{ "id": "r7222fb4253c", "found": true, "parent_id": "re40ac1251b9", "created_at": "2026-08-31 12:40:04.881605+00:00", "rows": [ { "url": "http://safari-ecology.blogspot.com/2012/02/wheatears-remarkable-migration-alaska.html", "title": "The wheatear's remarkable migration: Alaska to East Africa", "species": "Northern Wheatear", "breeding_area": null, "nonbreeding_area": null, "route_details": null, "one_way_km": null, "annual_km": null, "species_evidence": [ "### The wheatear's remarkable migration: Alaska to East Africa", "We've long known this must happen, as pretty much all the world's Northern Wheatears *Oenanthe oenanthe* spend the winter in Africa, but now technology has allowed us to follow individual birds on their 14,600km long migration from Alaska to East Africa and back." ], "breeding_area_evidence": null, "nonbreeding_area_evidence": null, "route_details_evidence": null, "one_way_km_evidence": null, "annual_km_evidence": null }, { "url": "doi://10.1002/ece3.5459", "title": "Hypotheses and tracking results about the longest migration: The case of the arctic tern", "species": "Arctic Tern", "breeding_area": null, "nonbreeding_area": null, "route_details": null, "one_way_km": null, "annual_km": null, "species_evidence": [ "## Introduction", "The arctic tern has a very special reputation among migratory birds since more than a 100\u00a0years, being appointed by Cooke (1915) as the \u201cworld's migration champion.\u201d" ], "breeding_area_evidence": null, "nonbreeding_area_evidence": null, "route_details_evidence": null, "one_way_km_evidence": null, "annual_km_evidence": null }, { "url": "https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rsbl.2011.1223", "title": "Cross-hemisphere migration of a 25 g songbird", "species": "Northern Wheatear", "breeding_area": "northeastern Canada and Alaska", "nonbreeding_area": "northern sub-Sahara Africa", "route_details": "northern Russia and Kazakhstan before crossing the Arabian Desert for Alaskan birds, and via Greenland and western Europe for Canadian birds", "one_way_km": "14600", "annual_km": null, "species_evidence": [ "## 1. Introduction", "The northern wheatear (Oenanthe oenanthe; wheatear hereafter) is a small (approx. 25 g), insectivorous migrant with one of the largest ranges of any songbird in the world, breeding from northeastern Canada (CN) across Europe and Asia into AK and extreme northwestern CN." ], "breeding_area_evidence": [ "## 1. Introduction", "The northern wheatear (Oenanthe oenanthe; wheatear hereafter) is a small (approx. 25 g), insectivorous migrant with one of the largest ranges of any songbird in the world, breeding from northeastern Canada (CN) across Europe and Asia into AK and extreme northwestern CN." ], "nonbreeding_area_evidence": [ "## 1. Introduction", "Although there is abundant of tundra breeding habitat between the two Nearctic populations, they have not met.", "The eastern Canadian birds belong to the subspecies leucorhoa while the Alaskan birds belong to the nominate subspecies [2].", "Despite sporadic reports in temperate North America [3], there is no direct evidence that wheatears have established permanent wintering sites in the Western Hemisphere, suggesting that both Nearctic populations overwinter with Eurasian populations in northern sub-Sahara Africa [2]." ], "route_details_evidence": [ "## 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION", "Data from the remaining three geolocators revealed that the AK birds spent their winter in eastern Africa somewhere in Sudan or Uganda/Kenya (figure 1).", "During the autumn, birds travelled through northern Russia and Kazakhstan before crossing the Arabian Desert, a one-way trip that averaged 14 600 km (+360, mean + s.d.) and took 91 (+11) days (approx. 160 km d 21 ).", "The CN bird appeared to cross about 3400 km from Baffin Island to the western British Isles in no more than four days (approx. 850 km d 21 ) possibly via Greenland (electronic supplementary material, figure S3) and continued south through Europe for another 4000 km to spend the winter in western Africa on the coast of Mauritania (figure 1)." ], "one_way_km_evidence": [ "## 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION", "During the autumn, birds travelled through northern Russia and Kazakhstan before crossing the Arabian Desert, a one-way trip that averaged 14 600 km (+360, mean + s.d.) and took 91 (+11) days (approx. 160 km d 21 )." ], "annual_km_evidence": null }, { "url": "https://www.birdsnz.org.nz/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/2009-State-of-NZ-Birds.pdf", "title": "Conservation of Migrant Birds", "species": "Bar-tailed Godwit", "breeding_area": null, "nonbreeding_area": null, "route_details": null, "one_way_km": null, "annual_km": null, "species_evidence": [ "The State of\nNew Zealand\u2019s Birds\n\n2009", "CONSERVATION OF\nMIGRATORY BIRDS", "Bar-tailed Godwit", "The bar-tailed godwits that breed in \nAlaska and \u2018winter\u2019 in New Zealand \nundertake one of the most impressive \nmigrations of any animal." ], "breeding_area_evidence": null, "nonbreeding_area_evidence": null, "route_details_evidence": null, "one_way_km_evidence": null, "annual_km_evidence": null }, { "url": "https://www.birdsnz.org.nz/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/2009-State-of-NZ-Birds.pdf", "title": "Conservation of Migrant Birds", "species": "Red Knot", "breeding_area": null, "nonbreeding_area": null, "route_details": null, "one_way_km": null, "annual_km": null, "species_evidence": [ "The State of\nNew Zealand\u2019s Birds\n\n2009", "CONSERVATION OF\nMIGRATORY BIRDS", "Red Knot", "Red knots contrast greatly with godwits." ], "breeding_area_evidence": null, "nonbreeding_area_evidence": null, "route_details_evidence": null, "one_way_km_evidence": null, "annual_km_evidence": null }, { "url": "https://www.birdsnz.org.nz/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/2009-State-of-NZ-Birds.pdf", "title": "Conservation of Migrant Birds", "species": "Sooty Shearwater", "breeding_area": null, "nonbreeding_area": null, "route_details": null, "one_way_km": null, "annual_km": null, "species_evidence": [ "The State of\nNew Zealand\u2019s Birds\n\n2009", "CONSERVATION OF\nMIGRATORY BIRDS", "Southern Breeding, \nTrans-equatorial \nMigratory Seabirds", "Sooty shearwater and mottled petrel \nmake the longest movements." ], "breeding_area_evidence": null, "nonbreeding_area_evidence": null, "route_details_evidence": null, "one_way_km_evidence": null, "annual_km_evidence": null }, { "url": "https://www.birdsnz.org.nz/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/2009-State-of-NZ-Birds.pdf", "title": "Conservation of Migrant Birds", "species": "Arctic Tern", "breeding_area": null, "nonbreeding_area": null, "route_details": null, "one_way_km": null, "annual_km": null, "species_evidence": [ "The State of\nNew Zealand\u2019s Birds\n\n2009", "CONSERVATION OF\nMIGRATORY BIRDS", "Southern Breeding, \nTrans-equatorial \nMigratory Seabirds" ], "breeding_area_evidence": null, "nonbreeding_area_evidence": null, "route_details_evidence": null, "one_way_km_evidence": null, "annual_km_evidence": null }, { "url": "https://newsbreak.com/animals-around-the-globe-312249899/4854632420613-12-migratory-birds-that-are-losing-their-natural-routes", "title": "12 Migratory Birds That Are Losing Their Natural Routes - NewsBreak", "species": "Arctic Tern", "breeding_area": "Arctic", "nonbreeding_area": "Antarctic", "route_details": "traveling from the Arctic to the Antarctic and back each year", "one_way_km": null, "annual_km": null, "species_evidence": [ "# 12 Migratory Birds That Are Losing Their Natural Routes", "## The Arctic Tern A Long-Distance Voyager in Peril", "The Arctic Tern is renowned for its astonishing migration, traveling from the Arctic to the Antarctic and back each year." ], "breeding_area_evidence": [ "# 12 Migratory Birds That Are Losing Their Natural Routes", "## The Arctic Tern A Long-Distance Voyager in Peril", "The Arctic Tern is renowned for its astonishing migration, traveling from the Arctic to the Antarctic and back each year." ], "nonbreeding_area_evidence": [ "# 12 Migratory Birds That Are Losing Their Natural Routes", "## The Arctic Tern A Long-Distance Voyager in Peril", "The Arctic Tern is renowned for its astonishing migration, traveling from the Arctic to the Antarctic and back each year." ], "route_details_evidence": [ "# 12 Migratory Birds That Are Losing Their Natural Routes", "## The Arctic Tern A Long-Distance Voyager in Peril", "The Arctic Tern is renowned for its astonishing migration, traveling from the Arctic to the Antarctic and back each year." ], "one_way_km_evidence": null, "annual_km_evidence": null }, { "url": "https://newsbreak.com/animals-around-the-globe-312249899/4854632420613-12-migratory-birds-that-are-losing-their-natural-routes", "title": "12 Migratory Birds That Are Losing Their Natural Routes - NewsBreak", "species": "Blackpoll Warbler", "breeding_area": "North America", "nonbreeding_area": "Amazon basin", "route_details": "transoceanic flight from North America to the Amazon basin. This incredible journey involves nonstop flights over the Atlantic Ocean.", "one_way_km": null, "annual_km": null, "species_evidence": [ "# 12 Migratory Birds That Are Losing Their Natural Routes", "## The Blackpoll Warbler A Tiny Bird\u2019s Epic Journey", "Weighing just half an ounce, the Blackpoll Warbler undertakes a transoceanic flight from North America to the Amazon basin." ], "breeding_area_evidence": [ "# 12 Migratory Birds That Are Losing Their Natural Routes", "## The Blackpoll Warbler A Tiny Bird\u2019s Epic Journey", "Weighing just half an ounce, the Blackpoll Warbler undertakes a transoceanic flight from North America to the Amazon basin." ], "nonbreeding_area_evidence": [ "# 12 Migratory Birds That Are Losing Their Natural Routes", "## The Blackpoll Warbler A Tiny Bird\u2019s Epic Journey", "Weighing just half an ounce, the Blackpoll Warbler undertakes a transoceanic flight from North America to the Amazon basin." ], "route_details_evidence": [ "# 12 Migratory Birds That Are Losing Their Natural Routes", "## The Blackpoll Warbler A Tiny Bird\u2019s Epic Journey", "Weighing just half an ounce, the Blackpoll Warbler undertakes a transoceanic flight from North America to the Amazon basin.", "This incredible journey involves nonstop flights over the Atlantic Ocean." ], "one_way_km_evidence": null, "annual_km_evidence": null }, { "url": "https://newsbreak.com/animals-around-the-globe-312249899/4854632420613-12-migratory-birds-that-are-losing-their-natural-routes", "title": "12 Migratory Birds That Are Losing Their Natural Routes - NewsBreak", "species": "Northern Wheatear", "breeding_area": "Arctic tundra", "nonbreeding_area": "sub-Saharan Africa", "route_details": "crossing oceans and deserts", "one_way_km": null, "annual_km": null, "species_evidence": [ "# 12 Migratory Birds That Are Losing Their Natural Routes", "## The Northern Wheatear A Small Bird with a Big Journey", "The Northern Wheatear embarks on a remarkable migration from the Arctic tundra to sub-Saharan Africa." ], "breeding_area_evidence": [ "# 12 Migratory Birds That Are Losing Their Natural Routes", "## The Northern Wheatear A Small Bird with a Big Journey", "The Northern Wheatear embarks on a remarkable migration from the Arctic tundra to sub-Saharan Africa." ], "nonbreeding_area_evidence": [ "# 12 Migratory Birds That Are Losing Their Natural Routes", "## The Northern Wheatear A Small Bird with a Big Journey", "The Northern Wheatear embarks on a remarkable migration from the Arctic tundra to sub-Saharan Africa." ], "route_details_evidence": [ "# 12 Migratory Birds That Are Losing Their Natural Routes", "## The Northern Wheatear A Small Bird with a Big Journey", "This small bird covers vast distances, crossing oceans and deserts." ], "one_way_km_evidence": null, "annual_km_evidence": null }, { "url": "https://newsbreak.com/animals-around-the-globe-312249899/4854632420613-12-migratory-birds-that-are-losing-their-natural-routes", "title": "12 Migratory Birds That Are Losing Their Natural Routes - NewsBreak", "species": "Red Knot", "breeding_area": "Arctic", "nonbreeding_area": "southern tip of South America", "route_details": "stopover sites to refuel, particularly Delaware Bay, where they feast on horseshoe crab eggs", "one_way_km": null, "annual_km": null, "species_evidence": [ "# 12 Migratory Birds That Are Losing Their Natural Routes", "## The Red Knot A Marathon Migrant in Decline", "The Red Knot is a shorebird known for its incredible migration from the Arctic to the southern tip of South America." ], "breeding_area_evidence": [ "# 12 Migratory Birds That Are Losing Their Natural Routes", "## The Red Knot A Marathon Migrant in Decline", "The Red Knot is a shorebird known for its incredible migration from the Arctic to the southern tip of South America." ], "nonbreeding_area_evidence": [ "# 12 Migratory Birds That Are Losing Their Natural Routes", "## The Red Knot A Marathon Migrant in Decline", "The Red Knot is a shorebird known for its incredible migration from the Arctic to the southern tip of South America." ], "route_details_evidence": [ "# 12 Migratory Birds That Are Losing Their Natural Routes", "## The Red Knot A Marathon Migrant in Decline", "These birds rely on specific stopover sites to refuel, particularly Delaware Bay, where they feast on horseshoe crab eggs." ], "one_way_km_evidence": null, "annual_km_evidence": null }, { "url": "https://newsbreak.com/animals-around-the-globe-312249899/4854632420613-12-migratory-birds-that-are-losing-their-natural-routes", "title": "12 Migratory Birds That Are Losing Their Natural Routes - NewsBreak", "species": "Bar-tailed Godwit", "breeding_area": "Alaska", "nonbreeding_area": "New Zealand", "route_details": "traveling from Alaska to New Zealand", "one_way_km": null, "annual_km": null, "species_evidence": [ "# 12 Migratory Birds That Are Losing Their Natural Routes", "## The Bar-tailed Godwit A Record-Breaking Migrant Facing Challenges", "The Bar-tailed Godwit holds the record for the longest nonstop flight of any bird, traveling from Alaska to New Zealand." ], "breeding_area_evidence": [ "# 12 Migratory Birds That Are Losing Their Natural Routes", "## The Bar-tailed Godwit A Record-Breaking Migrant Facing Challenges", "The Bar-tailed Godwit holds the record for the longest nonstop flight of any bird, traveling from Alaska to New Zealand." ], "nonbreeding_area_evidence": [ "# 12 Migratory Birds That Are Losing Their Natural Routes", "## The Bar-tailed Godwit A Record-Breaking Migrant Facing Challenges", "The Bar-tailed Godwit holds the record for the longest nonstop flight of any bird, traveling from Alaska to New Zealand." ], "route_details_evidence": [ "# 12 Migratory Birds That Are Losing Their Natural Routes", "## The Bar-tailed Godwit A Record-Breaking Migrant Facing Challenges", "The Bar-tailed Godwit holds the record for the longest nonstop flight of any bird, traveling from Alaska to New Zealand." ], "one_way_km_evidence": null, "annual_km_evidence": null }, { "url": "https://newsbreak.com/animals-around-the-globe-312249899/4854632420613-12-migratory-birds-that-are-losing-their-natural-routes", "title": "12 Migratory Birds That Are Losing Their Natural Routes - NewsBreak", "species": "Swainson\u2019s Hawk", "breeding_area": "North America", "nonbreeding_area": "South America", "route_details": "migrate from North America to South America, covering vast distances in search of food", "one_way_km": null, "annual_km": null, "species_evidence": [ "# 12 Migratory Birds That Are Losing Their Natural Routes", "## The Swainson\u2019s Hawk A Raptor on a Risky Route", "Swainson\u2019s Hawks migrate from North America to South America, covering vast distances in search of food." ], "breeding_area_evidence": [ "# 12 Migratory Birds That Are Losing Their Natural Routes", "## The Swainson\u2019s Hawk A Raptor on a Risky Route", "Swainson\u2019s Hawks migrate from North America to South America, covering vast distances in search of food." ], "nonbreeding_area_evidence": [ "# 12 Migratory Birds That Are Losing Their Natural Routes", "## The Swainson\u2019s Hawk A Raptor on a Risky Route", "Swainson\u2019s Hawks migrate from North America to South America, covering vast distances in search of food." ], "route_details_evidence": [ "# 12 Migratory Birds That Are Losing Their Natural Routes", "## The Swainson\u2019s Hawk A Raptor on a Risky Route", "Swainson\u2019s Hawks migrate from North America to South America, covering vast distances in search of food." ], "one_way_km_evidence": null, "annual_km_evidence": null }, { "url": "https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0603715103", "title": "Migratory shearwaters integrate oceanic resources across the Pacific Ocean in an endless summer", "species": "sooty shearwater", "breeding_area": null, "nonbreeding_area": null, "route_details": null, "one_way_km": null, "annual_km": null, "species_evidence": [ "## Abstract", "Here, we report the extraordinary transequatorial postbreeding migrations of a small seabird, the sooty shearwater, obtained with miniature archival tags that log data for estimating position, dive depth, and ambient temperature." ], "breeding_area_evidence": null, "nonbreeding_area_evidence": null, "route_details_evidence": null, "one_way_km_evidence": null, "annual_km_evidence": null }, { "url": "https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0603715103", "title": "Migratory shearwaters integrate oceanic resources across the Pacific Ocean in an endless summer", "species": "Arctic Tern", "breeding_area": null, "nonbreeding_area": null, "route_details": null, "one_way_km": null, "annual_km": null, "species_evidence": [ "## Results and Discussion", "Arctic terns (*Sterna paradisaea*) undertake a similar transequatorial migration as sooty shearwaters (17, 18) but the movements of individual terns have not been studied, so the true ranges, distances and rates of travel, habitat usage, and migratory flyways remain equivocal." ], "breeding_area_evidence": null, "nonbreeding_area_evidence": null, "route_details_evidence": null, "one_way_km_evidence": null, "annual_km_evidence": null }, { "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31534672", "title": "Hypotheses and tracking results about the longest migration: The case of the arctic tern", "species": "Arctic Tern", "breeding_area": null, "nonbreeding_area": null, "route_details": null, "one_way_km": null, "annual_km": null, "species_evidence": [ "## Introduction", "The arctic tern has a very special reputation among migratory birds since more than a 100\u00a0years, being appointed by Cooke (1915) as the \u201cworld's migration champion.\u201d" ], "breeding_area_evidence": null, "nonbreeding_area_evidence": null, "route_details_evidence": null, "one_way_km_evidence": null, "annual_km_evidence": null }, { "url": "https://share.google/jzh0MOZsADdujFwIJ", "title": "Reconnecting the skies: Linking flyways for migratory seabirds across continents", "species": "Arctic Tern", "breeding_area": null, "nonbreeding_area": null, "route_details": null, "one_way_km": null, "annual_km": null, "species_evidence": [ "# Reconnecting the skies: Linking flyways for migratory seabirds across continents", "Arctic terns make the longest migration of any creature on Earth, with some *Sterna paradisaea* clocking more than [80,000 kilometers](https://www.pnas.org/doi/full/10.1073/pnas.0909493107) (49,709 miles) a year, flying from the Southern Ocean to their breeding grounds in the Arctic \u2014 and back." ], "breeding_area_evidence": null, "nonbreeding_area_evidence": null, "route_details_evidence": null, "one_way_km_evidence": null, "annual_km_evidence": null }, { "url": "https://livescience.com/18475-songbird-migration-africa.html", "title": "Flight Record: Songbirds Trek 9,000 Miles to Africa", "species": "Northern Wheatear", "breeding_area": null, "nonbreeding_area": null, "route_details": null, "one_way_km": null, "annual_km": null, "species_evidence": [ "Tiny songbirds weighing no more than two tablespoons of salt apparently globe-trot regularly from the Arctic to Africa, crossing either Asia or the Atlantic to do it, scientists find.", "Researchers had known the northern wheatear (*Oenanthe oenanthe*) had one of the largest ranges of any [songbird](https://www.livescience.com/18408-bird-parasite-evolution.html) in the world, with breeding grounds extending from Alaska and extreme northwestern Canada across northeastern Canada and into Europe and Asia." ], "breeding_area_evidence": null, "nonbreeding_area_evidence": null, "route_details_evidence": null, "one_way_km_evidence": null, "annual_km_evidence": null }, { "url": "https://livescience.com/18475-songbird-migration-africa.html", "title": "Flight Record: Songbirds Trek 9,000 Miles to Africa", "species": "Arctic Tern", "breeding_area": null, "nonbreeding_area": null, "route_details": null, "one_way_km": null, "annual_km": null, "species_evidence": [ "Considering the distances albatrosses and arctic terns migrate \u2014 about 50,000 miles (80,000 km) a year \u2014 \"it seems that birds' migration performance is actually limited by the size of the Earth,\" Schmaljohann said.", "Tiny songbirds weighing no more than two tablespoons of salt apparently globe-trot regularly from the Arctic to Africa, crossing either Asia or the Atlantic to do it, scientists find." ], "breeding_area_evidence": null, "nonbreeding_area_evidence": null, "route_details_evidence": null, "one_way_km_evidence": null, "annual_km_evidence": null }, { "url": "https://polarguidebook.com/why-do-arctic-terns-migrate", "title": "Why Do Arctic Terns Migrate? Where Do They Go?", "species": "Arctic Tern", "breeding_area": null, "nonbreeding_area": null, "route_details": null, "one_way_km": null, "annual_km": null, "species_evidence": [ "Why Do Arctic Terns Migrate? Where Do They Go?", "**Arctic terns migrate from the Arctic to [Antarctica](https://polarguidebook.com/arctic-vs-antarctica/) every single year, giving them the farthest known migration of any animal on the planet at around 50,000km (31,000 miles) each year." ], "breeding_area_evidence": null, "nonbreeding_area_evidence": null, "route_details_evidence": null, "one_way_km_evidence": null, "annual_km_evidence": null }, { "url": "https://repository.library.noaa.gov/view/noaa/57817/noaa_57817_DS1.pdf", "title": "Migratory hummingbirds make their own rules: the decision to resume migration along a barrier", "species": "Ruby-throated Hummingbird", "breeding_area": "temperate breeding grounds in the United States and Canada", "nonbreeding_area": "Mexico and Central America", "route_details": "along the Gulf of Mexico during southbound migration, coastal Alabama, circum-Gulf path, fly-and-forage strategy", "one_way_km": null, "annual_km": null, "species_evidence": [ "To understand how inexperienced individuals respond to ecological features, we \n21 \n\ntracked the migratory departures of juvenile Archilochus colubris (ruby-throated \n22 \n\nhummingbird), one of the smallest (~ 3 grams) and least-studied migrants, along the \n23 \n\nGulf of Mexico during southbound migration using an international automated radio-\n24 \n\ntelemetry system." ], "breeding_area_evidence": [ "Archilochus colubris (ruby-throated hummingbird; hereafter \u201chummingbirds\u201d) is \n108 \n\nthe smallest (~3 g) migratory bird in eastern North America, travelling between \n109 \n\ntemperate breeding grounds in the United States and Canada and wintering grounds in \n110 \n\nMexico and Central America (Weidensaul, Robinson, Sargent, & Sargent, 2013)." ], "nonbreeding_area_evidence": [ "Archilochus colubris (ruby-throated hummingbird; hereafter \u201chummingbirds\u201d) is \n108 \n\nthe smallest (~3 g) migratory bird in eastern North America, travelling between \n109 \n\ntemperate breeding grounds in the United States and Canada and wintering grounds in \n110 \n\nMexico and Central America (Weidensaul, Robinson, Sargent, & Sargent, 2013)." ], "route_details_evidence": [ "To understand how inexperienced individuals respond to ecological features, we \n21 \n\ntracked the migratory departures of juvenile Archilochus colubris (ruby-throated \n22 \n\nhummingbird), one of the smallest (~ 3 grams) and least-studied migrants, along the \n23 \n\nGulf of Mexico during southbound migration using an international automated radio-\n24 \n\ntelemetry system." ], "one_way_km_evidence": null, "annual_km_evidence": null }, { "url": "https://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/17562/1/m449p277.pdf", "title": "Marine Ecology Progress Series 449:277", "species": "Sooty Shearwater", "breeding_area": "New Zealand, southeast Australia, southern Chile and the Falkland Islands", "nonbreeding_area": "North Atlantic", "route_details": "heading rapidly northeast from the colony to be- tween 8 and 30\u00b0 W, northwest from ~30\u00b0 S to 30\u00b0 N, and finally northeast again before settling in the northern hemisphere", "one_way_km": "15696", "annual_km": null, "species_evidence": [ "Trans-equatorial migration and habitat use by \nsooty shearwaters Puffinus griseus from the South\nAtlantic during the nonbreeding season", "Sooty shearwaters breed in the southern hemi-\nsphere, with substantial populations in New Zealand,\nsoutheast Australia, southern Chile and the Falkland\nIslands." ], "breeding_area_evidence": [ "Trans-equatorial migration and habitat use by \nsooty shearwaters Puffinus griseus from the South\nAtlantic during the nonbreeding season", "Sooty shearwaters breed in the southern hemi-\nsphere, with substantial populations in New Zealand,\nsoutheast Australia, southern Chile and the Falkland\nIslands." ], "nonbreeding_area_evidence": [ "Trans-equatorial migration and habitat use by \nsooty shearwaters Puffinus griseus from the South\nAtlantic during the nonbreeding season", "Sooty shearwaters spent the austral\nwinter exclusively in the North Atlantic in\n2008 and 2009, and were distributed\nlargely north of 40\u00b0 N from arrival in mid\nApril until their return in early Septem-\nber, 143 \u00b1 10 d later (Fig. 2)." ], "route_details_evidence": [ "Trans-equatorial migration and habitat use by \nsooty shearwaters Puffinus griseus from the South\nAtlantic during the nonbreeding season", "Birds commenced trans-\nequatorial migration on a mean date of 27 March\n(\u00b19 d, range 9 March to 12 April, n = 22; Table 1),\nheading rapidly northeast from the colony to be -\ntween 8 and 30\u00b0 W, northwest from ~30\u00b0 S to 30\u00b0 N,\nand finally northeast again before settling in the\nnorthern hemisphere on 17 April (\u00b17 d, 8 to 29 April,\nn = 21; Table 1 and Fig. 2)." ], "one_way_km_evidence": [ "Trans-equatorial migration and habitat use by \nsooty shearwaters Puffinus griseus from the South\nAtlantic during the nonbreeding season", "Birds covered an average\n15 696 \u00b1 1885 km (12 885 to 19 308 km, n = 18) in 21 \u00b1\n5 d (15 to 34 d, n = 21; Table 1) on their northward\n migration, at an average speed of 753 \u00b1 130 km d\u22121\n\n(568 to 975 km d\u22121, n = 18)." ], "annual_km_evidence": null }, { "url": "https://dibird.com/news/6972", "title": "The Bar-tailed Godwit\u2019s Annual Migration Is Utterly Astounding", "species": "Bar-tailed Godwit", "breeding_area": null, "nonbreeding_area": null, "route_details": null, "one_way_km": null, "annual_km": null, "species_evidence": [ "This audio story is brought to you by BirdNote, a partner of The National Audubon Society.", "Right now, a Bar-tailed Godwit is out over the Pacific Ocean making an eight-day, non-stop flight from Alaska to New Zealand." ], "breeding_area_evidence": null, "nonbreeding_area_evidence": null, "route_details_evidence": null, "one_way_km_evidence": null, "annual_km_evidence": null }, { "url": "https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/978-3-642-27925-6", "title": "Migration on Wings: Aerodynamics and Energetics", "species": "Bar-tailed Godwit", "breeding_area": null, "nonbreeding_area": null, "route_details": null, "one_way_km": null, "annual_km": null, "species_evidence": [ "Figure 3 shows the flight paths of eight bar-tailed godwits during their fall migration from Siberia to Australia in the October of 2008.", "Fig. 1 Bar-tailed godwit (Wikipedia), a wading bird with a mass less than 1/2 kg." ], "breeding_area_evidence": null, "nonbreeding_area_evidence": null, "route_details_evidence": null, "one_way_km_evidence": null, "annual_km_evidence": null }, { "url": "https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/978-3-642-27925-6", "title": "Migration on Wings: Aerodynamics and Energetics", "species": "Sooty Shearwater", "breeding_area": null, "nonbreeding_area": null, "route_details": null, "one_way_km": null, "annual_km": null, "species_evidence": [ "Sooty shearwaters are seabirds slightly over a kilogram in mass (Fig. 4)." ], "breeding_area_evidence": null, "nonbreeding_area_evidence": null, "route_details_evidence": null, "one_way_km_evidence": null, "annual_km_evidence": null }, { "url": "https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/978-3-642-27925-6", "title": "Migration on Wings: Aerodynamics and Energetics", "species": "Arctic Tern", "breeding_area": null, "nonbreeding_area": null, "route_details": null, "one_way_km": null, "annual_km": null, "species_evidence": [ "The Arctic Tern is a small seabird with an average of 110 g in mass and 0.8 m wing span (Fig. 6)." ], "breeding_area_evidence": null, "nonbreeding_area_evidence": null, "route_details_evidence": null, "one_way_km_evidence": null, "annual_km_evidence": null }, { "url": "http://juneauempire.com/2019/08/08/from-alaska-to-africa-northern-wheatears-now-on-remarkable-journey", "title": "From Alaska to Africa: Northern wheatears now on remarkable journey - Juneau Empire", "species": "Northern Wheatear", "breeding_area": null, "nonbreeding_area": null, "route_details": null, "one_way_km": null, "annual_km": null, "species_evidence": [ "## From Alaska to Africa: Northern wheatears now on remarkable journey", "Northern wheatears are robin-size songbirds with tan bodies and handsome black eyebands." ], "breeding_area_evidence": null, "nonbreeding_area_evidence": null, "route_details_evidence": null, "one_way_km_evidence": null, "annual_km_evidence": null }, { "url": "http://juneauempire.com/2019/08/08/from-alaska-to-africa-northern-wheatears-now-on-remarkable-journey", "title": "From Alaska to Africa: Northern wheatears now on remarkable journey - Juneau Empire", "species": "Northern Wheatear", "breeding_area": "Alaska", "nonbreeding_area": "Africa", "route_details": "crossing the Bering Strait, the length of Russia, Kazakhstan, the Arabian Desert, the Red Sea", "one_way_km": null, "annual_km": null, "species_evidence": [ "## From Alaska to Africa: Northern wheatears now on remarkable journey", "Northern wheatears are robin-size songbirds with tan bodies and handsome black eyebands." ], "breeding_area_evidence": [ "## From Alaska to Africa: Northern wheatears now on remarkable journey", "Birds that spent their summer next to muskoxen are now leaving Alaska to spend winter with zebras." ], "nonbreeding_area_evidence": [ "## From Alaska to Africa: Northern wheatears now on remarkable journey", "From the information recorded on the tiny devices, they teased out the wheatears\u2019 incredible journey from Alaska to Africa, and then back again the next spring." ], "route_details_evidence": [ "## From Alaska to Africa: Northern wheatears now on remarkable journey", "The birds will soon fly into the moist air just after sunset, maybe tonight, and cross the Bering Strait.", "From Wales, the birds will travel the length of Russia and then Kazakhstan before crossing the Arabian Desert and then the Red Sea." ], "one_way_km_evidence": null, "annual_km_evidence": null }, { "url": "https://natur.gl/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/PhD_CEg_2010.pdf", "title": "Migration and breeding biology of Arctic terns in Greenland", "species": "Arctic Tern", "breeding_area": null, "nonbreeding_area": null, "route_details": null, "one_way_km": null, "annual_km": null, "species_evidence": [ "Migration and breeding biology of Arctic terns in Greenland", "This thesis presents novel fi ndings for the Arctic tern in Greenland." ], "breeding_area_evidence": null, "nonbreeding_area_evidence": null, "route_details_evidence": null, "one_way_km_evidence": null, "annual_km_evidence": null }, { "url": "https://natur.gl/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/PhD_CEg_2010.pdf", "title": "Migration and breeding biology of Arctic terns in Greenland", "species": "Arctic Tern", "breeding_area": "Greenland and Iceland", "nonbreeding_area": "Weddell Sea in Antarctica", "route_details": "On the southbound migration, the birds would stop for almost a month (25 days on average) in the central part of the North Atlantic Ocean before continuing south. Close to Equator (~10\u00ba N) a divide in the migration path way occurred: seven birds migrated along the coast of Africa, while four birds crossed the Atlantic Ocean to follow the coast of South America. The northbound migration from the winter quarters to the breeding grounds was performed particular fast (520 km per day on average) following a route of favourable wind systems.", "one_way_km": null, "annual_km": 71000.0, "species_evidence": [ "Migration and breeding biology of Arctic terns in Greenland", "This thesis presents novel fi ndings for the Arctic tern in Greenland.", "Included is a study on Arctic tern migration\u2013 the longest \nannual migration ever recorded in any animal." ], "breeding_area_evidence": [ "Migration and breeding biology of Arctic terns in Greenland", "This thesis presents novel fi ndings for the Arctic tern in Greenland.", "Included is a study on Arctic tern migration\u2013 the longest \nannual migration ever recorded in any animal.", "The study \ndocumented how Greenland and Iceland breeding terns \nconduct the roundtrip migration to the Weddell Sea in \nAntarctica and back." ], "nonbreeding_area_evidence": [ "Migration and breeding biology of Arctic terns in Greenland", "This thesis presents novel fi ndings for the Arctic tern in Greenland.", "Included is a study on Arctic tern migration\u2013 the longest \nannual migration ever recorded in any animal.", "The study \ndocumented how Greenland and Iceland breeding terns \nconduct the roundtrip migration to the Weddell Sea in \nAntarctica and back." ], "route_details_evidence": [ "Summary", "The study on Arctic tern migration (Manus I) \u2013 the longest annual mi-\ngration ever recorded in any animal \u2013 is a study with an international \nappeal.", "On the southbound migration, the birds would stop for almost a month \n(25 days on average) in the central part of the North Atlantic Ocean before \ncontinuing south.", "Close to Equator (~10\u00ba N) a divide in the migration path \nway occurred: seven birds migrated along the coast of Africa, while four \nbirds crossed the Atlantic Ocean to follow the coast of South America.", "The \nnorthbound migration from the winter quarters to the breeding grounds \nwas performed particular fast (520 km per day on average) following a \nroute of favourable wind systems." ], "one_way_km_evidence": null, "annual_km_evidence": [ "Migration and breeding biology of Arctic terns in Greenland", "This thesis presents novel fi ndings for the Arctic tern in Greenland.", "Included is a study on Arctic tern migration\u2013 the longest \nannual migration ever recorded in any animal.", "The study \ndocumented how Greenland and Iceland breeding terns \nconduct the roundtrip migration to the Weddell Sea in \nAntarctica and back.", "Although the sheer \ndistance (71,000 km on average) travelled by the birds is interesting, the study furthermore showed how the \nbirds depend on high-productive at-sea areas and global wind systems during their massive migration." ] }, { "url": "https://natur.gl/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/PhD_CEg_2010.pdf", "title": "Migration and breeding biology of Arctic terns in Greenland", "species": "Sooty Shearwater", "breeding_area": "New Zealand", "nonbreeding_area": "waters in the northern Pacifi c Ocean", "route_details": null, "one_way_km": null, "annual_km": 64037.0, "species_evidence": [ "1.15 Migration", "Using \ngeolocators, Shaffer et al. (2006) were able to document that sooty shear-\nwaters (Puffi nus griseus) make an annual round trip from New Zealand to \nthe waters in the northern Pacifi c Ocean and back, of 64,037 (\u00b1 9,779) km \non average." ], "breeding_area_evidence": [ "1.15 Migration", "Using \ngeolocators, Shaffer et al. (2006) were able to document that sooty shear-\nwaters (Puffi nus griseus) make an annual round trip from New Zealand to \nthe waters in the northern Pacifi c Ocean and back, of 64,037 (\u00b1 9,779) km \non average." ], "nonbreeding_area_evidence": [ "1.15 Migration", "Using \ngeolocators, Shaffer et al. (2006) were able to document that sooty shear-\nwaters (Puffi nus griseus) make an annual round trip from New Zealand to \nthe waters in the northern Pacifi c Ocean and back, of 64,037 (\u00b1 9,779) km \non average." ], "route_details_evidence": null, "one_way_km_evidence": null, "annual_km_evidence": [ "1.15 Migration", "Using \ngeolocators, Shaffer et al. (2006) were able to document that sooty shear-\nwaters (Puffi nus griseus) make an annual round trip from New Zealand to \nthe waters in the northern Pacifi c Ocean and back, of 64,037 (\u00b1 9,779) km \non average." ] }, { "url": "https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.16891", "title": "Global warming and arctic terns: Estimating climate change impacts on the world's longest migration", "species": "Arctic Tern", "breeding_area": "Arctic", "nonbreeding_area": "Antarctic", "route_details": "Atlantic and Indian Oceans, North Atlantic, Benguela upwelling of southwest Africa, Amsterdam Island in the Indian Subantarctic, and the Atlantic sector of the Southern Ocean", "one_way_km": null, "annual_km": 100000.0, "species_evidence": [ "## 1 Introduction", "One of the most iconic seabirds is the arctic tern (__Sterna paradisaea__, Pontoppidan, 1763), a small (__c__. 100\u2009g) seabird that makes the longest annual migration of any animal on Earth (more than 100,000\u2009km) between the Arctic during the boreal summer breeding season and the Antarctic during the boreal winter (Egevang et al.,\u00a02010)." ], "breeding_area_evidence": [ "## 1 Introduction", "One of the most iconic seabirds is the arctic tern (__Sterna paradisaea__, Pontoppidan, 1763), a small (__c__. 100\u2009g) seabird that makes the longest annual migration of any animal on Earth (more than 100,000\u2009km) between the Arctic during the boreal summer breeding season and the Antarctic during the boreal winter (Egevang et al.,\u00a02010)." ], "nonbreeding_area_evidence": [ "## 1 Introduction", "One of the most iconic seabirds is the arctic tern (__Sterna paradisaea__, Pontoppidan, 1763), a small (__c__. 100\u2009g) seabird that makes the longest annual migration of any animal on Earth (more than 100,000\u2009km) between the Arctic during the boreal summer breeding season and the Antarctic during the boreal winter (Egevang et al.,\u00a02010)." ], "route_details_evidence": [ "## 1 Introduction", "In the present study, we investigate how future climate change may impact arctic terns in breeding and non\u2010breeding regions, and along one major flyway through the Atlantic and Indian Oceans.", "Key regions visited by arctic terns that follow the Atlantic flyway include the North Atlantic, the Benguela upwelling of southwest Africa, Amsterdam Island in the Indian Subantarctic and the Atlantic sector of the Southern Ocean (Alerstam et al.,\u00a02019; Egevang et al.,\u00a02010; Fijn et al.,\u00a02013)." ], "one_way_km_evidence": null, "annual_km_evidence": [ "## 1 Introduction", "One of the most iconic seabirds is the arctic tern (__Sterna paradisaea__, Pontoppidan, 1763), a small (__c__. 100\u2009g) seabird that makes the longest annual migration of any animal on Earth (more than 100,000\u2009km) between the Arctic during the boreal summer breeding season and the Antarctic during the boreal winter (Egevang et al.,\u00a02010)." ] }, { "url": "http://nzbirdsonline.org.nz/?q=node/201", "title": "Home page | New Zealand Birds Online", "species": "Sooty Shearwater", "breeding_area": null, "nonbreeding_area": null, "route_details": null, "one_way_km": null, "annual_km": null, "species_evidence": [ "Sooty shearwater Puffinus griseus (Gmelin, 1789) Other names: muttonbird, t\u012bt\u012b, titi, h\u0101koakoa, hakoakoa, hakoko, New Zealand muttonbird, mutton bird Geographical variation: Nil Sooty shearwaters are the common dark seabird of coastal New Zealand, south of Banks Peninsula.", "Sooty shearwater" ], "breeding_area_evidence": null, "nonbreeding_area_evidence": null, "route_details_evidence": null, "one_way_km_evidence": null, "annual_km_evidence": null }, { "url": "http://nzbirdsonline.org.nz/?q=node/201", "title": "Home page | New Zealand Birds Online", "species": "Sooty Shearwater", "breeding_area": "New Zealand", "nonbreeding_area": "North Pacific Ocean", "route_details": "stop over in one of three discrete regions off Japan, Alaska or California", "one_way_km": null, "annual_km": null, "species_evidence": [ "Sooty shearwater Puffinus griseus (Gmelin, 1789) Other names: muttonbird, t\u012bt\u012b, titi, h\u0101koakoa, hakoakoa, hakoko, New Zealand muttonbird, mutton bird Geographical variation: Nil Sooty shearwaters are the common dark seabird of coastal New Zealand, south of Banks Peninsula.", "Sooty shearwater" ], "breeding_area_evidence": [ "In addition to breeding in New Zealand, it also breeds on islands off Australia, Chile and the Falklands.", "Distribution and habitat", "Sooty shearwater" ], "nonbreeding_area_evidence": [ "After breeding, birds from New Zealand migrate to the North Pacific Ocean where each bird stops over in one of three discrete regions off Japan, Alaska or California before returning to New Zealand for the following breeding season.", "Distribution and habitat", "Sooty shearwater" ], "route_details_evidence": [ "After breeding, birds from New Zealand migrate to the North Pacific Ocean where each bird stops over in one of three discrete regions off Japan, Alaska or California before returning to New Zealand for the following breeding season.", "Distribution and habitat", "Sooty shearwater" ], "one_way_km_evidence": null, "annual_km_evidence": null }, { "url": "https://digitalcommons.usf.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3181&context=bird_banding", "title": "Autumn Migration of the Blackpoll Warbler: Evidence for Long Flight Provided by Regional Survey", "species": "Blackpoll Warbler", "breeding_area": "north and west", "nonbreeding_area": "south and east", "route_details": "Atlantic seaboard of North America; SSW down the Atlantic Coast to the southeastern United States, before turning southeast towards their winter range; or migration SSE from southern New England across the Atlantic Ocean towards their wintering range", "one_way_km": null, "annual_km": null, "species_evidence": [ "Autumn Migration of the Blackpoll Warbler: Evidence for Long \nFlight Provided by Regional Survey", "The long migrations of the Blackpoll Warbler (Dendroica striata) \nhave been discussed extensively." ], "breeding_area_evidence": [ "Autumn Migration of the Blackpoll Warbler: Evidence for Long \nFlight Provided by Regional Survey", "The species breeds farther to the \nnorth and west and winters farther \nto the south and east than most \nother North American warblers (Fig. 3); on autumn migration it \nis found in large numbers along the Atlantic seaboard of North \nAmerica." ], "nonbreeding_area_evidence": [ "Autumn Migration of the Blackpoll Warbler: Evidence for Long \nFlight Provided by Regional Survey", "The species breeds farther to the \nnorth and west and winters farther \nto the south and east than most \nother North American warblers (Fig. 3); on autumn migration it \nis found in large numbers along the Atlantic seaboard of North \nAmerica." ], "route_details_evidence": [ "Autumn Migration of the Blackpoll Warbler: Evidence for Long \nFlight Provided by Regional Survey", "Cooke (1904, 1915) suggested that all birds of the species \nmigrate SSW down the Atlantic Coast to the southeastern United \nStates, before turning southeast towards their winter range.", "On the other hand, Nisbet et al. (1963) suggested that many birds \nwhich stop over in southern New England migrate SSE from there \nacross the Atlantic Ocean towards their wintering range." ], "one_way_km_evidence": null, "annual_km_evidence": null }, { "url": "https://ecomagazine.com/news/science/landmark-study-of-world-s-longest-migrating-seabird-reveals-new-insights", "title": "Landmark Study of World\u2019s Longest Migrating Seabird Reveals New Insights - environment coastal & offshore", "species": "Arctic Tern", "breeding_area": null, "nonbreeding_area": null, "route_details": null, "one_way_km": null, "annual_km": null, "species_evidence": [ "Analysing the data from electronic tags retrieved from 47 Arctic Terns, the Newcastle University-led team has been able to characterise in unprecedented detail the route and stop-off points during this record-breaking bird\u2019s 90,000 km annual migration.", "Weighing just over 100 g the [Arctic Tern has the longest migration of any bird](news/science/poor-diet-may-have-caused-nosedive-in-major-atlantic-seabird-nesting-colony), travelling all the way to Antarctica for the winter and back to the Farnes, which are owned and managed by the National Trust, to breed in the spring." ], "breeding_area_evidence": null, "nonbreeding_area_evidence": null, "route_details_evidence": null, "one_way_km_evidence": null, "annual_km_evidence": null }, { "url": "https://research.bangor.ac.uk/cy/publications/a-boreal-songbirds-20000-km-migration-across-north-america-and-th", "title": "A boreal songbird\u2019s 20,000 km migration across North America and the Atlantic Ocean", "species": "Blackpoll Warbler", "breeding_area": "North America's boreal forest", "nonbreeding_area": "South America", "route_details": "northeast Atlantic coast and embark on a nonstop transoceanic flight", "one_way_km": "2770", "annual_km": null, "species_evidence": [ "# A boreal songbird\u2019s 20,000 km migration across North America and the Atlantic Ocean", "Migration is one of the most fascinating natural history events on the planet, and our understanding of these seasonal movements continues to rapidly increase with the advancement of tracking technology.", "For the 12 g Blackpoll Warbler (Setophaga striata; hereafter, Blackpoll; Fig. 1), the ability to follow year-round movement is