Report_unedited_draft_as_at_7Jun10_1.pdf",OVERVIEW REPORT
  Siberian Crane,East Asian wetland stepping-stone route,Yakutia → Songnen Plain → Bohai coast → Poyang Lake.,null,2,Songnen Plain,46.0,124.0,"https://cms.int/sites/default/files/document/Doc_05_Overview_Report_unedited_draft_as_at_7Jun10_1.pdf",OVERVIEW REPORT
  Siberian Crane,East Asian wetland stepping-stone route,Yakutia → Songnen Plain → Bohai coast → Poyang Lake.,null,3,Bohai coast,38.0,119.0,"https://cms.int/sites/default/files/document/Doc_05_Overview_Report_unedited_draft_as_at_7Jun10_1.pdf",OVERVIEW REPORT
  Siberian Crane,East Asian wetland stepping-stone route,Yakutia → Songnen Plain → Bohai coast → Poyang Lake.,null,4,Poyang Lake,29.0,116.0,"https://cms.int/sites/default/files/document/Doc_05_Overview_Report_unedited_draft_as_at_7Jun10_1.pdf",OVERVIEW REPORT
  Sooty Shearwater,Clockwise trans-Pacific ocean circuit,"New Zealand → Japan/Alaska/California feeding areas → New Zealand; about 64,000 km annually.","≈64,037 km/year average",1,New Zealand,-47.0,168.0,"https://natur.gl/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/PhD_CEg_2010.pdf",Migration and breeding biology of Arctic terns in Greenland
  Sooty Shearwater,Clockwise trans-Pacific ocean circuit,"New Zealand → Japan/Alaska/California feeding areas → New Zealand; about 64,000 km annually.","≈64,037 km/year average",2,Japan waters,38.0,145.0,"https://natur.gl/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/PhD_CEg_2010.pdf",Migration and breeding biology of Arctic terns in Greenland
  Sooty Shearwater,Clockwise trans-Pacific ocean circuit,"New Zealand → Japan/Alaska/California feeding areas → New Zealand; about 64,000 km annually.","≈64,037 km/year average",3,Alaska waters,55.0,-155.0,"https://natur.gl/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/PhD_CEg_2010.pdf",Migration and breeding biology of Arctic terns in Greenland
  Sooty Shearwater,Clockwise trans-Pacific ocean circuit,"New Zealand → Japan/Alaska/California feeding areas → New Zealand; about 64,000 km annually.","≈64,037 km/year average",4,California waters,35.0,-125.0,"https://natur.gl/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/PhD_CEg_2010.pdf",Migration and breeding biology of Arctic terns in Greenland
  Sooty Shearwater,Clockwise trans-Pacific ocean circuit,"New Zealand → Japan/Alaska/California feeding areas → New Zealand; about 64,000 km annually.","≈64,037 km/year average",5,New Zealand,-47.0,168.0,"https://natur.gl/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/PhD_CEg_2010.pdf",Migration and breeding biology of Arctic terns in Greenland
  White Stork,Europe–Africa soaring migration,Northern Europe → Mediterranean corridor → Sahara → southern Africa.,null,1,Northern Europe,53.0,15.0,"https://birdlife.org/news/2024/09/27/global-bird-weekend-celebrating-birds-across-the-worlds-flyways","Global Bird Weekend: Celebrating Birds Across the World’s Flyways - BirdLife International"
  White Stork,Europe–Africa soaring migration,Northern Europe → Mediterranean corridor → Sahara → southern Africa.,null,2,Mediterranean corridor,37.0,15.0,"https://birdlife.org/news/2024/09/27/global-bird-weekend-celebrating-birds-across-the-worlds-flyways","Global Bird Weekend: Celebrating Birds Across the World’s Flyways - BirdLife International"
  White Stork,Europe–Africa soaring migration,Northern Europe → Mediterranean corridor → Sahara → southern Africa.,null,3,Sahara,24.0,15.0,"https://birdlife.org/news/2024/09/27/global-bird-weekend-celebrating-birds-across-the-worlds-flyways","Global Bird Weekend: Celebrating Birds Across the World’s Flyways - BirdLife International"
  White Stork,Europe–Africa soaring migration,Northern Europe → Mediterranean corridor → Sahara → southern Africa.,null,4,Southern Africa,-25.0,25.0,"https://birdlife.org/news/2024/09/27/global-bird-weekend-celebrating-birds-across-the-worlds-flyways","Global Bird Weekend: Celebrating Birds Across the World’s Flyways - BirdLife International"
notes[0]: