{
"id": "rc30a7492464",
"found": true,
"parent_id": "rb40cc89679c",
"created_at": "2026-08-31 12:39:04.197959+00:00",
"rows": [
{
"url": "https://datazone.birdlife.org/sowb/casestudy/the-bar-tailed-godwit-undertakes-one-of-the-avian-worlds-most-extraordinary-migratory-journeys-",
"title": "Bar-tailed Godwit migration | BirdLife DataZone",
"birds": [
{
"species": "Bar-tailed Godwit",
"route": null,
"timing": "mid-March",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"**The Bar-tailed Godwit *Limosa lapponica* undertakes one of the avian world\u2019s most extraordinary migratory journeys."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"The birds begin their northward migration from their non-breeding grounds in New Zealand in mid-March, typically completing the journey in two stages.",
"**The Bar-tailed Godwit *Limosa lapponica* undertakes one of the avian world\u2019s most extraordinary migratory journeys."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://datazone.birdlife.org/articles/the-bar-tailed-godwit-undertakes-one-of-the-avian-worlds-most-extraordinary-migratory-journeys",
"title": "Bar-tailed Godwit migration | BirdLife DataZone",
"birds": [
{
"species": "Bar-tailed Godwit",
"route": null,
"timing": "Northward migration begins in mid-March, passing through staging sites in June and July, and southward migration sets off from breeding grounds in late August.",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"**The Bar-tailed Godwit *Limosa lapponica* undertakes one of the avian world\u2019s most extraordinary migratory journeys."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"The birds begin their northward migration from their non-breeding grounds in New Zealand in mid-March, typically completing the journey in two stages.",
"The birds remain here for several weeks before continuing on to their Alaskan breeding grounds, where they stay for much of June and July.",
"Setting off from their Alaskan breeding grounds in late August, the birds fly non-stop across the Pacific Ocean, heading directly to their non-breeding grounds in New Zealand and south-east Australia.",
"**The Bar-tailed Godwit *Limosa lapponica* undertakes one of the avian world\u2019s most extraordinary migratory journeys."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://birdlife.org/news/2023/04/13/exodus-the-pacific-americas-flyway",
"title": "Exodus: The Pacific Americas Flyway - BirdLife International",
"birds": [
{
"species": "Whimbrels",
"route": null,
"timing": "After five months the bird, named T6 by researchers, started its northward journey.",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"Globetrotting Shorebirds"
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"Globetrotting Shorebirds",
"After five months the bird, named T6 by researchers, started its northward journey."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Surfbird",
"route": null,
"timing": "The species has perhaps the longest wintering range of any bird in the world, extending along the Pacific coast of the Americas from south-eastern Alaska to southern Chile.",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"[Surfbird](http://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/surfbird-calidris-virgata) is another great traveller, one of several waders that inhabit rocky shorelines along the Pacific coast of the Americas."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Elegant Tern",
"route": null,
"timing": "Elegant Terns start their post-breeding dispersal in late May.",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"OTHER MOVEMENTS",
"[Elegant Tern](http://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/elegant-tern-thalasseus-elegans) is another long-distance migrant of the Pacific Flyway."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Rufous Hummingbird",
"route": null,
"timing": "Timing is everything for Rufous Hummingbirds, especially those travelling to Alaska.",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"Against the odds",
"Few are as remarkable as [Rufous Hummingbird](http://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/rufous-hummingbird-selasphorus-rufus), often described as North America\u2019s \u2018extremist\u2019 hummingbird."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bird_migration",
"title": "Bird migration",
"birds": [
{
"species": "Arctic tern",
"route": null,
"timing": "each year",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"The [Arctic tern](Arctic_tern) holds the long-distance migration record for birds, travelling between [Arctic](Arctic) breeding grounds and the [Antarctic](Antarctic) each year."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"The [Arctic tern](Arctic_tern) holds the long-distance migration record for birds, travelling between [Arctic](Arctic) breeding grounds and the [Antarctic](Antarctic) each year."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Manx shearwater",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"while others such as [Manx shearwaters](Manx_shearwaters) migrate 14,000\u00a0km (8,700\u00a0mi) between their northern breeding grounds and the Southern Ocean."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "crane",
"route": "travels from the steppes of Scythia to marshes at the headwaters of the Nile",
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"[Aristotle](Aristotle) recorded that cranes traveled from the steppes of [Scythia](Scythia) to marshes at the headwaters of the [Nile](Nile), an observation repeated by [Pliny the Elder](Pliny_the_Elder) in his __[Historia Naturalis](Natural_History_(Pliny))__."
],
"route_evidence": [
"[Aristotle](Aristotle) recorded that cranes traveled from the steppes of [Scythia](Scythia) to marshes at the headwaters of the [Nile](Nile), an observation repeated by [Pliny the Elder](Pliny_the_Elder) in his __[Historia Naturalis](Natural_History_(Pliny))__."
],
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "brent goose",
"route": "travels via low-lying coastal feeding-areas on the White Sea and the Baltic Sea rather than directly across the Arctic Ocean and the Scandinavian mainland",
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": null,
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "bar-tailed godwit",
"route": "flying 11,000 km from Alaska to their New Zealand non-breeding areas",
"timing": null,
"distance_km": "11,000",
"distinction": "longest known non-stop flight of any migrant",
"species_evidence": [
"Some [bar-tailed godwits](Bar-tailed_godwit) __Limosa lapponica baueri__ have the longest known non-stop flight of any migrant, flying 11,000 km from [Alaska](Alaska) to their [New Zealand](New_Zealand) non-breeding areas.",
"### In waders"
],
"route_evidence": [
"Some [bar-tailed godwits](Bar-tailed_godwit) __Limosa lapponica baueri__ have the longest known non-stop flight of any migrant, flying 11,000 km from [Alaska](Alaska) to their [New Zealand](New_Zealand) non-breeding areas.",
"### In waders"
],
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": [
"Some [bar-tailed godwits](Bar-tailed_godwit) __Limosa lapponica baueri__ have the longest known non-stop flight of any migrant, flying 11,000 km from [Alaska](Alaska) to their [New Zealand](New_Zealand) non-breeding areas.",
"### In waders"
],
"distinction_evidence": [
"Some [bar-tailed godwits](Bar-tailed_godwit) __Limosa lapponica baueri__ have the longest known non-stop flight of any migrant, flying 11,000 km from [Alaska](Alaska) to their [New Zealand](New_Zealand) non-breeding areas.",
"### In waders"
]
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://brightcast.news/articles/reconnecting-the-skies-linking-flyways-for-migratory-seabirds-across-continents",
"title": "Seabirds Have Invisible Ocean Highways, And We Just Mapped Them",
"birds": [
{
"species": "Arctic tern",
"route": null,
"timing": "annually",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# Seabirds Have Invisible Ocean Highways, And We Just Mapped Them",
"Arctic terns fly 80,000 km annually, the longest migration on Earth."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"# Seabirds Have Invisible Ocean Highways, And We Just Mapped Them",
"Arctic terns fly 80,000 km annually, the longest migration on Earth."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://news.mongabay.com/2026/08/reconnecting-the-skies-linking-flyways-for-migratory-seabirds-across-continents",
"title": "Reconnecting the skies: Linking flyways for migratory seabirds across continents",
"birds": [
{
"species": "Arctic tern",
"route": null,
"timing": "a year",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# Reconnecting the skies: Linking flyways for migratory seabirds across continents",
"Arctic terns make the longest migration of any creature on Earth, with some *Sterna paradisaea* clocking more than [80,000 kilometers](https://www.pnas.org/doi/full/10.1073/pnas.0909493107) (49,709 miles) a year, flying from the Southern Ocean to their breeding grounds in the Arctic \u2014 and back."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"# Reconnecting the skies: Linking flyways for migratory seabirds across continents",
"Arctic terns make the longest migration of any creature on Earth, with some *Sterna paradisaea* clocking more than [80,000 kilometers](https://www.pnas.org/doi/full/10.1073/pnas.0909493107) (49,709 miles) a year, flying from the Southern Ocean to their breeding grounds in the Arctic \u2014 and back."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "South polar skua",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# Reconnecting the skies: Linking flyways for migratory seabirds across continents",
"[South polar skuas](https://www.antarctica.gov.au/news/2020/migration-mysteries-of-antarctic-frequent-flyers/) (*Stercorarius maccormicki*) trace a similar figure eight around the Atlantic Ocean as they move between breeding colonies on Antarctic islands and the Arctic."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "grey-headed albatross",
"route": null,
"timing": "the rest of the year",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# Reconnecting the skies: Linking flyways for migratory seabirds across continents",
"In the Southern Ocean, grey-headed albatross (*Thalassarche chrysostoma*) breed on South Georgia Island."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"# Reconnecting the skies: Linking flyways for migratory seabirds across continents",
"During the rest of the year, they fly a circle around Antarctica, covering roughly 22,000 km (13,670 mi) in as little as [46 days](https://www.solarnavigator.net/albatross_circumnavigation.htm)."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://envirolink.org/2026/08/22/scientists-map-ocean-flyways-to-protect-migratory-seabirds-across-56-countries",
"title": "Scientists Map Ocean \u201cFlyways\u201d to Protect Migratory Seabirds Across 56 Countries",
"birds": [
{
"species": "Arctic terns",
"route": null,
"timing": "a year",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# Scientists Map Ocean \u201cFlyways\u201d to Protect Migratory Seabirds Across 56 Countries",
"Arctic terns, weighing less than a smartphone, fly more than 80,000 kilometers (49,700 miles) a year between the Arctic and the Southern Ocean \u2014 the longest migration of any animal."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"# Scientists Map Ocean \u201cFlyways\u201d to Protect Migratory Seabirds Across 56 Countries",
"Arctic terns, weighing less than a smartphone, fly more than 80,000 kilometers (49,700 miles) a year between the Arctic and the Southern Ocean \u2014 the longest migration of any animal."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "South polar skuas",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# Scientists Map Ocean \u201cFlyways\u201d to Protect Migratory Seabirds Across 56 Countries",
"South polar skuas trace a similar figure-eight path across the Atlantic, while grey-headed albatrosses circle Antarctica, covering roughly 22,000 kilometers (13,670 miles) in as few as 46 days."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "grey-headed albatrosses",
"route": null,
"timing": "46 days",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# Scientists Map Ocean \u201cFlyways\u201d to Protect Migratory Seabirds Across 56 Countries",
"South polar skuas trace a similar figure-eight path across the Atlantic, while grey-headed albatrosses circle Antarctica, covering roughly 22,000 kilometers (13,670 miles) in as few as 46 days."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"# Scientists Map Ocean \u201cFlyways\u201d to Protect Migratory Seabirds Across 56 Countries",
"South polar skuas trace a similar figure-eight path across the Atlantic, while grey-headed albatrosses circle Antarctica, covering roughly 22,000 kilometers (13,670 miles) in as few as 46 days."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://allaboutbirds.org/news/the-flyways-birds-use-to-migrate-across-continents",
"title": "The Flyways Birds Use to Migrate Across Continents | All About Birds",
"birds": [
{
"species": "American Golden Plover",
"route": null,
"timing": "autumn",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# The Flyways Birds Use to Migrate Across Continents",
"Species that use this route include American Golden Plover, Yellow-billed Cuckoo, and even the tiny Blackpoll Warbler."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"# The Flyways Birds Use to Migrate Across Continents",
"This route is especially popular in autumn, when prevailing winds are favorable."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Yellow-billed Cuckoo",
"route": null,
"timing": "autumn",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# The Flyways Birds Use to Migrate Across Continents",
"Species that use this route include American Golden Plover, Yellow-billed Cuckoo, and even the tiny Blackpoll Warbler."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"# The Flyways Birds Use to Migrate Across Continents",
"This route is especially popular in autumn, when prevailing winds are favorable."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Blackpoll Warbler",
"route": null,
"timing": "autumn",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# The Flyways Birds Use to Migrate Across Continents",
"Species that use this route include American Golden Plover, Yellow-billed Cuckoo, and even the tiny Blackpoll Warbler."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"# The Flyways Birds Use to Migrate Across Continents",
"This route is especially popular in autumn, when prevailing winds are favorable."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://birdlife.org/asia/programme-additional-info/migratory-birds-and-flyways-asia-wiki",
"title": "Migratory Birds and Flyways - Asia - Wiki",
"birds": [
{
"species": "Bar-tailed Godwit",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"BirdLife International\u2019s Asia Flyway Programme focuses on globally threatened migratory waterbirds from across Asia, as well as on other common birds that have declining populations.",
"The Bar-tailed Godwit Limosa lapponica holds the record for the longest continuous journey by a landbird flying over 11,000km between Alaska and New Zealand http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sowb/casestudy/22"
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://datazone.birdlife.org/articles/migrating-birds-know-no-boundaries",
"title": "Migrating birds know no boundaries | BirdLife DataZone",
"birds": [
{
"species": "Arctic Tern",
"route": null,
"timing": "annual",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"Birds are arguably the most mobile creatures on Earth, rivalling even humans.",
"For its pole to pole journey, Arctic Tern *Sterna paradisaea* reigns supreme, being the only bird known to migrate between the Arctic and Antarctic."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"Birds are arguably the most mobile creatures on Earth, rivalling even humans.",
"Electronic tagging of Arctic Terns has revealed average annual travel distances of 70,900 km (range 59,500\u201381,600 km) for birds nesting in Iceland and Greenland (Egevang *et al.* 2010), while one bird nesting on the Farne Islands flew an estimated 96,000 km\u2014the longest flight ever recorded for a migratory bird (Newcastle University 2016)."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Sooty Shearwater",
"route": "around the Pacific Ocean",
"timing": "annual",
"distance_km": "64,000",
"distinction": "can clock up an incredible 64,000 km (\u00b1 9,779 km) during its annual migration around the Pacific Ocean",
"species_evidence": [
"Birds are arguably the most mobile creatures on Earth, rivalling even humans.",
"Following a close second, the Sooty Shearwater *Ardenna grisea* can clock up an incredible 64,000 km (\u00b1 9,779 km) during its annual migration around the Pacific Ocean (Shafer *et al*. 2006)."
],
"route_evidence": [
"Birds are arguably the most mobile creatures on Earth, rivalling even humans.",
"Following a close second, the Sooty Shearwater *Ardenna grisea* can clock up an incredible 64,000 km (\u00b1 9,779 km) during its annual migration around the Pacific Ocean (Shafer *et al*. 2006)."
],
"timing_evidence": [
"Birds are arguably the most mobile creatures on Earth, rivalling even humans.",
"Following a close second, the Sooty Shearwater *Ardenna grisea* can clock up an incredible 64,000 km (\u00b1 9,779 km) during its annual migration around the Pacific Ocean (Shafer *et al*. 2006)."
],
"distance_km_evidence": [
"Birds are arguably the most mobile creatures on Earth, rivalling even humans.",
"Following a close second, the Sooty Shearwater *Ardenna grisea* can clock up an incredible 64,000 km (\u00b1 9,779 km) during its annual migration around the Pacific Ocean (Shafer *et al*. 2006)."
],
"distinction_evidence": [
"Birds are arguably the most mobile creatures on Earth, rivalling even humans.",
"Following a close second, the Sooty Shearwater *Ardenna grisea* can clock up an incredible 64,000 km (\u00b1 9,779 km) during its annual migration around the Pacific Ocean (Shafer *et al*. 2006)."
]
},
{
"species": "Bar-tailed Godwit",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": "13,000",
"distinction": "holds the record for longest non-stop flight of over 13,000 km",
"species_evidence": [
"Birds are arguably the most mobile creatures on Earth, rivalling even humans.",
"Bar-tailed Godwit *Limosa lapponica* shows remarkable endurance and holds the record for longest non-stop flight of over 13,000 km (USGS 2022)."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": [
"Birds are arguably the most mobile creatures on Earth, rivalling even humans.",
"Bar-tailed Godwit *Limosa lapponica* shows remarkable endurance and holds the record for longest non-stop flight of over 13,000 km (USGS 2022)."
],
"distinction_evidence": [
"Birds are arguably the most mobile creatures on Earth, rivalling even humans.",
"Bar-tailed Godwit *Limosa lapponica* shows remarkable endurance and holds the record for longest non-stop flight of over 13,000 km (USGS 2022)."
]
},
{
"species": "Bobolink",
"route": "from the prairies of Canada to the pampas of Argentina",
"timing": null,
"distance_km": "9,600",
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"Birds are arguably the most mobile creatures on Earth, rivalling even humans.",
"Bobolink *Dolichonyx oryzivorus* flies more than 9,600 km, from the prairies of Canada to the pampas of Argentina."
],
"route_evidence": [
"Birds are arguably the most mobile creatures on Earth, rivalling even humans.",
"Bobolink *Dolichonyx oryzivorus* flies more than 9,600 km, from the prairies of Canada to the pampas of Argentina."
],
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": [
"Birds are arguably the most mobile creatures on Earth, rivalling even humans.",
"Bobolink *Dolichonyx oryzivorus* flies more than 9,600 km, from the prairies of Canada to the pampas of Argentina."
],
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Far Eastern Curlew",
"route": "the length of East Asia from its breeding grounds in Siberia to the coasts of Australia, with female birds continuing even further south to wetlands in south Australia",
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"Birds are arguably the most mobile creatures on Earth, rivalling even humans.",
"Far Eastern Curlew *Numenius madagascariensis* travels the length of East Asia from its breeding grounds in Siberia to the coasts of Australia, with female birds continuing even further south to wetlands in south Australia."
],
"route_evidence": [
"Birds are arguably the most mobile creatures on Earth, rivalling even humans.",
"Far Eastern Curlew *Numenius madagascariensis* travels the length of East Asia from its breeding grounds in Siberia to the coasts of Australia, with female birds continuing even further south to wetlands in south Australia."
],
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Short-tailed Shearwater",
"route": "figure-of-eight circuit of the Pacific Ocean",
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"Birds are arguably the most mobile creatures on Earth, rivalling even humans.",
"Short-tailed Shearwater *Ardenna tenuirostris* undertakes an incredible figure-of-eight circuit of the Pacific Ocean, the circumpolar Cape Petrel *Daption capense* ranges extensively across the Antarctic region, while Amur Falcon *Falco amurensis* makes a massive loop between East Asia and South Africa."
],
"route_evidence": [
"Birds are arguably the most mobile creatures on Earth, rivalling even humans.",
"Short-tailed Shearwater *Ardenna tenuirostris* undertakes an incredible figure-of-eight circuit of the Pacific Ocean, the circumpolar Cape Petrel *Daption capense* ranges extensively across the Antarctic region, while Amur Falcon *Falco amurensis* makes a massive loop between East Asia and South Africa."
],
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Cape Petrel",
"route": "extensively across the Antarctic region",
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"Birds are arguably the most mobile creatures on Earth, rivalling even humans.",
"Short-tailed Shearwater *Ardenna tenuirostris* undertakes an incredible figure-of-eight circuit of the Pacific Ocean, the circumpolar Cape Petrel *Daption capense* ranges extensively across the Antarctic region, while Amur Falcon *Falco amurensis* makes a massive loop between East Asia and South Africa."
],
"route_evidence": [
"Birds are arguably the most mobile creatures on Earth, rivalling even humans.",
"Short-tailed Shearwater *Ardenna tenuirostris* undertakes an incredible figure-of-eight circuit of the Pacific Ocean, the circumpolar Cape Petrel *Daption capense* ranges extensively across the Antarctic region, while Amur Falcon *Falco amurensis* makes a massive loop between East Asia and South Africa."
],
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Amur Falcon",
"route": "a massive loop between East Asia and South Africa",
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"Birds are arguably the most mobile creatures on Earth, rivalling even humans.",
"Short-tailed Shearwater *Ardenna tenuirostris* undertakes an incredible figure-of-eight circuit of the Pacific Ocean, the circumpolar Cape Petrel *Daption capense* ranges extensively across the Antarctic region, while Amur Falcon *Falco amurensis* makes a massive loop between East Asia and South Africa."
],
"route_evidence": [
"Birds are arguably the most mobile creatures on Earth, rivalling even humans.",
"Short-tailed Shearwater *Ardenna tenuirostris* undertakes an incredible figure-of-eight circuit of the Pacific Ocean, the circumpolar Cape Petrel *Daption capense* ranges extensively across the Antarctic region, while Amur Falcon *Falco amurensis* makes a massive loop between East Asia and South Africa."
],
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "European Bee-eater",
"route": "exclusively in Africa with west European birds moving to west Africa and east European ones heading down the Nile to southern Africa",
"timing": "winters",
"distance_km": "8,000",
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"Birds are arguably the most mobile creatures on Earth, rivalling even humans.",
"European Bee-eater *Merops apiaster* winters exclusively in Africa with west European birds moving to west Africa and east European ones heading down the Nile to southern Africa\u2014one individual ringed near Moscow was recorded in Zimbabwe, nearly 8,000 km away."
],
"route_evidence": [
"Birds are arguably the most mobile creatures on Earth, rivalling even humans.",
"European Bee-eater *Merops apiaster* winters exclusively in Africa with west European birds moving to west Africa and east European ones heading down the Nile to southern Africa\u2014one individual ringed near Moscow was recorded in Zimbabwe, nearly 8,000 km away."
],
"timing_evidence": [
"Birds are arguably the most mobile creatures on Earth, rivalling even humans.",
"European Bee-eater *Merops apiaster* winters exclusively in Africa with west European birds moving to west Africa and east European ones heading down the Nile to southern Africa\u2014one individual ringed near Moscow was recorded in Zimbabwe, nearly 8,000 km away."
],
"distance_km_evidence": [
"Birds are arguably the most mobile creatures on Earth, rivalling even humans.",
"European Bee-eater *Merops apiaster* winters exclusively in Africa with west European birds moving to west Africa and east European ones heading down the Nile to southern Africa\u2014one individual ringed near Moscow was recorded in Zimbabwe, nearly 8,000 km away."
],
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://animalsaroundtheglobe.com/10-birds-that-travel-thousands-of-miles-and-return-to-almost-the-same-spot-1-407274",
"title": "10 Birds That Travel Thousands of Miles and Return to Almost the Same Spot",
"birds": [
{
"species": "Arctic Tern",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# 10 Birds That Travel Thousands of Miles and Return to Almost the Same Spot",
"## 1. Arctic Tern \u2013 The Ultimate Long-Distance Champion",
"The Arctic tern is the bird that makes every frequent-flyer program look embarrassing."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Bar-tailed Godwit",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# 10 Birds That Travel Thousands of Miles and Return to Almost the Same Spot",
"## 2. Bar-tailed Godwit \u2013 Nonstop Flights Across the Pacific",
"The bar-tailed godwit might not look like an athlete at first glance, but this shorebird pulls off one of the most brutal non-stop migrations known."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Common Swift",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# 10 Birds That Travel Thousands of Miles and Return to Almost the Same Spot",
"## 3. Common Swift \u2013 Months in the Air, Home in the Same Roof Tile",
"Common swifts are famous for hardly ever landing outside of the breeding season."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "White Stork",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# 10 Birds That Travel Thousands of Miles and Return to Almost the Same Spot",
"## 4. White Stork \u2013 Village Icons That Come Back to the Same Chimney",
"In several European towns, white storks are practically honorary residents."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Blackpoll Warbler",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# 10 Birds That Travel Thousands of Miles and Return to Almost the Same Spot",
"## 5. Blackpoll Warbler \u2013 A Palm-Sized Bird with an Ocean Route",
"The blackpoll warbler is one of those birds that makes you rethink what \u201csmall\u201d really means."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Manx Shearwater",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# 10 Birds That Travel Thousands of Miles and Return to Almost the Same Spot",
"## 6. Manx Shearwater \u2013 Navigating Back to the Same Burrow",
"Manx shearwaters are seabirds that live a life most of us will never see."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Barn Swallow",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# 10 Birds That Travel Thousands of Miles and Return to Almost the Same Spot",
"## 7. Barn Swallow \u2013 From Distant Winters Back to the Same Barn Beam",
"Barn swallows are some of the most familiar migratory birds to many people, especially in rural areas."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Sandhill Crane",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# 10 Birds That Travel Thousands of Miles and Return to Almost the Same Spot",
"## 8. Sandhill Crane \u2013 Generations Sharing the Same Stopover Fields",
"Sandhill cranes are tall, elegant birds whose bugling calls carry for miles."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Sooty Shearwater",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# 10 Birds That Travel Thousands of Miles and Return to Almost the Same Spot",
"## 9. Sooty Shearwater \u2013 Looping the Oceans Back to the Same Colony",
"Sooty shearwaters are long-distance champions of the southern oceans, performing large looping migrations that can take them through multiple ocean basins in a single year."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Albatross",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# 10 Birds That Travel Thousands of Miles and Return to Almost the Same Spot",
"## 10. Albatross (Wandering and Other Species) \u2013 Lifelong Bonds to Remote Nests",
"Albatrosses, especially wandering albatrosses, are icons of the open ocean."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://cms.int/news/new-un-backed-atlas-maps-migratory-lifelines-highly-vulnerable-bird-species-across-americas",
"title": "New UN-backed Atlas Maps Migratory Lifelines of Highly Vulnerable Bird Species Across the Americas",
"birds": [
{
"species": "Hudsonian Godwit",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"First-of-its-kind tool charts \u201cinvisible highways of the sky,\u201d revealing critical habitats spanning 56 countries, offering governments a blueprint to halt bird declines",
"Among species of migratory birds covered in the Atlas are some of the most iconic and ecologically important migrants of the hemisphere, including:"
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Semipalmated Sandpiper",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"First-of-its-kind tool charts \u201cinvisible highways of the sky,\u201d revealing critical habitats spanning 56 countries, offering governments a blueprint to halt bird declines",
"Among species of migratory birds covered in the Atlas are some of the most iconic and ecologically important migrants of the hemisphere, including:",
"- [**Semipalmated Sandpiper**](https://www.google.com/search?q=semipalmated+sandpiper&num=10&lr=&sca_esv=9246bc9b7addcc13&as_qdr=all&udm=2&sxsrf=ANbL-n4ia-0m99P4NcbS-Dmn2jzZF-FptA:1774537556800&source=lnt&tbs=sur:cl&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjtuNrF672TAxXnlZUCHf1LKWQQpwV6BAgFEB0&biw=1368&bih=747&dpr=2.5) (*Calidris pusilla*), a Near Threatened long\u2011distance migrant facing sustained but poorly understood declines."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://phys.org/news/2026-08-picture-eagle-migrations.pdf",
"title": "A never-before-seen picture of eagle migrations",
"birds": [
{
"species": "booted eagle",
"route": null,
"timing": "49 days",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"A never-before-seen picture of eagle migrations",
"Now, a new satellite tracking study led by a University of Utah\nundergraduate describes the journey of migratory raptors along the\nunderstudied East Asia\u2013East Africa Flyway.",
"However, Nathan Murthy's was the first satellite-tracking study of the\nbooted eagle, Hieraaetus pennatus, in this flyway.",
"The booted eagle migrated 5,080.6 kilometers (3,157 miles) in 49 days,\ncrossing the Middle East and wintering on Mount Elgon in Uganda,\naccording to the tracking data."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"A never-before-seen picture of eagle migrations",
"Visualizing flight tracks with satellite data",
"The booted eagle migrated 5,080.6 kilometers (3,157 miles) in 49 days,\ncrossing the Middle East and wintering on Mount Elgon in Uganda,\naccording to the tracking data."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "steppe eagle",
"route": null,
"timing": "38 days",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"A never-before-seen picture of eagle migrations",
"Now, a new satellite tracking study led by a University of Utah\nundergraduate describes the journey of migratory raptors along the\nunderstudied East Asia\u2013East Africa Flyway.",
"The steppe eagle, Aquila\nnipalensis, a highly endangered raptor species, has been tracked before.",
"The steppe eagle, which had been rescued by authorities in Turkey from\na poaching operation, journeyed 4,409.6 kilometers (2,740 miles) over\n38 days that fall, diverging from the typical \"loop\" route via Bab al-\nMandeb and instead crossing through the Suez Canal."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"A never-before-seen picture of eagle migrations",
"Visualizing flight tracks with satellite data",
"The steppe eagle, which had been rescued by authorities in Turkey from\na poaching operation, journeyed 4,409.6 kilometers (2,740 miles) over\n38 days that fall, diverging from the typical \"loop\" route via Bab al-\nMandeb and instead crossing through the Suez Canal."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://share.google/jzh0MOZsADdujFwIJ",
"title": "Reconnecting the skies: Linking flyways for migratory seabirds across continents",
"birds": [
{
"species": "Arctic tern",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"Reconnecting the skies: Linking flyways for migratory seabirds across continents",
"Arctic terns make the longest migration of any creature on Earth, with some *Sterna paradisaea* clocking more than [80,000 kilometers](https://www.pnas.org/doi/full/10.1073/pnas.0909493107) (49,709 miles) a year, flying from the Southern Ocean to their breeding grounds in the Arctic \u2014 and back."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "South polar skua",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"Reconnecting the skies: Linking flyways for migratory seabirds across continents",
"[South polar skuas](https://www.antarctica.gov.au/news/2020/migration-mysteries-of-antarctic-frequent-flyers/) (*Stercorarius maccormicki*) trace a similar figure eight around the Atlantic Ocean as they move between breeding colonies on Antarctic islands and the Arctic."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "grey-headed albatross",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"Reconnecting the skies: Linking flyways for migratory seabirds across continents",
"In the Southern Ocean, grey-headed albatross (*Thalassarche chrysostoma*) breed on South Georgia Island."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://geographyworlds.com/blog/bird-migration-flyways-guide",
"title": "Bird Migration Flyways | Routes, Species & Geography Guide",
"birds": [
{
"species": "bar-tailed godwit",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# Bird Migration Flyways: The Sky Highways of the World",
"Some species perform astonishing feats of endurance: the bar-tailed godwit flies 11,000 kilometers nonstop from Alaska to New Zealand, while the Arctic tern migrates 70,000 kilometers annually from Arctic to Antarctic and back \u2014 the longest migration of any animal on Earth."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Arctic tern",
"route": null,
"timing": "annually",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# Bird Migration Flyways: The Sky Highways of the World",
"Some species perform astonishing feats of endurance: the bar-tailed godwit flies 11,000 kilometers nonstop from Alaska to New Zealand, while the Arctic tern migrates 70,000 kilometers annually from Arctic to Antarctic and back \u2014 the longest migration of any animal on Earth."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"# Bird Migration Flyways: The Sky Highways of the World",
"Some species perform astonishing feats of endurance: the bar-tailed godwit flies 11,000 kilometers nonstop from Alaska to New Zealand, while the Arctic tern migrates 70,000 kilometers annually from Arctic to Antarctic and back \u2014 the longest migration of any animal on Earth."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Ruby-throated Hummingbird",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# Bird Migration Flyways: The Sky Highways of the World",
"## Record-Breaking Migrants",
"Ruby-throated hummingbirds, weighing just 3 to 4 grams, fly 800 kilometers nonstop across the Gulf of Mexico \u2014 burning fat at such a rate that they arrive at the other side having lost half their body weight."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Amur Falcon",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# Bird Migration Flyways: The Sky Highways of the World",
"## Record-Breaking Migrants",
"- **Amur Falcon:** 22,000 km round trip, Siberia to South Africa"
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://birdlife.org/news/2024/09/27/global-bird-weekend-celebrating-birds-across-the-worlds-flyways",
"title": "Global Bird Weekend: Celebrating Birds Across the World\u2019s Flyways - BirdLife International",
"birds": [
{
"species": "Bar-headed Goose",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# Global Bird Weekend: Celebrating Birds Across the World\u2019s Flyways",
"Here\u2019s a closer look at some key birds to watch for across the world\u2019s major flyways.",
"- **Bar-headed Goose (*Anser indicus*):** With striking black stripes and a bright yellow beak, the Bar-headed Goose is an impressive migratory bird! Between 97,000-118,000 individuals cross the Himalayas (including over Mount Everest) several times throughout their lives."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Black-necked Crane",
"route": null,
"timing": "winter",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# Global Bird Weekend: Celebrating Birds Across the World\u2019s Flyways",
"Here\u2019s a closer look at some key birds to watch for across the world\u2019s major flyways.",
"- **Black-necked Crane (*Grus nigricollis*):** It\u2019s elegant black neck and striking red crown make these black and quite birds a spectacle in the sky. Native to the Tibetan Plateau and widespread in areas beyond, they migrate and arrive in Bhutan for winter. A festival in their honour occurs every year, where children dress up as the cranes in celebration."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"# Global Bird Weekend: Celebrating Birds Across the World\u2019s Flyways",
"Here\u2019s a closer look at some key birds to watch for across the world\u2019s major flyways.",
"- **Black-necked Crane (*Grus nigricollis*):** It\u2019s elegant black neck and striking red crown make these black and quite birds a spectacle in the sky. Native to the Tibetan Plateau and widespread in areas beyond, they migrate and arrive in Bhutan for winter. A festival in their honour occurs every year, where children dress up as the cranes in celebration."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Sociable Lapwing",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# Global Bird Weekend: Celebrating Birds Across the World\u2019s Flyways",
"Here\u2019s a closer look at some key birds to watch for across the world\u2019s major flyways.",
"- **Sociable Lapwing (*Vanellus gregarius*):** Easily recognised with their black cap and sandy plumage, the Sociable Lapwing form large flocks during their impressive migration from their breeding grounds in Central Asia to wintering sites in the Middle East and South Asia, navigating thousands of kilometres twice a year. A lucky sight if spotted!"
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Bar-tailed Godwit",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# Global Bird Weekend: Celebrating Birds Across the World\u2019s Flyways",
"Here\u2019s a closer look at some key birds to watch for across the world\u2019s major flyways.",
"- **Bar-tailed Godwit (*Limosa lapponica*):** Famous for its epic non-stop migration of over 12,000 kilometres from Alaska to New Zealand, the Bar-tailed Godwit is one of the most impressive migratory species. It can be seen at staging areas like the Yellow Sea and coastal New Zealand during Global Bird Weekend."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Spoon-billed Sandpiper",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# Global Bird Weekend: Celebrating Birds Across the World\u2019s Flyways",
"Here\u2019s a closer look at some key birds to watch for across the world\u2019s major flyways.",
"- **Spoon-billed Sandpiper (*Calidris pygmaea*):** Critically endangered, this tiny shorebird breeds in Russia\u2019s Chukotka region and winters in Southeast Asia. Conservationists use events like Global Bird Weekend to raise awareness of the threats it faces."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Great Knot",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# Global Bird Weekend: Celebrating Birds Across the World\u2019s Flyways",
"Here\u2019s a closer look at some key birds to watch for across the world\u2019s major flyways.",
"- **Great Knot (*Calidris tenuirostris*):** With key stopover sites in China and Australia, the Great Knot is another species to watch, particularly in places like the Gulf of Carpentaria in northern Australia."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Swainson\u2019s Hawk",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# Global Bird Weekend: Celebrating Birds Across the World\u2019s Flyways",
"Here\u2019s a closer look at some key birds to watch for across the world\u2019s major flyways.",
"- **Swainson\u2019s Hawk (*Buteo swainsoni*):** This long-distance raptor migrates from North America to Argentina, with large kettles of hawks spiralling through the skies over Central America. Panama\u2019s famous migration watch sites, such as Ancon Hill, are perfect for spotting this species."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Broad-winged Hawk",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# Global Bird Weekend: Celebrating Birds Across the World\u2019s Flyways",
"Here\u2019s a closer look at some key birds to watch for across the world\u2019s major flyways.",
"- **Broad-winged Hawk (*Buteo platypterus*):** Another raptor known for dramatic migratory flocks, the Broad-winged Hawk travels from Canada and the U.S. to South America. Veracruz, Mexico, is a top spot to observe hundreds of thousands of these birds in migration."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Rufous Hummingbird",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# Global Bird Weekend: Celebrating Birds Across the World\u2019s Flyways",
"Here\u2019s a closer look at some key birds to watch for across the world\u2019s major flyways.",
"- **Rufous Hummingbird (*Selasphorus rufus*):** At just 3 inches long, this brightly coloured bird flies over 3000 miles on their migration journey! They also have a fantastic memory, remembering where to find food even one year later, and are fiercely territorial fighting off larger species that venture too close."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Egyptian Vulture",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# Global Bird Weekend: Celebrating Birds Across the World\u2019s Flyways",
"Here\u2019s a closer look at some key birds to watch for across the world\u2019s major flyways.",
"- **Egyptian Vulture (*Neophron percnopterus*):** This small, distinctive vulture migrates from southern Europe to Africa and can be seen at migration hotspots like Gibraltar and the Bosporus. Conservationists have been working to protect this species from threats along its migratory path."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "White Stork",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# Global Bird Weekend: Celebrating Birds Across the World\u2019s Flyways",
"Here\u2019s a closer look at some key birds to watch for across the world\u2019s major flyways.",
"- **White Stork (*Ciconia ciconia*):** A familiar sight, the White Stork migrates from Europe to Africa, following thermal currents across the Mediterranean. Large groups can often be seen soaring over Israel\u2019s Hula Valley or Egypt\u2019s Nile Delta."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Steppe Eagle",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# Global Bird Weekend: Celebrating Birds Across the World\u2019s Flyways",
"Here\u2019s a closer look at some key birds to watch for across the world\u2019s major flyways.",
"- **Steppe Eagle (*Aquila nipalensis*):** One of the largest eagles, the Steppe Eagle moves from Central Asia to East Africa, using the Rift Valley as a key corridor. These majestic birds can be spotted soaring over Ethiopia\u2019s Simien Mountains or Kenya\u2019s Rift Valley lakes."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://birdlife.org/news/2023/06/08/plains-and-pampas-wanderers-the-mid-continental-americas-flyway",
"title": "Plains and Pampas Wanderers: The Mid-continental Americas Flyway - BirdLife International",
"birds": [
{
"species": "Buff-breasted Sandpiper",
"route": null,
"timing": "performs long migrations from the northern to the southern hemispheres",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"**Buffer zone**",
"[Buff-breasted Sandpiper is the conservation priority shorebird along the flyway](https://www.birdlife.org/news/2023/04/19/right-of-passage-help-us-save-the-buff-breasted-sandpiper/), owing to its steep decline since the 19th century."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"**Inland shorebirds**",
"The Midcontinent Shorebird Conservation Initiative was set up to allow joined-up collaboration between international governments, NGOs and academia to find new ways of protecting these inland shorebird habitats.",
"Two of them, [Buff-breasted Sandpiper](http://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/buff-breasted-sandpiper-calidris-subruficollis) and [Red Knot](http://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/red-knot-calidris-canutus), perform long migrations from the northern to the southern hemispheres, while [Mountain](http://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/mountain-plover-charadrius-montanus), [Piping ](http://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/piping-plover-charadrius-melodus)and [Snowy Plovers](http://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/snowy-plover-charadrius-nivosus) migrate within North America (the last-named species also has a resident population in western South America)."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Red Knot",
"route": null,
"timing": "performs long migrations from the northern to the southern hemispheres",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"**Inland shorebirds**",
"The Midcontinent Shorebird Conservation Initiative was set up to allow joined-up collaboration between international governments, NGOs and academia to find new ways of protecting these inland shorebird habitats.",
"Two of them, [Buff-breasted Sandpiper](http://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/buff-breasted-sandpiper-calidris-subruficollis) and [Red Knot](http://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/red-knot-calidris-canutus), perform long migrations from the northern to the southern hemispheres, while [Mountain](http://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/mountain-plover-charadrius-montanus), [Piping ](http://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/piping-plover-charadrius-melodus)and [Snowy Plovers](http://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/snowy-plover-charadrius-nivosus) migrate within North America (the last-named species also has a resident population in western South America)."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"**Inland shorebirds**",
"The Midcontinent Shorebird Conservation Initiative was set up to allow joined-up collaboration between international governments, NGOs and academia to find new ways of protecting these inland shorebird habitats.",
"Two of them, [Buff-breasted Sandpiper](http://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/buff-breasted-sandpiper-calidris-subruficollis) and [Red Knot](http://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/red-knot-calidris-canutus), perform long migrations from the northern to the southern hemispheres, while [Mountain](http://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/mountain-plover-charadrius-montanus), [Piping ](http://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/piping-plover-charadrius-melodus)and [Snowy Plovers](http://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/snowy-plover-charadrius-nivosus) migrate within North America (the last-named species also has a resident population in western South America)."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Mountain Plover",
"route": null,
"timing": "migrate within North America",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"**Inland shorebirds**",
"The Midcontinent Shorebird Conservation Initiative was set up to allow joined-up collaboration between international governments, NGOs and academia to find new ways of protecting these inland shorebird habitats.",
"Two of them, [Buff-breasted Sandpiper](http://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/buff-breasted-sandpiper-calidris-subruficollis) and [Red Knot](http://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/red-knot-calidris-canutus), perform long migrations from the northern to the southern hemispheres, while [Mountain](http://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/mountain-plover-charadrius-montanus), [Piping ](http://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/piping-plover-charadrius-melodus)and [Snowy Plovers](http://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/snowy-plover-charadrius-nivosus) migrate within North America (the last-named species also has a resident population in western South America)."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"**Inland shorebirds**",
"The Midcontinent Shorebird Conservation Initiative was set up to allow joined-up collaboration between international governments, NGOs and academia to find new ways of protecting these inland shorebird habitats.",
"Two of them, [Buff-breasted Sandpiper](http://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/buff-breasted-sandpiper-calidris-subruficollis) and [Red Knot](http://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/red-knot-calidris-canutus), perform long migrations from the northern to the southern hemispheres, while [Mountain](http://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/mountain-plover-charadrius-montanus), [Piping ](http://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/piping-plover-charadrius-melodus)and [Snowy Plovers](http://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/snowy-plover-charadrius-nivosus) migrate within North America (the last-named species also has a resident population in western South America)."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Piping Plover",
"route": null,
"timing": "migrate within North America",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"**Inland shorebirds**",
"The Midcontinent Shorebird Conservation Initiative was set up to allow joined-up collaboration between international governments, NGOs and academia to find new ways of protecting these inland shorebird habitats.",
"Two of them, [Buff-breasted Sandpiper](http://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/buff-breasted-sandpiper-calidris-subruficollis) and [Red Knot](http://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/red-knot-calidris-canutus), perform long migrations from the northern to the southern hemispheres, while [Mountain](http://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/mountain-plover-charadrius-montanus), [Piping ](http://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/piping-plover-charadrius-melodus)and [Snowy Plovers](http://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/snowy-plover-charadrius-nivosus) migrate within North America (the last-named species also has a resident population in western South America)."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"**Inland shorebirds**",
"The Midcontinent Shorebird Conservation Initiative was set up to allow joined-up collaboration between international governments, NGOs and academia to find new ways of protecting these inland shorebird habitats.",
"Two of them, [Buff-breasted Sandpiper](http://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/buff-breasted-sandpiper-calidris-subruficollis) and [Red Knot](http://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/red-knot-calidris-canutus), perform long migrations from the northern to the southern hemispheres, while [Mountain](http://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/mountain-plover-charadrius-montanus), [Piping ](http://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/piping-plover-charadrius-melodus)and [Snowy Plovers](http://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/snowy-plover-charadrius-nivosus) migrate within North America (the last-named species also has a resident population in western South America)."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Snowy Plover",
"route": null,
"timing": "migrate within North America",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"**Inland shorebirds**",
"The Midcontinent Shorebird Conservation Initiative was set up to allow joined-up collaboration between international governments, NGOs and academia to find new ways of protecting these inland shorebird habitats.",
"Two of them, [Buff-breasted Sandpiper](http://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/buff-breasted-sandpiper-calidris-subruficollis) and [Red Knot](http://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/red-knot-calidris-canutus), perform long migrations from the northern to the southern hemispheres, while [Mountain](http://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/mountain-plover-charadrius-montanus), [Piping ](http://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/piping-plover-charadrius-melodus)and [Snowy Plovers](http://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/snowy-plover-charadrius-nivosus) migrate within North America (the last-named species also has a resident population in western South America)."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"**Inland shorebirds**",
"The Midcontinent Shorebird Conservation Initiative was set up to allow joined-up collaboration between international governments, NGOs and academia to find new ways of protecting these inland shorebird habitats.",
"Two of them, [Buff-breasted Sandpiper](http://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/buff-breasted-sandpiper-calidris-subruficollis) and [Red Knot](http://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/red-knot-calidris-canutus), perform long migrations from the northern to the southern hemispheres, while [Mountain](http://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/mountain-plover-charadrius-montanus), [Piping ](http://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/piping-plover-charadrius-melodus)and [Snowy Plovers](http://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/snowy-plover-charadrius-nivosus) migrate within North America (the last-named species also has a resident population in western South America)."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Magellanic Plover",
"route": null,
"timing": "moves north through Argentina from its southern breeding grounds at the opposite time of year",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"**Inland shorebirds**",
"The Midcontinent Shorebird Conservation Initiative was set up to allow joined-up collaboration between international governments, NGOs and academia to find new ways of protecting these inland shorebird habitats.",
"The sixth species is the odd one out: the entire 1,500-strong population of [Magellanic Plover](http://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/magellanic-plover-pluvianellus-socialis), a South American endemic and Austral migrant, moves north through Argentina from its southern breeding grounds at the opposite time of year."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"**Inland shorebirds**",
"The Midcontinent Shorebird Conservation Initiative was set up to allow joined-up collaboration between international governments, NGOs and academia to find new ways of protecting these inland shorebird habitats.",
"The sixth species is the odd one out: the entire 1,500-strong population of [Magellanic Plover](http://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/magellanic-plover-pluvianellus-socialis), a South American endemic and Austral migrant, moves north through Argentina from its southern breeding grounds at the opposite time of year."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Swainson\u2019s Hawk",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"**Passerines descending**",
"These include [Swainson\u2019s Hawk](http://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/swainsons-hawk-buteo-swainsoni), which breeds as far north as eastern Alaska and migrates up to 13,000 km or more to winter mainly in the pampas of central Argentina."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://birdlife.org/news/2024/11/29/annual-lifecycle-of-a-seabird-autumn-adventures",
"title": "Annual Lifecycle of a Seabird - autumn adventures - BirdLife International",
"birds": [
{
"species": "Arctic Tern",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"Marine Flyways: blue highways across the planet",
"The Atlantic Ocean Flyway is used by many species breeding in Europe, including BirdLife\u2019s symbol, the Arctic Tern *Sterna paradisaea,* which performs the longest migration known in the animal kingdom."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Cory\u2019s Shearwater",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"Marine Flyways: blue highways across the planet",
"Cory\u2019s Shearwaters *Calonectris borealis* also use this flyway during their migration journey \u2013 they follow an 8-shape pattern with frequent stopovers around West African coasts and the Southwestern coasts of Ireland and Great Britain."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://datazone.birdlife.org/articles/six-marine-flyways-identified-from-seabird-tracking-data",
"title": "Six marine flyways identified from seabird tracking data | BirdLife DataZone",
"birds": [
{
"species": "Grey-headed Albatross",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"Within each flyway, some individuals follow the entire route, such as Grey-headed Albatross *Thalassarche chrysostoma* in the Southern Ocean Flyway."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Antipodean Albatross",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"Others migrate through sections of a flyway, such as Antipodean Albatross *Diomedea antipodensis* that travels eastwards below 25\u00b0S, from colonies off the coast of Aotearoa New Zealand into the Humboldt Current."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Arctic Tern",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"Some migrate through multiple flyways, such as Arctic Tern *Sterna paradiasea*, which can migrate through the Atlantic Ocean Flyway, into the East Indian Ocean Flyway and then move south into the Southern Ocean Flyway."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "South Polar Skua",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"In some cases, the same population uses different flyways, such as South Polar Skua *Catharacta maccormicki* that breeds on King George Island, Antarctica\u2014some individuals migrate along the Pacific Ocean Flyway, and others along the Atlantic Ocean Flyway."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://avianbliss.com/where-do-different-birds-migrate",
"title": "Where Do Different Birds Migrate? Routes, Patterns & Flyways",
"birds": [
{
"species": "Bar-tailed Godwit",
"route": null,
"timing": "Each spring",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# Where Do Different Birds Migrate? Routes, Patterns & Flyways (2026)",
"Long Distance Migration",
"Each spring, a **Bar-tailed Godwit** lifts off from Alaska and doesn\u2019t touch ground again until it reaches New Zealand\u201411,000 kilometers later, completed in a single nonstop flight that pushes the boundaries of what seems physiologically possible."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"# Where Do Different Birds Migrate? Routes, Patterns & Flyways (2026)",
"Long Distance Migration",
"Each spring, a **Bar-tailed Godwit** lifts off from Alaska and doesn\u2019t touch ground again until it reaches New Zealand\u201411,000 kilometers later, completed in a single nonstop flight that pushes the boundaries of what seems physiologically possible."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Arctic Tern",
"route": null,
"timing": "annually",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# Where Do Different Birds Migrate? Routes, Patterns & Flyways (2026)",
"Long Distance Migration",
"Arctic Tern Migration",
"You\u2019re watching the [Arctic Tern](https://avianbliss.com/go/arctic+tern+bird+book+guide/search/) claim the title of **long-distance migration champion**, covering an astonishing 44,000 to 59,000 miles annually between Arctic breeding locations and Antarctic wintering grounds."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"# Where Do Different Birds Migrate? Routes, Patterns & Flyways (2026)",
"Long Distance Migration",
"Arctic Tern Migration",
"You\u2019re watching the [Arctic Tern](https://avianbliss.com/go/arctic+tern+bird+book+guide/search/) claim the title of **long-distance migration champion**, covering an astonishing 44,000 to 59,000 miles annually between Arctic breeding locations and Antarctic wintering grounds."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://birdlife.org/news/2026/07/08/buff-breasted-sandpipers-journey-along-the-americas-flyway",
"title": "Buff-breasted Sandpiper\u2019s journey along the Americas Flyway - BirdLife International",
"birds": [
{
"species": "Buff-breasted Sandpiper",
"route": null,
"timing": "between February and April",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"The role of Key Biodiversity Areas for the Buff-breasted Sandpiper across the Americas."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"The role of Key Biodiversity Areas for the Buff-breasted Sandpiper across the Americas.",
"As the Buff-breasted Sandpiper heads back north, between February and April, other significant sites along the Llanos de la Orinoquia serve as final, high-stakes staging grounds:"
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/black-tailed-godwit-limosa-limosa",
"title": "Black-tailed Godwit Limosa limosa Species Factsheet | BirdLife DataZone",
"birds": [
{
"species": "Black-tailed Godwit",
"route": null,
"timing": "The species migrates southwards between late-June and October. During the autumn migration it may roost in flocks of tens of thousands at favoured sites**** (del Hoyo *et al*. 1996), and this is the main moulting period for adult birds. The *islandica* subspecies moults in northwest Europe, while western populations of the nominate subspecies often moult in north Morrocco (J. Gill *in litt.* 2016), and many adults pause in north Morocco in July to moult. Huge flocks occur at some wintering sites, particularly in the floodplains of Lake Chad. The return passage occurs between February and April**** (del Hoyo *et al*. 1996), and birds arrive at the breeding grounds in groups of 5-30 individuals (Johnsgard 1981)****.",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# Black-tailed Godwit",
"This species has a large discontinuous breeding range extending from Iceland to the Russian far east, with wintering populations in Europe, Africa, the Middle East and Australasia**** (Van Gils *et al.* 2017)."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"# Black-tailed Godwit",
"The species migrates southwards between late-June and October."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://birdlife.org/news/2025/01/09/black-tailed-godwits-iconic-wetland-network-creators",
"title": "Black-tailed godwits: iconic wetland network creators - BirdLife International",
"birds": [
{
"species": "Black-tailed godwit",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"New study finds that the migratory bird connects over a thousand wetlands across Europe and Africa.",
"The Black-tailed godwit (*limosa limosa*) is more than a shorebird wading along wetlands \u2013 it\u2019s now a striking symbol of the connectivity of important wetland sites!"
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://birdlife.org/news/2026/08/19/great-knots-journey-along-the-east-asian-australasian-flyway",
"title": "Great Knot\u2019s journey along the East Asian-Australasian Flyway - BirdLife International",
"birds": [
{
"species": "Great Knot",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"Discover the Key Biodiversity Areas used by Great Knot as it travels across the East Asian-Australasian Flyway.",
"Among them is the remarkable [Great Knot](https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/great-knot-calidris-tenuirostris), an Endangered shorebird that makes a long-distance journey."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://grokipedia.com/page/Bird_migration",
"title": "Bird migration",
"birds": [
{
"species": "Arctic tern",
"route": null,
"timing": "Breeding in the Arctic summer, terns migrate southward in autumn, reaching Antarctic seas by December, then return northward, achieving near-constant daylight throughout the year.",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# Bird migration"
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"### Long-Distance Migration"
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "bar-tailed godwit",
"route": null,
"timing": "in under two weeks",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# Bird migration"
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"# Bird migration"
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://avianbliss.com/bird-migration-distance-by-species",
"title": "Bird Migration Distance by Species: Longest to Shortest Journeys",
"birds": [
{
"species": "Arctic Tern",
"route": null,
"timing": "3-4 months",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"Bird Migration Distance by Species: Longest to Shortest Journeys (2026)",
"Arctic Tern Pole-to-Pole Route",
"An Arctic Tern racks up roughly **44,000 miles a year** chasing endless summer from pole to pole \u2014 enough mileage to circle the globe nearly twice."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"Bird Migration Distance by Species: Longest to Shortest Journeys (2026)",
"Arctic Tern: 44,000 Miles",
"| Duration | 3-4 months |"
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Sooty Shearwater",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"Bird Migration Distance by Species: Longest to Shortest Journeys (2026)",
"Sooty Shearwater Figure-Eight Path",
"Not to be outdone, the Sooty Shearwater traces a **Figure-eight navigation** pattern across the Pacific, linking Antarctic breeding grounds to foraging zones near Japan, Alaska, and California."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Bar-Tailed Godwit",
"route": null,
"timing": "7-9 days",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"Bird Migration Distance by Species: Longest to Shortest Journeys (2026)",
"Bar-Tailed Godwit Nonstop Flight",
"The [Bar-Tailed Godwit](https://avianbliss.com/coastal-bird-migration-patterns-guide/) flies **7,000 miles nonstop** from Alaska to New Zealand, no food, no rest, just pure fat-fueled endurance."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"Bird Migration Distance by Species: Longest to Shortest Journeys (2026)",
"Bar-Tailed Godwit: 7,000 Miles",
"| Duration | 7-9 days | Zero refueling stops |"
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Red Knot",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"Bird Migration Distance by Species: Longest to Shortest Journeys (2026)",
"Red Knot Arctic Journey",
"Not every marathon flier skips meals like the godwit. Red knots cover roughly 9,000 miles one way, but they lean on **Atlantic staging sites**\u2014especially Delaware Bay\u2019s horseshoe crab eggs\u2014to refuel."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Bobolink",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"Bird Migration Distance by Species: Longest to Shortest Journeys (2026)",
"Bird Migration Distance by Species: Quick Comparison",
"Twelve thousand miles separate a Vermont hayfield from an Argentine wetland \u2014 that\u2019s the bobolink\u2019s yearly reality."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Northern Wheatear",
"route": null,
"timing": "31\u201368 hrs",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"Bird Migration Distance by Species: Longest to Shortest Journeys (2026)",
"Northern Wheatear Ocean Crossings",
"A [songbird barely the size of your fist](https://avianbliss.com/go/backyard+bird+feeder/search/) flies over 4,000 km of open Atlantic\u2014nonstop."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"Bird Migration Distance by Species: Longest to Shortest Journeys (2026)",
"Northern Wheatear Ocean Crossings",
"| Duration | 31\u201368 hrs |"
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Great Knot",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"Bird Migration Distance by Species: Longest to Shortest Journeys (2026)",
"Great Knot Coastal Migration",
"Great Knots trace the shoreline from northeastern Asia to northern Australia, leaning on [Coastal Mudflat Vitality](https://avianbliss.com/go/birdwatching+binoculars/search/) and **Tidal Foraging Cycles** at Yellow Sea stopovers."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Blue Grouse",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"Bird Migration Distance by Species: Longest to Shortest Journeys (2026)",
"Blue Grouse Vertical Migration",
"Blue Grouse are classic **altitudinal migrants**, shifting between higher and lower elevations rather than crossing continents."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Mountain Chickadee",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"Bird Migration Distance by Species: Longest to Shortest Journeys (2026)",
"Mountain Chickadee Elevation Shifts",
"Mountain Chickadees take **altitude-based migration** to a finer scale, shuttling across a 1,500\u20133,600 meter Sierra Nevada gradient."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Brown-Capped Rosy-Finch",
"route": null,
"timing": "winter",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"Bird Migration Distance by Species: Longest to Shortest Journeys (2026)",
"Brown-Capped Rosy-Finch Movements",
"Where chickadees fine-tune their shift across a forested slope, Brown-Capped Rosy-Finches ride a starker gradient\u2014breeding near 11,000\u201313,000 feet on Colorado glaciers, then dropping to shrubby mid-elevations come winter."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"Bird Migration Distance by Species: Longest to Shortest Journeys (2026)",
"Brown-Capped Rosy-Finch Movements",
"Where chickadees fine-tune their shift across a forested slope, Brown-Capped Rosy-Finches ride a starker gradient\u2014breeding near 11,000\u201313,000 feet on Colorado glaciers, then dropping to shrubby mid-elevations come winter."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Phainopepla",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"Bird Migration Distance by Species: Longest to Shortest Journeys (2026)",
"Phainopepla Short-Distance Travel",
"Not every desert bird skips the long haul entirely\u2014[Phainopeplas](https://avianbliss.com/which-backyard-birds-benefit-from-suet-feeding/) just do it in shorter, cleverer hops, tracking **mistletoe berries** between desert washes and oak woodlands."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Red-Winged Blackbird",
"route": null,
"timing": "autumn",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"Bird Migration Distance by Species: Longest to Shortest Journeys (2026)",
"Red-Winged Blackbird Regional Flights",
"Rarely do shortdistance migrants show off flexibility quite like Red-Winged Blackbirds."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"Bird Migration Distance by Species: Longest to Shortest Journeys (2026)",
"Red-Winged Blackbird Regional Flights",
"Northern birds head south each autumn, while western populations often stay put year-round near marshes."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/hudsonian-godwit-limosa-haemastica",
"title": "Hudsonian Godwit Limosa haemastica Species Factsheet | BirdLife DataZone",
"birds": [
{
"species": "Hudsonian Godwit",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# Hudsonian Godwit",
"### Distribution",
"#### Range description",
"The species breeds in the subarctic and boreal regions in northern **Canada** and Alaska (**United States of America**) (Walker *et al.* 2024)."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://avianbliss.com/types-of-bird-migration-routes",
"title": "Types of Bird Migration Routes: Flyways, Patterns & Navigation",
"birds": [
{
"species": "Bar-tailed Godwit",
"route": null,
"timing": "every autumn",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# Types of Bird Migration Routes: Flyways, Patterns & Navigation (2026)",
"Every autumn, a **Bar-tailed Godwit** departs Alaska and flies nonstop for eight days across the Pacific Ocean\u2014no food, no rest, no landfall\u2014until it reaches New Zealand 7,500 miles away."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"# Types of Bird Migration Routes: Flyways, Patterns & Navigation (2026)",
"Every autumn, a **Bar-tailed Godwit** departs Alaska and flies nonstop for eight days across the Pacific Ocean\u2014no food, no rest, no landfall\u2014until it reaches New Zealand 7,500 miles away."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Arctic Tern",
"route": null,
"timing": "annual",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"## Key Takeaways",
"Migration patterns span **three distinct types** based on distance and predictability: long-distance migrations like the Arctic Tern\u2019s 90,000 km annual journey and [Bar-tailed Godwit](https://avianbliss.com/bird-migration-distance-by-species/)\u2018s nonstop 6,800 km Pacific crossing; short-distance movements under 1,000 km with flexible timing; and irregular irruptive migrations driven by food scarcity rather than photoperiod cues, with some populations expanding ranges by 800 kilometers during resource crashes."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"## Key Takeaways",
"Migration patterns span **three distinct types** based on distance and predictability: long-distance migrations like the Arctic Tern\u2019s 90,000 km annual journey and [Bar-tailed Godwit](https://avianbliss.com/bird-migration-distance-by-species/)\u2018s nonstop 6,800 km Pacific crossing; short-distance movements under 1,000 km with flexible timing; and irregular irruptive migrations driven by food scarcity rather than photoperiod cues, with some populations expanding ranges by 800 kilometers during resource crashes."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Arctic Tern",
"route": null,
"timing": "annually",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"### Latitudinal Migration",
"[Long-distance migration](https://avianbliss.com/do-flamingos-migrate/) routes can exceed 70,000 km annually, as documented in Arctic Terns traveling between polar regions."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"### Latitudinal Migration",
"[Long-distance migration](https://avianbliss.com/do-flamingos-migrate/) routes can exceed 70,000 km annually, as documented in Arctic Terns traveling between polar regions."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Southern Giant Hummingbird",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"### Altitudinal Migration",
"3. **Southern Giant Hummingbirds** travel 8,300 km with altitude shifts exceeding 4,100 meters"
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Western Sandpiper",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"### Pacific Flyway",
"| Key Species | Major Stopover Sites |",
"| Western Sandpiper | Fraser River Delta |"
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Sandhill Crane",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"### Pacific Flyway",
"| Key Species | Major Stopover Sites |",
"| Sandhill Crane | California\u2019s Central Valley |"
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Arctic Tern",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"### Long Distance Migration",
"- Arctic Terns complete nearly 90,000 km round trips between polar extremes, the longest migration routes documented"
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Bar-tailed Godwit",
"route": null,
"timing": "six to seven days",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"### Long Distance Migration",
"- Bar-tailed Godwits fly nonstop for roughly 6,800 km across the Pacific in single-leg crossings lasting six to seven days"
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"### Long Distance Migration",
"- Bar-tailed Godwits fly nonstop for roughly 6,800 km across the Pacific in single-leg crossings lasting six to seven days"
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Blackpoll Warbler",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"### Long Distance Migration",
"- Blackpoll Warblers undertake 2,000-mile transatlantic flights, steering through open ocean despite their diminutive size"
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Hudsonian Godwit",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"### Long Distance Migration",
"- Hudsonian Godwits now arrive six days later than a decade ago, reflecting climate-induced migration timing shifts"
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Amur falcon",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"### East Asia East Africa Flyway",
"You\u2019ll discover migration routes where bird tracking reveals the **Amur falcon\u2019s remarkable 22,000-kilometer roundtrip**\u2014crossing the Indian Ocean with precision that climate impact increasingly threatens."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://audubon.org/news/these-mighty-birds-connect-people-across-pacific-ocean-every-year",
"title": "These Mighty Birds Connect People Across the Pacific Ocean Every Year",
"birds": [
{
"species": "Bar-tailed Godwit",
"route": null,
"timing": "spring",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# These Mighty Birds Connect People Across the Pacific Ocean Every Year",
"**Migratory Birds and Polynesian Culture**",
"A classic example is the [Bar-tailed Godwit](https://www.audubon.org/field-guide/bird/bar-tailed-godwit), which migrates more than [7,000 miles over the Pacific Ocean](https://www.audubon.org/news/the-bar-tailed-godwits-annual-migration-utterly-astounding) from New Zealand to Alaska."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"# These Mighty Birds Connect People Across the Pacific Ocean Every Year",
"**Migratory Birds and Polynesian Culture**",
"The return of the *kuaka* signifies the beginning of spring, and they are viewed as harbingers of good fortune."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Pacific Golden-Plover",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# These Mighty Birds Connect People Across the Pacific Ocean Every Year",
"**Migratory Birds and Polynesian Culture**",
"Another migratory bird connecting Asia and North America, the [Pacific Golden-Plover](https://www.audubon.org/field-guide/bird/pacific-golden-plover) routinely covers more than [2,000 miles in a single nonstop flight](https://www.audubon.org/field-guide/bird/pacific-golden-plover) from Alaska to the Pacific Islands."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://birdlife.org/news/2026/07/29/koshi-tappus-vital-role-in-the-central-asian-flyway",
"title": "Koshi Tappu\u2019s Vital Role in the Central Asian Flyway - BirdLife International",
"birds": [
{
"species": "Bar-headed Goose",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# Koshi Tappu\u2019s Vital Role in the Central Asian Flyway",
"The role of Key Biodiversity Areas for the Pallas's Fish-eagle and Bar-headed Goose across the Central Asian Flyway."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Pallas\u2019s Fish-eagle",
"route": null,
"timing": "non-breeding season",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# Koshi Tappu\u2019s Vital Role in the Central Asian Flyway",
"The role of Key Biodiversity Areas for the Pallas's Fish-eagle and Bar-headed Goose across the Central Asian Flyway."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"# Koshi Tappu\u2019s Vital Role in the Central Asian Flyway",
"This high-altitude traveller, which reaches altitudes exceeding 6,000, breeds in northern India, Bangladesh, Myanmar, and Bhutan, dispersing north of the Himalayas to Kazakhstan, Russia and Mongolia in its non-breeding season."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://aussieanimals.com/environment/east-asian-australasian-flyway",
"title": "The East Asian-Australasian Flyway - Birds' Greatest Route",
"birds": [
{
"species": "bar-tailed godwit",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"From frozen tundra in Russia and Alaska to the tidal flats of northern Australia, the East Asian-Australasian Flyway carries more than 50 million waterbirds across 22 countries each year \u2013 and it is in serious trouble.",
"Picture a bar-tailed godwit on a Siberian tundra in June."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Asian Dowitcher",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"The Asian Dowitcher, for example, was thought to number around 14,000 individuals in 2016.",
"The 2022 revised EAAF population estimate sits at 28,000 \u2013 a figure driven not by population growth, but by improved knowledge of where these birds actually stage."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Red-necked Stint",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"The Red-necked Stint \u2013 one of the smallest long-distance migrants, weighing barely 25 grams \u2013 has a flyway population now estimated at 600,000, up from 475,000 in previous assessments due to improved monitoring coverage."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Curlew Sandpiper",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"The Curlew Sandpiper, once estimated at 135,000 across the flyway, is now placed at 120,000 \u2013 and those numbers are believed to be continuing to fall."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Far Eastern Curlew",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"The Far Eastern Curlew \u2013 the largest migratory shorebird in the world \u2013 holds steady at an estimated 35,000 birds."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Channel-billed Cuckoo",
"route": null,
"timing": "annually",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"Channel Billed Cuckoo Australias Largest Parasitic Bird",
"Australia\u2019s largest cuckoo, the Channel-billed Cuckoo, migrates annually from New Guinea to Australia, traveling over 3,000 kilometers while relying exclusively on other birds to raise its young."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"Channel Billed Cuckoo Australias Largest Parasitic Bird",
"Australia\u2019s largest cuckoo, the Channel-billed Cuckoo, migrates annually from New Guinea to Australia, traveling over 3,000 kilometers while relying exclusively on other birds to raise its young."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://birdlife.org/news/2021/11/10/how-were-saving-wader-wonderlands-from-destruction",
"title": "How we\u2019re saving wader wonderlands from destruction across the world - BirdLife International",
"birds": [
{
"species": "Semipalmated Sandpiper",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"In the Americas, up to 1.3 million migratory shorebirds gather in Suriname and the Bay of Panama, as do 1.1 million in Alaska\u2019s Copper River Delta.",
"Despite a 68% decline from 1982\u20132005, perhaps two million [Semipalmated Sandpipers](http://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/semipalmated-sandpiper-calidris-pusilla) (Near Threatened) \u2013 three-quarters of the world total \u2013 assemble in Canada\u2019s Bay of Fundy, drawn by seasonally high densities of crustaceans that fuel a 3,000-km non-stop flight to South America."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Broad-billed Sandpiper",
"route": null,
"timing": "southbound autumn",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"On Ukraine\u2019s Black Sea coast, Sivash provides the key stopover point for [Broad-billed Sandpiper](http://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/broad-billed-sandpiper-calidris-falcinellus): almost one-third of its western population may pause there.",
"Research into the body fat levels of this stripy-headed wader suggests that southbound autumn migrants take migration to the wire, building up just enough fat to travel 1,300 km non-stop from Poland\u2019s Baltic coast to Sivash."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"Research into the body fat levels of this stripy-headed wader suggests that southbound autumn migrants take migration to the wire, building up just enough fat to travel 1,300 km non-stop from Poland\u2019s Baltic coast to Sivash."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Red Knot",
"route": null,
"timing": "spring",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"One eighth of the world population of the closely-related [Red Knot](http://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/red-knot-calidris-canutus) (Near Threatened) uses the same flyway, so these birds run a similar gauntlet.",
"But it is the subspecies *rufa*, journeying along the eastern seaboard of the Americas from the Arctic to Tierra del Fuego, that has most dramatically suffered unintended consequences of human enterprise."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"Red Knots have long timed their spring arrival to feast on Horseshoe Crab eggs."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://birdlife.org/worldwide/news/birdlife%E2%80%99s-history-objects-12-migratory-birds-eye-view-world",
"title": "BirdLife\u2019s History in Objects, #12: A Migratory Bird's-Eye View of the World",
"birds": [
{
"species": "Arctic Tern",
"route": null,
"timing": "every year",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"22 Jun 2012 BirdLife\u2019s History in Objects, #12: A Migratory Bird's-Eye View of the World",
"That is the migration that Arctic Terns Sterna paradisaea make every year."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"22 Jun 2012 BirdLife\u2019s History in Objects, #12: A Migratory Bird's-Eye View of the World",
"That is the migration that Arctic Terns Sterna paradisaea make every year."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://birdlife.org/news/2025/05/10/explore-global-flyways-this-world-migratory-bird-day",
"title": "Explore Global Flyways this World Migratory Bird Day - BirdLife International",
"birds": [
{
"species": "Peregrine Falcon",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# Explore Global Flyways this World Migratory Bird Day",
"**East Asian-Australasian Flyway**",
"One species along this flyway is the [Peregrine Falcon](https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/peregrine-falcon-falco-peregrinus) \u2013 the fastest animal on the planet, reaching speeds of over 300 km/h!"
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Greylag Goose",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# Explore Global Flyways this World Migratory Bird Day",
"**Central Asian Flyway**",
"A common migrant along the [Central Asia](https://datazone.birdlife.org/flyway/factsheet/central-asia-flyway)[n flyway](https://datazone.birdlife.org/flyway/factsheet/central-asia-flyway) is the [Greylag Goose](https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/greylag-goose-anser-anser)."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "White Stork",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# Explore Global Flyways this World Migratory Bird Day",
"**African-Eurasian Flyway**",
"With its graceful flight and noble presence, the [White Stork](https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/white-stork-ciconia-ciconia) features prominently in Indigenous and local narratives, often known as a \u2018bringer of life\u2019."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Red Knot",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# Explore Global Flyways this World Migratory Bird Day",
"**Americas Flyway**",
"More than 70 species in this flyway are globally threatened or Near Threatened, including [Red Knot](https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/red-knot-calidris-canutus)."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://birdlife.org/news/2023/05/12/world-migratory-bird-day",
"title": "BirdLife International Celebrates World Migratory Bird Day! - BirdLife International",
"birds": [
{
"species": "White Stork",
"route": null,
"timing": "every spring",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# BirdLife International Celebrates World Migratory Bird Day!",
"**African-Eurasian Flyway**",
"Flying from Southern Africa all the way to Northern Europe every spring, beautiful birds such as the Swift, Swallow, Honey-Buzzard and White Stork migrate along the African-Eurasian flyway.",
"Hunting, collisions and habitat loss are just a few of the threats facing birds on this journey as illustrated by this [White Storks flight for survival](https://www.birdlife.org/news/2023/05/12/flight-for-survival-the-story-of-migration/)."
],
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"timing_evidence": [
"# BirdLife International Celebrates World Migratory Bird Day!",
"**African-Eurasian Flyway**",
"Flying from Southern Africa all the way to Northern Europe every spring, beautiful birds such as the Swift, Swallow, Honey-Buzzard and White Stork migrate along the African-Eurasian flyway."
],
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"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Buff-breasted Sandpiper",
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"timing": null,
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"distinction": null,
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"# BirdLife International Celebrates World Migratory Bird Day!",
"**Americas Flyways**",
"The Buff-breasted Sandpiper is a mighty little migrant that depends on America\u2019s Flyways.",
"Breeding as far north as Alaska, this long-distance migrant spends its non-breeding season as far south as Argentina."
],
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"timing_evidence": null,
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},
{
"species": "Heuglin\u2019s Gull",
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"timing": null,
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"distinction": null,
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"# BirdLife International Celebrates World Migratory Bird Day!",
"**Central Asian Flyway**",
"Meet Megha! Megha is a champion satellite tagged Heuglin\u2019s Gull and his third trip to Arctic had just begun along the Central Asian Flyway.",
"Megha is one of our most impressive satellite tagged birds, collecting data for the 757th consecutive day by today, which is the longest period of transmission by any bird.",
"After a rejuvenating three-day respite along the familiar Gujarat Coast, Megha finally departed the Indian Ocean on May 8th."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://birdlife.org/worldwide/news/world-failing-protect-its-migratory-birds",
"title": "World failing to protect its migratory birds",
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{
"species": "Bar-tailed Godwit",
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"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"World failing to protect its migratory birds",
"Remarkable journeys",
"Co-author Dr James Watson of CEED and UQ explains that these birds undertake remarkable journeys navigating across land and sea to find refuge as the seasons change, from endurance flights exceeding 10,000 kilometres by Bar-tailed Godwits to the annual relay of Arctic Terns, which fly the equivalent of the distance to the moon and back three times during their lives."
],
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"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Arctic Tern",
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"distinction": null,
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"Remarkable journeys",
"Co-author Dr James Watson of CEED and UQ explains that these birds undertake remarkable journeys navigating across land and sea to find refuge as the seasons change, from endurance flights exceeding 10,000 kilometres by Bar-tailed Godwits to the annual relay of Arctic Terns, which fly the equivalent of the distance to the moon and back three times during their lives."
],
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"timing_evidence": [
"World failing to protect its migratory birds",
"Remarkable journeys",
"Co-author Dr James Watson of CEED and UQ explains that these birds undertake remarkable journeys navigating across land and sea to find refuge as the seasons change, from endurance flights exceeding 10,000 kilometres by Bar-tailed Godwits to the annual relay of Arctic Terns, which fly the equivalent of the distance to the moon and back three times during their lives."
],
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},
{
"species": "Sooty Shearwater",
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"timing": null,
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"distinction": null,
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"World failing to protect its migratory birds",
"Remarkable journeys",
"Other examples include the Sooty Shearwater which flies 64,000 kilometres from the Falkland Islands/Islas Malvinas to the Arctic, and the tiny Blackpoll Warbler, which flies for three days non-stop across open-ocean from eastern Canada to South America."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Blackpoll Warbler",
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"timing": null,
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"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"World failing to protect its migratory birds",
"Remarkable journeys",
"Other examples include the Sooty Shearwater which flies 64,000 kilometres from the Falkland Islands/Islas Malvinas to the Arctic, and the tiny Blackpoll Warbler, which flies for three days non-stop across open-ocean from eastern Canada to South America."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Red-spectacled Amazon",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
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"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"World failing to protect its migratory birds",
"\u201cFor example, the Red-spectacled Amazon\u2014a migratory parrot of Brazil\u2014is threatened by habitat loss,\u201d says Dr Stuart Butchart, Head of Science at BirdLife International and a co-author of the study."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://audubon.org/news/see-millions-places-migrating-birds-have-gone-one-gif",
"title": "See the Millions of Places Migrating Birds Have Gone\u2014in One Gif",
"birds": null
},
{
"url": "https://avianbliss.com/mapping-global-bird-migration-routes",
"title": "Mapping Global Bird Migration Routes: Technology & Conservation",
"birds": [
{
"species": "bar-tailed godwit",
"route": null,
"timing": "autumn",
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"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# Mapping Global Bird Migration Routes: Technology & Conservation (2026)",
"Notable Species and Their Unique Routes",
"Every autumn, a **bar-tailed godwit** measuring less than sixteen inches embarks on an **eleven-thousand-kilometer nonstop flight** from Alaska to New Zealand, traversing the Pacific Ocean without rest, food, or water\u2014a feat documented through satellite tracking devices weighing mere grams that revolutionized our understanding of avian endurance and navigational precision."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"# Mapping Global Bird Migration Routes: Technology & Conservation (2026)",
"Notable Species and Their Unique Routes",
"Every autumn, a **bar-tailed godwit** measuring less than sixteen inches embarks on an **eleven-thousand-kilometer nonstop flight** from Alaska to New Zealand, traversing the Pacific Ocean without rest, food, or water\u2014a feat documented through satellite tracking devices weighing mere grams that revolutionized our understanding of avian endurance and navigational precision."
],
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"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Arctic tern",
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"distinction": null,
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"# Mapping Global Bird Migration Routes: Technology & Conservation (2026)",
"Notable Species and Their Unique Routes",
"You\u2019ll encounter hero species whose migratory behavior reveals remarkable route optimization and avian navigation across flyways spanning hemispheres, with Arctic terns traversing approximately 25,000 miles annually between polar regions, bar-tailed godwits completing non-stop Pacific crossings of 9,000 kilometers, monarch butterflies steering multi-generational chains covering 3,000 miles to Mexican overwintering sites, ruby-throated hummingbirds crossing the Gulf of Mexico in single oceanic legs, and blackpoll warblers migrating from boreal Canada to Amazonian basins, each demonstrating species adaptation through distinct migration routes and bird migration patterns that inform conservation priorities for migratory birds globally."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"# Mapping Global Bird Migration Routes: Technology & Conservation (2026)",
"Notable Species and Their Unique Routes",
"You\u2019ll encounter hero species whose migratory behavior reveals remarkable route optimization and avian navigation across flyways spanning hemispheres, with Arctic terns traversing approximately 25,000 miles annually between polar regions, bar-tailed godwits completing non-stop Pacific crossings of 9,000 kilometers, monarch butterflies steering multi-generational chains covering 3,000 miles to Mexican overwintering sites, ruby-throated hummingbirds crossing the Gulf of Mexico in single oceanic legs, and blackpoll warblers migrating from boreal Canada to Amazonian basins, each demonstrating species adaptation through distinct migration routes and bird migration patterns that inform conservation priorities for migratory birds globally."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "bar-tailed godwit",
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"# Mapping Global Bird Migration Routes: Technology & Conservation (2026)",
"Notable Species and Their Unique Routes",
"You\u2019ll encounter hero species whose migratory behavior reveals remarkable route optimization and avian navigation across flyways spanning hemispheres, with Arctic terns traversing approximately 25,000 miles annually between polar regions, bar-tailed godwits completing non-stop Pacific crossings of 9,000 kilometers, monarch butterflies steering multi-generational chains covering 3,000 miles to Mexican overwintering sites, ruby-throated hummingbirds crossing the Gulf of Mexico in single oceanic legs, and blackpoll warblers migrating from boreal Canada to Amazonian basins, each demonstrating species adaptation through distinct migration routes and bird migration patterns that inform conservation priorities for migratory birds globally."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "ruby-throated hummingbird",
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"distinction": null,
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"# Mapping Global Bird Migration Routes: Technology & Conservation (2026)",
"Notable Species and Their Unique Routes",
"You\u2019ll encounter hero species whose migratory behavior reveals remarkable route optimization and avian navigation across flyways spanning hemispheres, with Arctic terns traversing approximately 25,000 miles annually between polar regions, bar-tailed godwits completing non-stop Pacific crossings of 9,000 kilometers, monarch butterflies steering multi-generational chains covering 3,000 miles to Mexican overwintering sites, ruby-throated hummingbirds crossing the Gulf of Mexico in single oceanic legs, and blackpoll warblers migrating from boreal Canada to Amazonian basins, each demonstrating species adaptation through distinct migration routes and bird migration patterns that inform conservation priorities for migratory birds globally."
],
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"timing_evidence": null,
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"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "blackpoll warbler",
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"distinction": null,
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"# Mapping Global Bird Migration Routes: Technology & Conservation (2026)",
"Notable Species and Their Unique Routes",
"You\u2019ll encounter hero species whose migratory behavior reveals remarkable route optimization and avian navigation across flyways spanning hemispheres, with Arctic terns traversing approximately 25,000 miles annually between polar regions, bar-tailed godwits completing non-stop Pacific crossings of 9,000 kilometers, monarch butterflies steering multi-generational chains covering 3,000 miles to Mexican overwintering sites, ruby-throated hummingbirds crossing the Gulf of Mexico in single oceanic legs, and blackpoll warblers migrating from boreal Canada to Amazonian basins, each demonstrating species adaptation through distinct migration routes and bird migration patterns that inform conservation priorities for migratory birds globally."
],
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"timing_evidence": null,
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},
{
"species": "Arctic Tern",
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"distinction": null,
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"# Mapping Global Bird Migration Routes: Technology & Conservation (2026)",
"Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)",
"You\u2019ll find the **Arctic Tern** leads among long distance flyers, covering approximately **44,000 miles annually** between Arctic breeding grounds and Antarctic wintering areas, with individual migration patterns occasionally reaching 60,000 miles during complete annual journeys."
],
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"timing_evidence": [
"# Mapping Global Bird Migration Routes: Technology & Conservation (2026)",
"Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)",
"You\u2019ll find the **Arctic Tern** leads among long distance flyers, covering approximately **44,000 miles annually** between Arctic breeding grounds and Antarctic wintering areas, with individual migration patterns occasionally reaching 60,000 miles during complete annual journeys."
],
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}
]
},
{
"url": "https://birdlife.org/news/2018/06/27/migration-marathons-7-unbelievable-bird-journeys",
"title": "Migration marathons: 7 bird journeys - BirdLife",
"birds": [
{
"species": "Bar-headed Goose",
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"distinction": null,
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"# Migration Marathons: 7 unbelievable bird journeys",
"**Species: Bar-headed Goose [*Anser indicus*](http://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/bar-headed-goose-anser-indicus)**"
],
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"timing_evidence": null,
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},
{
"species": "Great Snipe",
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"distinction": null,
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"# Migration Marathons: 7 unbelievable bird journeys",
"**Species: Great Snipe [*Gallinago media*](http://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/great-snipe-gallinago-media)**"
],
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"# Migration Marathons: 7 unbelievable bird journeys",
"The unlikely winner of the fastest long-haul flight would be the Great Snipe \u2014 surprising given how plump it can get before its winter migration."
],
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},
{
"species": "Bar-tailed Godwit",
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"# Migration Marathons: 7 unbelievable bird journeys",
"**Bar-tailed Godwit* [Limosa lapponica](http://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/bar-tailed-godwit-limosa-lapponica)***"
],
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},
{
"species": "Red Knot",
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"# Migration Marathons: 7 unbelievable bird journeys",
"**Species: Red Knot *[Calidris canutus](http://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/red-knot-calidris-canutus)***"
],
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},
{
"species": "Ad\u00e9lie Penguin",
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"distinction": null,
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"# Migration Marathons: 7 unbelievable bird journeys",
"**Species: Ad\u00e9lie Penguin [*Pygoscelis adeliae*](http://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/adelie-penguin-pygoscelis-adeliae)**"
],
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"# Migration Marathons: 7 unbelievable bird journeys",
"During the winter, the sun doesn\u2019t rise south of the Antarctic Circle \u2014 a challenge to these penguins, who need to have access to the sea to feed on krill."
],
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"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Short-tailed Shearwater",
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"distinction": null,
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"# Migration Marathons: 7 unbelievable bird journeys",
"**Short-tailed Shearwater [*Ardenna tenuirostris*](http://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/short-tailed-shearwater-ardenna-tenuirostris)**"
],
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"# Migration Marathons: 7 unbelievable bird journeys",
"Also known as the Tasmanian Muttonbird, this globetrotter migrates every year from its breeding grounds in Tasmania and southern Australia to Kamchatka in the Russian Far East, to then continue on to the Aleutian Islands in Alaska, then circle around the Pacific Ocean and travel back along the western coast of North America."
],
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},
{
"species": "Arctic Tern",
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"distinction": null,
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"# Migration Marathons: 7 unbelievable bird journeys",
"**Species: Arctic Tern [*Sterna paradisaea*](http://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/arctic-tern-sterna-paradisaea)**"
],
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"# Migration Marathons: 7 unbelievable bird journeys",
"By far the longest migration known in the animal kingdom, this medium-sized bird travels 90,000 km (55,923 mi) from pole to pole every year \u2014 from Greenland in the North to the Weddell Sea in the South."
],
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}
]
},
{
"url": "https://audubon.org/magazine/brief-history-of-how-scientists-have-learned-about-bird-migration",
"title": "A Brief History of How Scientists Have Learned About Bird Migration",
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{
"species": "Bar-tailed Godwit",
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"# A Brief History of How Scientists Have Learned About Bird Migration",
"A satellite transmitter implanted in a Bar-tailed Godwit dubbed \u201cE7\u201d tracks the bird\u2019s astonishing nonstop 7,000-mile migration from Alaska to New Zealand over the open water of the Pacific Ocean\u2014\u201cthe equivalent,\u201d according to a USGS [press release](https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2007/09/070915131205.htm), \u201cof making a roundtrip flight between New York and San Francisco, and then flying back again to San Francisco without ever touching down.\u201d"
],
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},
{
"species": "Blackpoll Warbler",
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],
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],
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}
]
},
{
"url": "https://manomet.org/publication/a-new-atlas-maps-the-invisible-journeys-of-migratory-birds-across-the-americas",
"title": "A New Atlas Maps the Invisible Journeys of Migratory Birds Across the Americas - Manomet Conservation Sciences",
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{
"species": "Cerulean Warbler",
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"species_evidence": [
"Among species of migratory birds covered in the Atlas are some of the most iconic and ecologically important migrants of the hemisphere, including:",
"- [**Cerulean Warbler**](https://www.google.com/search?q=cerulean+warbler&num=10&sca_esv=9246bc9b7addcc13&rlz=1C5CHFA_enCA883US884&udm=2&sxsrf=ANbL-n5Sd1wuMOcy_R1Jsyp29cjPe_f-jw:1774537588168&source=lnt&tbs=sur:cl&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjSgtXU672TAxVYnpUCHSGjG1IQpwV6BAgFEB0&biw=1368&bih=747&dpr=2.5) (*Setophaga cerulea*), a Near Threatened forest songbird whose breeding habitat continues to shrink and fragment."
],
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}
]
},
{
"url": "https://audubon.org/magazine/these-5-birds-are-all-winners-migration-olympics",
"title": "These 5 Birds Are All Winners in the Migration Olympics",
"birds": [
{
"species": "Scripps's Murrelet",
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"timing": "After nesting, adults and their flightless young quickly leave their nesting islands, heading west and north in a post-breeding dispersal, arriving at their wintering grounds in the waters off central California almost entirely by sea.",
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"distinction": null,
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"These 5 Birds Are All Winners in the Migration Olympics",
"However, that is precisely what the Scripps's Murrelet does off the west coast of North America.",
"Just smaller than an American Robin, the black-and-white Scripps's Murrelet is one of the world's southernmost species of alcids, breeding on islands from southern California to central Baja California, Mexico."
],
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"After nesting, adults and their flightless young quickly leave their nesting islands, heading west and north in a post-breeding dispersal, arriving at their wintering grounds in the waters off central California almost entirely by sea."
],
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"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Bar-tailed Godwit",
"route": null,
"timing": "Currently, the world record holder is a juvenile Bar-tailed Godwit, \u201cB6,\u201d that in October 2022, flew more than 8,435 miles nonstop in 11 days, from Alaska, where it was born, to Tasmania, Australia.",
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"distinction": null,
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"These 5 Birds Are All Winners in the Migration Olympics",
"Migrating in a single leap, the Bar-tailed Godwit consistently holds the record for the longest nonstop avian migration, flying thousands of miles from Alaska, where they breed, to New Zealand and Australia, where they spend their non-breeding season keeping warm."
],
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"timing_evidence": [
"These 5 Birds Are All Winners in the Migration Olympics",
"Currently, the world record holder is a juvenile Bar-tailed Godwit, \u201cB6,\u201d that in October 2022, flew more than 8,435 miles nonstop in 11 days, from Alaska, where it was born, to Tasmania, Australia."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Whimbrel",
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"distinction": null,
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"These 5 Birds Are All Winners in the Migration Olympics",
"One bird that exemplifies this is the Whimbrel, a large shorebird found worldwide."
],
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"These 5 Birds Are All Winners in the Migration Olympics",
"In North America, it breeds in portions of Canada and Alaska and migrates as far south as southern South America each year."
],
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"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Arctic Tern",
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"timing": "Breeding circumpolar in the Arctic and sub-Arctic, this tenacious species migrates to spend its non-breeding season around the pack ice in Antarctica.",
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"distinction": null,
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"These 5 Birds Are All Winners in the Migration Olympics",
"During migration, there is one undisputed marathon gold medalist year after year\u2014the Arctic Tern."
],
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"timing_evidence": [
"These 5 Birds Are All Winners in the Migration Olympics",
"Breeding circumpolar in the Arctic and sub-Arctic, this tenacious species migrates to spend its non-breeding season around the pack ice in Antarctica."
],
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"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://wwt.org.uk/discover-wetlands/blog/migration-record-breakers",
"title": "Migration record breakers",
"birds": [
{
"species": "bar-tailed godwit",
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"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"Here are just some of the species pushing the limits of what\u2019s possible while migrating from their wintering to breeding grounds and back.",
"The bar-tailed godwit population in the western Pacific migrate from their breeding grounds in Alaska and the Russian far east down to Australia and New Zealand; some making a non-stop flight of 11,000km!"
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Arctic tern",
"route": null,
"timing": "every year",
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"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"Here are just some of the species pushing the limits of what\u2019s possible while migrating from their wintering to breeding grounds and back.",
"Although it\u2019s known as the Arctic tern, this dainty seabird actually spends half its life at the opposite end of the planet, in the Southern Ocean."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"Here are just some of the species pushing the limits of what\u2019s possible while migrating from their wintering to breeding grounds and back.",
"Although it\u2019s known as the Arctic tern, this dainty seabird actually spends half its life at the opposite end of the planet, in the Southern Ocean.",
"The ultimate sun chaser, it migrates 35,000 km (22,000 miles) from pole to pole every year2, to escape the worst of the winter weather."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "pink footed geese",
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"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"Here are just some of the species pushing the limits of what\u2019s possible while migrating from their wintering to breeding grounds and back.",
"We\u2019re not sure about how certain this one is, but pink footed geese are extremely loud, and with around 5000 of them wintering at Martin Mere3, they\u2019re impossible to miss and one of the most iconic winter wetland wildlife sights to see as they come in to roost from the surrounding wetlands as the sun sets."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "bar-headed goose",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"Here are just some of the species pushing the limits of what\u2019s possible while migrating from their wintering to breeding grounds and back.",
"The bold bar-headed goose has a reputation as the highest flyer - going where few dare."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "great snipe",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"Here are just some of the species pushing the limits of what\u2019s possible while migrating from their wintering to breeding grounds and back.",
"Yet the great snipe is a relentless traveler, covering more distance in less time than any other bird measured."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "East Canadian High Arctic light-bellied brent goose",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"Here are just some of the species pushing the limits of what\u2019s possible while migrating from their wintering to breeding grounds and back.",
"The East Canadian High Arctic light-bellied brent goose is arguably the toughest (and long named) of all the migratory waterbirds to arrive in the UK."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "coot",
"route": null,
"timing": "over winter",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"Here are just some of the species pushing the limits of what\u2019s possible while migrating from their wintering to breeding grounds and back.",
"You might not believe it when watching them run clumsily across a pond, or flapping furiously in an attempt to get airborne, but the unassuming coot does migrate \u2013 numbers swell in the UK over winter as more mud-hens arrive from countries like Sweden, Denmark and Finland."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"Here are just some of the species pushing the limits of what\u2019s possible while migrating from their wintering to breeding grounds and back.",
"You might not believe it when watching them run clumsily across a pond, or flapping furiously in an attempt to get airborne, but the unassuming coot does migrate \u2013 numbers swell in the UK over winter as more mud-hens arrive from countries like Sweden, Denmark and Finland."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://birdlife.org/globalflyways",
"title": "Global flyways - BirdLife International",
"birds": [
{
"species": "White Stork",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"Soaring across migration routes called flyways, like super highways in the sky, billions of birds cross deserts, mountains and oceans during migration.",
"#### **Hero Species**",
"Introducing the White Stork: Known as the bringer of life, hope and good fortune, these majestic birds love people and create huge nests on trees, poles or rooftops!"
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Bar-headed Goose",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"Soaring across migration routes called flyways, like super highways in the sky, billions of birds cross deserts, mountains and oceans during migration.",
"#### **Hero Species**",
"With striking black stripes and a bright yellow beak, the Bar-headed Goose is an impressive migratory bird."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Spoon-billed Sandpiper",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"Soaring across migration routes called flyways, like super highways in the sky, billions of birds cross deserts, mountains and oceans during migration.",
"#### **Hero Species**",
"The Spoon-billed Sandpiper is a gorgeous wader, so named for its uniquely shaped beak specially designed for feeding on marine invertebrates."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Rufous Hummingbird",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"Soaring across migration routes called flyways, like super highways in the sky, billions of birds cross deserts, mountains and oceans during migration.",
"#### **Hero Species**",
"The Rufous Hummingbird is a small but mighty migrant."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://audubon.org/magazine/ask-kenn-do-migrating-birds-take-same-routes-spring-and-fall",
"title": "Ask Kenn: Do Migrating Birds Take the Same Routes in Spring and Fall?",
"birds": [
{
"species": "Blackpoll Warbler",
"route": null,
"timing": "winter in South America, and in spring they come north through the Caribbean and Florida",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# Ask Kenn: Do Migrating Birds Take the Same Routes in Spring and Fall?",
"But the Blackpoll Warbler provides the most spectacular example of this seasonal shift, and it\u2019s easy to see if we look at data from Florida."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"# Ask Kenn: Do Migrating Birds Take the Same Routes in Spring and Fall?",
"Blackpoll Warblers spend the winter in South America, and in spring they come north through the Caribbean and Florida before spreading out to their huge breeding range, which extends all across the boreal forest."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://wwt.org.uk/news-and-stories/blog/migration-record-breakers",
"title": "Migration record breakers",
"birds": [
{
"species": "bar-tailed godwit",
"route": null,
"timing": "summer increasing their body fat to sustain them for the arduous journey",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"Bird migration is a death-defying feat, but some birds have turned this yearly event into something of an extreme sport.",
"The bar-tailed godwit population in the western Pacific migrate from their breeding grounds in Alaska and the Russian far east down to Australia and New Zealand; some making a non-stop flight of 11,000km!"
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"Bird migration is a death-defying feat, but some birds have turned this yearly event into something of an extreme sport.",
"They\u2019re able to do this because they spend the summer increasing their body fat to sustain them for the arduous journey."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Arctic tern",
"route": null,
"timing": "every year",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"Bird migration is a death-defying feat, but some birds have turned this yearly event into something of an extreme sport.",
"Although it\u2019s known as the Arctic tern, this dainty seabird actually spends half its life at the opposite end of the planet, in the Southern Ocean."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"Bird migration is a death-defying feat, but some birds have turned this yearly event into something of an extreme sport.",
"The ultimate sun chaser, it migrates 35,000 km (22,000 miles) from pole to pole every year2, to escape the worst of the winter weather."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "pink footed geese",
"route": null,
"timing": "winter",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"Bird migration is a death-defying feat, but some birds have turned this yearly event into something of an extreme sport.",
"We\u2019re not sure about how certain this one is, but pink footed geese are extremely loud, and with around 5000 of them wintering at Martin Mere3, they\u2019re impossible to miss and one of the most iconic winter wetland wildlife sights to see as they come in to roost from the surrounding wetlands as the sun sets."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"Bird migration is a death-defying feat, but some birds have turned this yearly event into something of an extreme sport.",
"We\u2019re not sure about how certain this one is, but pink footed geese are extremely loud, and with around 5000 of them wintering at Martin Mere3, they\u2019re impossible to miss and one of the most iconic winter wetland wildlife sights to see as they come in to roost from the surrounding wetlands as the sun sets."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "bar-headed goose",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"Bird migration is a death-defying feat, but some birds have turned this yearly event into something of an extreme sport.",
"The bold bar-headed goose has a reputation as the highest flyer - going where few dare."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "great snipe",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"Bird migration is a death-defying feat, but some birds have turned this yearly event into something of an extreme sport.",
"Yet the great snipe is a relentless traveler, covering more distance in less time than any other bird measured."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "East Canadian High Arctic light-bellied brent goose",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"Bird migration is a death-defying feat, but some birds have turned this yearly event into something of an extreme sport.",
"The East Canadian High Arctic light-bellied brent goose is arguably the toughest (and long named) of all the migratory waterbirds to arrive in the UK."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "coot",
"route": null,
"timing": "over winter",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"Bird migration is a death-defying feat, but some birds have turned this yearly event into something of an extreme sport.",
"You might not believe it when watching them run clumsily across a pond, or flapping furiously in an attempt to get airborne, but the unassuming coot does migrate \u2013 numbers swell in the UK over winter as more mud-hens arrive from countries like Sweden, Denmark and Finland."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"Bird migration is a death-defying feat, but some birds have turned this yearly event into something of an extreme sport.",
"You might not believe it when watching them run clumsily across a pond, or flapping furiously in an attempt to get airborne, but the unassuming coot does migrate \u2013 numbers swell in the UK over winter as more mud-hens arrive from countries like Sweden, Denmark and Finland."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://www.birdlife.org/news/2018/06/27/migration-marathons-7-unbelievable-bird-journeys/",
"title": "Migration marathons: 7 bird journeys - BirdLife",
"birds": [
{
"species": "Bar-headed Goose",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"Migration Marathons: 7 unbelievable bird journeys",
"**Species: Bar-headed Goose [*Anser indicus*](http://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/bar-headed-goose-anser-indicus)**"
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Great Snipe",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"Migration Marathons: 7 unbelievable bird journeys",
"**Species: Great Snipe [*Gallinago media*](http://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/great-snipe-gallinago-media)**"
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Bar-tailed Godwit",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"Migration Marathons: 7 unbelievable bird journeys",
"**Bar-tailed Godwit* [Limosa lapponica](http://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/bar-tailed-godwit-limosa-lapponica)***"
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Red Knot",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"Migration Marathons: 7 unbelievable bird journeys",
"**Species: Red Knot *[Calidris canutus](http://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/red-knot-calidris-canutus)***"
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Ad\u00e9lie Penguin",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"Migration Marathons: 7 unbelievable bird journeys",
"**Species: Ad\u00e9lie Penguin [*Pygoscelis adeliae*](http://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/adelie-penguin-pygoscelis-adeliae)**"
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Short-tailed Shearwater",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"Migration Marathons: 7 unbelievable bird journeys",
"**Short-tailed Shearwater [*Ardenna tenuirostris*](http://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/short-tailed-shearwater-ardenna-tenuirostris)**"
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Arctic Tern",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"Migration Marathons: 7 unbelievable bird journeys",
"**Species: Arctic Tern [*Sterna paradisaea*](http://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/arctic-tern-sterna-paradisaea)**"
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://storymaps.arcgis.com/stories/a569e35dcf204f1aad72cac3fb4b6bab",
"title": "Aerial odysseys: bird migration in the Americas",
"birds": [
{
"species": "American Golden-Plover",
"route": null,
"timing": "spent the northern winter",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# Aerial odysseys: bird migration in the Americas",
"**Example Atlantic migrant: American Golden-Plover**"
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"# Aerial odysseys: bird migration in the Americas",
"**Example Atlantic migrant: American Golden-Plover**",
"The plover made a multi-day non-stop crossing of the Atlantic Ocean before flying across Brazil, ending up in Argentina where it spent the northern winter."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Tree Swallow",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# Aerial odysseys: bird migration in the Americas",
"**Example Mississippi migrant: Tree Swallow**"
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Swainson's Hawk",
"route": null,
"timing": "northern winter",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# Aerial odysseys: bird migration in the Americas",
"**Example Central migrant: Swainson's Hawk**"
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"# Aerial odysseys: bird migration in the Americas",
"**Example Central migrant: Swainson's Hawk**",
"This individual, which we profile in greater detail below, spent the summer in Idaho before flying south via the River of Raptors in Mexico to spend the northern winter on the Pampas of Argentina."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Short-eared Owl",
"route": null,
"timing": "winter",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# Aerial odysseys: bird migration in the Americas",
"**Example Pacific migrant: Short-eared Owl**"
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"# Aerial odysseys: bird migration in the Americas",
"**Example Pacific migrant: Short-eared Owl**",
"A raptor of open tundra and grasslands, it flew south along the Coast and Cascade Ranges to spend winter in the Central Valley of California."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://birdlife.org/news/2022/05/14/why-do-birds-migrate-a-tale-of-myths-threats-and-conservation",
"title": "Why do birds migrate? A tale of myths, threats and conservation - BirdLife International",
"birds": [
{
"species": "Arctic Tern",
"route": null,
"timing": "twice a year",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"On World Migratory Bird Day, we celebrate one of nature\u2019s greatest wonders \u2013 bird migration.",
"A vast range of birds undertake migratory journeys, including such well-travelled species as Arctic Tern, which ventures from pole to pole twice a year, and Bar-tailed Godwit which, incredibly, can fly non-stop from Alaska to New Zealand in as little as 11 days!"
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"On World Migratory Bird Day, we celebrate one of nature\u2019s greatest wonders \u2013 bird migration.",
"A vast range of birds undertake migratory journeys, including such well-travelled species as Arctic Tern, which ventures from pole to pole twice a year, and Bar-tailed Godwit which, incredibly, can fly non-stop from Alaska to New Zealand in as little as 11 days!"
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Bar-tailed Godwit",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"On World Migratory Bird Day, we celebrate one of nature\u2019s greatest wonders \u2013 bird migration.",
"A vast range of birds undertake migratory journeys, including such well-travelled species as Arctic Tern, which ventures from pole to pole twice a year, and Bar-tailed Godwit which, incredibly, can fly non-stop from Alaska to New Zealand in as little as 11 days!"