essential given that they are one of the fastest declining songbirds in North America (Rosenberg et al. 2016)." ], "breeding_area_evidence": [ "# A boreal songbird\u2019s 20,000 km migration across North America and the Atlantic Ocean", "Migration is one of the most fascinating natural history events on the planet, and our understanding of these seasonal movements continues to rapidly increase with the advancement of tracking technology.", "Yet, because their breeding range spans the entirety of North America's boreal forest, questions remain about the migration of Blackpolls from central and western breeding populations." ], "nonbreeding_area_evidence": [ "# A boreal songbird\u2019s 20,000 km migration across North America and the Atlantic Ocean", "Migration is one of the most fascinating natural history events on the planet, and our understanding of these seasonal movements continues to rapidly increase with the advancement of tracking technology.", "Using small geolocator tracking devices, DeLuca et al. (2015) documented Blackpolls from breeding populations in the Maritimes and New England, at the southeastern margins of their range, depart from the northeast Atlantic coast and embark on a nonstop transoceanic flight of up to 3 d and 2,770 km on their way to overwintering grounds in South America." ], "route_details_evidence": [ "# A boreal songbird\u2019s 20,000 km migration across North America and the Atlantic Ocean", "Migration is one of the most fascinating natural history events on the planet, and our understanding of these seasonal movements continues to rapidly increase with the advancement of tracking technology.", "Using small geolocator tracking devices, DeLuca et al. (2015) documented Blackpolls from breeding populations in the Maritimes and New England, at the southeastern margins of their range, depart from the northeast Atlantic coast and embark on a nonstop transoceanic flight of up to 3 d and 2,770 km on their way to overwintering grounds in South America." ], "one_way_km_evidence": [ "# A boreal songbird\u2019s 20,000 km migration across North America and the Atlantic Ocean", "Migration is one of the most fascinating natural history events on the planet, and our understanding of these seasonal movements continues to rapidly increase with the advancement of tracking technology.", "Using small geolocator tracking devices, DeLuca et al. (2015) documented Blackpolls from breeding populations in the Maritimes and New England, at the southeastern margins of their range, depart from the northeast Atlantic coast and embark on a nonstop transoceanic flight of up to 3 d and 2,770 km on their way to overwintering grounds in South America." ], "annual_km_evidence": null }, { "url": "https://manomet.org/publication/red-knot-to-the-moon", "title": "The Red Knot That Flew to the Moon and Back - Manomet Conservation Sciences", "species": "Red Knot", "breeding_area": null, "nonbreeding_area": null, "route_details": null, "one_way_km": null, "annual_km": null, "species_evidence": [ "In February 1995, on a beach at R\u00edo Grande on the Atlantic coast of Tierra del Fuego, Argentina, scientists banded hundreds of Red Knots (*Calidris canutus rufa)*, each with a small, numbered flag." ], "breeding_area_evidence": null, "nonbreeding_area_evidence": null, "route_details_evidence": null, "one_way_km_evidence": null, "annual_km_evidence": null }, { "url": "https://grokipedia.com/page/Red_knot", "title": "Red knot", "species": "Red Knot", "breeding_area": null, "nonbreeding_area": null, "route_details": null, "one_way_km": null, "annual_km": null, "species_evidence": [ "# Red knot", "The red knot (*Calidris canutus*) is a medium-sized shorebird in the family Scolopacidae, characterized by its plump build, straight medium-length bill, and distinctive breeding [plumage](/page/Plumage) featuring brilliant terracotta-orange underparts with intricate gold, buff, [rufous](/page/Rufous), and black patterns on the back.[1][2]" ], "breeding_area_evidence": null, "nonbreeding_area_evidence": null, "route_details_evidence": null, "one_way_km_evidence": null, "annual_km_evidence": null }, { "url": "https://owiki.org/wiki/Swainson%27s_hawk", "title": "Swainson's hawk ::: Open WIKI", "species": "Swainson's Hawk", "breeding_area": null, "nonbreeding_area": null, "route_details": null, "one_way_km": null, "annual_km": null, "species_evidence": [ "# Swainson's hawk", "Swainson's hawk inhabits North America mainly in the spring and summer, and winters in South America." ], "breeding_area_evidence": null, "nonbreeding_area_evidence": null, "route_details_evidence": null, "one_way_km_evidence": null, "annual_km_evidence": null }, { "url": "http://arcticgull.org/s/WongPOBEARTEVarmig.pdf", "title": "Variation in migration behaviors used by Arctic Terns (Sterna paradisaea) breeding across a wide latitudinal gradient", "species": "Arctic Tern", "breeding_area": null, "nonbreeding_area": null, "route_details": null, "one_way_km": null, "annual_km": null, "species_evidence": [ "Variation in migration behaviors used by Arctic Terns (Sterna \nparadisaea) breeding across a wide latitudinal gradient", "Arctic Tern (Sterna paradisaea)" ], "breeding_area_evidence": null, "nonbreeding_area_evidence": null, "route_details_evidence": null, "one_way_km_evidence": null, "annual_km_evidence": null }, { "url": "https://complete.bioone.org/journals/bulletin-of-the-british-ornithologists-club/volume-142/issue-3/bboc.v142i3.2022.a4/Review-of-non-Amazonian-records-of-Blackpoll-Warbler-Setophaga-striata/10.25226/bboc.v142i3.2022.a4.short", "title": "Review of non-Amazonian records of Blackpoll Warbler Setophaga striata in Brazil, including a case of wintering in the largest urban area in South America", "species": "Blackpoll Warbler", "breeding_area": null, "nonbreeding_area": null, "route_details": null, "one_way_km": null, "annual_km": null, "species_evidence": [ "Review of non-Amazonian records of Blackpoll Warbler *Setophaga striata* in Brazil, including a case of wintering in the largest urban area in South America", "Blackpoll Warbler *Setophaga striata* migrates between its breeding grounds in northern North America and non-breeding areas in northern South America, mainly Amazonia, but the presence of apparently small numbers in southern South America suggests the existence of an additional wintering area." ], "breeding_area_evidence": null, "nonbreeding_area_evidence": null, "route_details_evidence": null, "one_way_km_evidence": null, "annual_km_evidence": null } ], "notes": [ "Merged 8 queries (1599 total) \u2192 1591 unique results", "Search result set: re40ac1251b9 (1591 rows), reference it as FROM re40ac1251b9 in follow-up queries" ] }