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "White Storks",
"route": null,
"timing": "south for the winter ... back north to breed in the spring",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"On World Migratory Bird Day, we celebrate one of nature\u2019s greatest wonders \u2013 bird migration.",
"Once ready to set off, the journey typically takes birds south for the winter where food is more abundant, then back north to breed in the spring.",
"White Storks move from Northern Europe to spend the winter in the south of Spain or even further south to Southern Sudan or Eastern Chad, where swarms of insects after the rainy season is a welcome feast."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"On World Migratory Bird Day, we celebrate one of nature\u2019s greatest wonders \u2013 bird migration.",
"Once ready to set off, the journey typically takes birds south for the winter where food is more abundant, then back north to breed in the spring.",
"White Storks move from Northern Europe to spend the winter in the south of Spain or even further south to Southern Sudan or Eastern Chad, where swarms of insects after the rainy season is a welcome feast."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Spoon-billed Sandpiper",
"route": null,
"timing": "breeds in May",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"On World Migratory Bird Day, we celebrate one of nature\u2019s greatest wonders \u2013 bird migration.",
"Over in Russia, the Spoon-billed Sandpiper breeds in May before travelling through China and Thailand to winter in the Gulf of Mottama in Myanmar, a diverse wetland that supports 50% of all Spoon-billed Sandpipers."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"On World Migratory Bird Day, we celebrate one of nature\u2019s greatest wonders \u2013 bird migration.",
"Over in Russia, the Spoon-billed Sandpiper breeds in May before travelling through China and Thailand to winter in the Gulf of Mottama in Myanmar, a diverse wetland that supports 50% of all Spoon-billed Sandpipers."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://audubon.org/magazine/bird-migration-explorer-lets-you-interact-natures-most-amazing-feat",
"title": "The Bird Migration Explorer Lets You Interact With Nature\u2019s Most Amazing Feat",
"birds": [
{
"species": "American White Pelican",
"route": null,
"timing": "throughout the year",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# The Bird Migration Explorer Lets You Interact With Nature\u2019s Most Amazing Feat",
"### **Explore by Species**",
"Enter \u201cAmerican White Pelican,\u201d for instance, and the platform will generate an interactive version of the map above that tracks the bird throughout its annual cycle."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"# The Bird Migration Explorer Lets You Interact With Nature\u2019s Most Amazing Feat",
"### **Explore by Species**",
"On the platform homepage, simply click the \u201cBird Species\u201d button, type a common name into the search field, and you\u2019ll launch a deep dive into where the species travels throughout the year and the challenges it encounters."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://wwt.org.uk/discover-wetlands/blog/how-do-migrating-birds-know-where-to-go",
"title": "How do migrating birds know where to go?",
"birds": [
{
"species": "red knot",
"route": null,
"timing": "More than 10,000 years ago",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# How do migrating birds know where to go?",
"More than 10,000 years ago, red knot in Canada followed the melt from the Ice Age to the British Isles."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"# How do migrating birds know where to go?",
"More than 10,000 years ago, red knot in Canada followed the melt from the Ice Age to the British Isles."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "common cuckoo",
"route": null,
"timing": "spring / summer",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"### To loop or not?",
"Many birds, like the common cuckoo, follow the same route north to their breeding grounds in the spring as they followed when heading back to Africa the summer before."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"### To loop or not?",
"Many birds, like the common cuckoo, follow the same route north to their breeding grounds in the spring as they followed when heading back to Africa the summer before."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "sand martin",
"route": null,
"timing": "autumn",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"### To loop or not?",
"Others like the sand martin follow a loop migration, with two distinctly different routes to and from their breeding grounds."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"### To loop or not?",
"In the autumn it flies south over the western Mediterranean, passing to the west of the Alps, but returns back via the eastern Mediterranean passing to the east of the Alps."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://wiki.nsacct.org/article/which-bird-can-fly-the-longest-distance-migration-champions-revealed",
"title": "Which Bird Can Fly the Longest Distance? Migration Champions Revealed",
"birds": [
{
"species": "Arctic Tern",
"route": null,
"timing": "Up to 11 months in the air each year",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"Which Bird Can Fly the Longest Distance? Migration Champions Revealed",
"This article compares several champion long-distance flyers, highlights Arctic Tern migration patterns, and explains the physical and behavioral traits that enable such journeys.",
"| Arctic Tern | 71,000 | Breeding in Arctic to Antarctic and back | Up to 11 months in the air each year |"
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"Which Bird Can Fly the Longest Distance? Migration Champions Revealed",
"This article compares several champion long-distance flyers, highlights Arctic Tern migration patterns, and explains the physical and behavioral traits that enable such journeys.",
"| Arctic Tern | 71,000 | Breeding in Arctic to Antarctic and back | Up to 11 months in the air each year |"
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Bar-tailed Godwit",
"route": null,
"timing": "Up to 11 days",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"Which Bird Can Fly the Longest Distance? Migration Champions Revealed",
"This article compares several champion long-distance flyers, highlights Arctic Tern migration patterns, and explains the physical and behavioral traits that enable such journeys.",
"| Bar-tailed Godwit | 13,500 | Alaska to New Zealand nonstop | Up to 11 days |"
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"Which Bird Can Fly the Longest Distance? Migration Champions Revealed",
"This article compares several champion long-distance flyers, highlights Arctic Tern migration patterns, and explains the physical and behavioral traits that enable such journeys.",
"| Bar-tailed Godwit | 13,500 | Alaska to New Zealand nonstop | Up to 11 days |"
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Common Swift",
"route": null,
"timing": "Months on the wing with minimal landing",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"Which Bird Can Fly the Longest Distance? Migration Champions Revealed",
"This article compares several champion long-distance flyers, highlights Arctic Tern migration patterns, and explains the physical and behavioral traits that enable such journeys.",
"| Common Swift | 10,000 | Europe to sub-Saharan Africa and back | Months on the wing with minimal landing |"
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"Which Bird Can Fly the Longest Distance? Migration Champions Revealed",
"This article compares several champion long-distance flyers, highlights Arctic Tern migration patterns, and explains the physical and behavioral traits that enable such journeys.",
"| Common Swift | 10,000 | Europe to sub-Saharan Africa and back | Months on the wing with minimal landing |"
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Sooty Shearwater",
"route": null,
"timing": "Continuous travel across ocean basins",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"Which Bird Can Fly the Longest Distance? Migration Champions Revealed",
"This article compares several champion long-distance flyers, highlights Arctic Tern migration patterns, and explains the physical and behavioral traits that enable such journeys.",
"| Sooty Shearwater | 64,000 | Circumpolar migration from New Zealand to Alaska | Continuous travel across ocean basins |"
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"Which Bird Can Fly the Longest Distance? Migration Champions Revealed",
"This article compares several champion long-distance flyers, highlights Arctic Tern migration patterns, and explains the physical and behavioral traits that enable such journeys.",
"| Sooty Shearwater | 64,000 | Circumpolar migration from New Zealand to Alaska | Continuous travel across ocean basins |"
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Migrating_bird",
"title": "Bird migration",
"birds": [
{
"species": "Arctic tern",
"route": "Moving from its Arctic breeding grounds to the Antarctic non-breeding areas, travelling not just the length of the Atlantic Ocean and the width of the Indian Ocean, but also half way across the South Pacific to the boundary between the Ross and Amundsen Seas before returning back west along the Antarctic coast and back up the Atlantic.",
"timing": null,
"distance_km": "96,000",
"distinction": "Has the longest-distance migration of any bird and sees more daylight than any other.",
"species_evidence": [
"Bird migration is a seasonal movement of some birds between breeding and wintering grounds that occurs twice a year.",
"The Arctic tern Sterna paradisaea has the longest-distance migration of any bird, and sees more daylight than any other, moving from its Arctic breeding grounds to the Antarctic non-breeding areas."
],
"route_evidence": [
"Bird migration is a seasonal movement of some birds between breeding and wintering grounds that occurs twice a year.",
"The Arctic tern Sterna paradisaea has the longest-distance migration of any bird, and sees more daylight than any other, moving from its Arctic breeding grounds to the Antarctic non-breeding areas."
],
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": [
"Bird migration is a seasonal movement of some birds between breeding and wintering grounds that occurs twice a year.",
"The Arctic tern Sterna paradisaea has the longest-distance migration of any bird, and sees more daylight than any other, moving from its Arctic breeding grounds to the Antarctic non-breeding areas."
],
"distinction_evidence": [
"Bird migration is a seasonal movement of some birds between breeding and wintering grounds that occurs twice a year.",
"The Arctic tern Sterna paradisaea has the longest-distance migration of any bird, and sees more daylight than any other, moving from its Arctic breeding grounds to the Antarctic non-breeding areas."
]
},
{
"species": "sooty shearwater",
"route": "Between the breeding colony on the Falkland Islands and the North Atlantic Ocean off Norway.",
"timing": null,
"distance_km": "14,000",
"distinction": "Nests on the Falkland Islands and migrates to the North Atlantic Ocean off Norway.",
"species_evidence": [
"Bird migration is a seasonal movement of some birds between breeding and wintering grounds that occurs twice a year.",
"sooty shearwaters Puffinus griseus nesting on the Falkland Islands migrate 14,000\u00a0km (7,600\u00a0nmi) between the breeding colony and the North Atlantic Ocean off Norway."
],
"route_evidence": [
"Bird migration is a seasonal movement of some birds between breeding and wintering grounds that occurs twice a year.",
"sooty shearwaters Puffinus griseus nesting on the Falkland Islands migrate 14,000\u00a0km (7,600\u00a0nmi) between the breeding colony and the North Atlantic Ocean off Norway."
],
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": [
"Bird migration is a seasonal movement of some birds between breeding and wintering grounds that occurs twice a year.",
"Some species of tubenoses, such as albatrosses, circle the Earth, flying over the southern oceans, while others such as Manx shearwaters migrate 14,000\u00a0km (8,700\u00a0mi) between their northern breeding grounds and the Southern Ocean.",
"sooty shearwaters Puffinus griseus nesting on the Falkland Islands migrate 14,000\u00a0km (7,600\u00a0nmi) between the breeding colony and the North Atlantic Ocean off Norway."
],
"distinction_evidence": [
"Bird migration is a seasonal movement of some birds between breeding and wintering grounds that occurs twice a year.",
"sooty shearwaters Puffinus griseus nesting on the Falkland Islands migrate 14,000\u00a0km (7,600\u00a0nmi) between the breeding colony and the North Atlantic Ocean off Norway."
]
},
{
"species": "bar-tailed godwit",
"route": "From Alaska to their New Zealand non-breeding areas.",
"timing": null,
"distance_km": "11,000",
"distinction": "Has the longest known non-stop flight of any migrant.",
"species_evidence": [
"Bird migration is a seasonal movement of some birds between breeding and wintering grounds that occurs twice a year.",
"Some bar-tailed godwits Limosa lapponica baueri have the longest known non-stop flight of any migrant, flying 11,000 km from Alaska to their New Zealand non-breeding areas."
],
"route_evidence": [
"Bird migration is a seasonal movement of some birds between breeding and wintering grounds that occurs twice a year.",
"Some bar-tailed godwits Limosa lapponica baueri have the longest known non-stop flight of any migrant, flying 11,000 km from Alaska to their New Zealand non-breeding areas."
],
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": [
"Bird migration is a seasonal movement of some birds between breeding and wintering grounds that occurs twice a year.",
"Some bar-tailed godwits Limosa lapponica baueri have the longest known non-stop flight of any migrant, flying 11,000 km from Alaska to their New Zealand non-breeding areas."
],
"distinction_evidence": [
"Bird migration is a seasonal movement of some birds between breeding and wintering grounds that occurs twice a year.",
"Some bar-tailed godwits Limosa lapponica baueri have the longest known non-stop flight of any migrant, flying 11,000 km from Alaska to their New Zealand non-breeding areas."
]
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://audubon.org/magazine/fall-migration-hot-spots",
"title": "Fall Migration Hot Spots",
"birds": [
{
"species": "Wilson's phalaropes",
"route": null,
"timing": "after nesting",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# Fall Migration Hot Spots",
"As many as 500,000 Wilson\u2019s phalaropes and 1.5 million eared grebes\u2014or a third of their North American populations\u2014come here after nesting to spend weeks or even months putting on weight and molting their feathers before they continue south."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"# Fall Migration Hot Spots",
"As many as 500,000 Wilson\u2019s phalaropes and 1.5 million eared grebes\u2014or a third of their North American populations\u2014come here after nesting to spend weeks or even months putting on weight and molting their feathers before they continue south."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "eared grebes",
"route": null,
"timing": "after nesting",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# Fall Migration Hot Spots",
"As many as 500,000 Wilson\u2019s phalaropes and 1.5 million eared grebes\u2014or a third of their North American populations\u2014come here after nesting to spend weeks or even months putting on weight and molting their feathers before they continue south."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"# Fall Migration Hot Spots",
"As many as 500,000 Wilson\u2019s phalaropes and 1.5 million eared grebes\u2014or a third of their North American populations\u2014come here after nesting to spend weeks or even months putting on weight and molting their feathers before they continue south."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Buller's shearwaters",
"route": null,
"timing": "during the fall",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# Fall Migration Hot Spots",
"Buller\u2019s shearwaters from New Zealand, pink-footed shearwaters from Chile, and millions of sooty shearwaters from throughout the southern oceans all migrate to California\u2019s offshore waters."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"# Fall Migration Hot Spots",
"On Monterey Bay during the fall, they cross paths with parasitic jaegers and Sabine\u2019s gulls that nest in the high Arctic and migrate to southern oceans, with black-footed albatrosses that nest in Hawaii and range throughout the north Pacific, and with a variety of other long-distance champions."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "pink-footed shearwaters",
"route": null,
"timing": "during the fall",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# Fall Migration Hot Spots",
"Buller\u2019s shearwaters from New Zealand, pink-footed shearwaters from Chile, and millions of sooty shearwaters from throughout the southern oceans all migrate to California\u2019s offshore waters."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"# Fall Migration Hot Spots",
"On Monterey Bay during the fall, they cross paths with parasitic jaegers and Sabine\u2019s gulls that nest in the high Arctic and migrate to southern oceans, with black-footed albatrosses that nest in Hawaii and range throughout the north Pacific, and with a variety of other long-distance champions."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "sooty shearwaters",
"route": null,
"timing": "during the fall",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# Fall Migration Hot Spots",
"Buller\u2019s shearwaters from New Zealand, pink-footed shearwaters from Chile, and millions of sooty shearwaters from throughout the southern oceans all migrate to California\u2019s offshore waters."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"# Fall Migration Hot Spots",
"On Monterey Bay during the fall, they cross paths with parasitic jaegers and Sabine\u2019s gulls that nest in the high Arctic and migrate to southern oceans, with black-footed albatrosses that nest in Hawaii and range throughout the north Pacific, and with a variety of other long-distance champions."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "parasitic jaegers",
"route": null,
"timing": "during the fall",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# Fall Migration Hot Spots",
"On Monterey Bay during the fall, they cross paths with parasitic jaegers and Sabine\u2019s gulls that nest in the high Arctic and migrate to southern oceans, with black-footed albatrosses that nest in Hawaii and range throughout the north Pacific, and with a variety of other long-distance champions."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"# Fall Migration Hot Spots",
"On Monterey Bay during the fall, they cross paths with parasitic jaegers and Sabine\u2019s gulls that nest in the high Arctic and migrate to southern oceans, with black-footed albatrosses that nest in Hawaii and range throughout the north Pacific, and with a variety of other long-distance champions."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Sabine's gulls",
"route": null,
"timing": "during the fall",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# Fall Migration Hot Spots",
"On Monterey Bay during the fall, they cross paths with parasitic jaegers and Sabine\u2019s gulls that nest in the high Arctic and migrate to southern oceans, with black-footed albatrosses that nest in Hawaii and range throughout the north Pacific, and with a variety of other long-distance champions."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"# Fall Migration Hot Spots",
"On Monterey Bay during the fall, they cross paths with parasitic jaegers and Sabine\u2019s gulls that nest in the high Arctic and migrate to southern oceans, with black-footed albatrosses that nest in Hawaii and range throughout the north Pacific, and with a variety of other long-distance champions."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "black-footed albatrosses",
"route": null,
"timing": "during the fall",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# Fall Migration Hot Spots",
"On Monterey Bay during the fall, they cross paths with parasitic jaegers and Sabine\u2019s gulls that nest in the high Arctic and migrate to southern oceans, with black-footed albatrosses that nest in Hawaii and range throughout the north Pacific, and with a variety of other long-distance champions."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"# Fall Migration Hot Spots",
"On Monterey Bay during the fall, they cross paths with parasitic jaegers and Sabine\u2019s gulls that nest in the high Arctic and migrate to southern oceans, with black-footed albatrosses that nest in Hawaii and range throughout the north Pacific, and with a variety of other long-distance champions."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://wwt.org.uk/discover-wetlands/blog/which-birds-migrate-to-the-uk-in-spring",
"title": "Which wetland birds migrate to the UK in spring?",
"birds": [
{
"species": "Osprey",
"route": null,
"timing": "arrive back in the UK from late March onwards; females start the return migration in late August, followed by males and then the young",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"Here are just a few intrepid world travellers that you might encounter flying over up and down the country.",
"### Osprey"
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"Ospreys start to arrive back in the UK from late March onwards.",
"In late August females start the return migration, followed by males and then the young.",
"### Osprey"
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Common cuckoo",
"route": null,
"timing": "arriving back to the UK in late April; leave the UK during June",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"Here are just a few intrepid world travellers that you might encounter flying over up and down the country.",
"### Common cuckoo"
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"Cuckoos are fascinating birds, arriving back to the UK in late April with the aim of parasitising other birds' nests!",
"Most leave the UK during June to winter in the forests of Congo.",
"### Common cuckoo"
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Willow warbler",
"route": null,
"timing": "arrives here in April and leaves for southern Africa in September",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"Here are just a few intrepid world travellers that you might encounter flying over up and down the country.",
"### Willow warbler"
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"It arrives here in April and leaves for southern Africa in September.",
"### Willow warbler"
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Arctic tern",
"route": null,
"timing": "leaves its breeding grounds between July and early October and migrates along the coasts of north-west Europe and Africa, eventually reaching the Antarctic between October and December",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"Here are just a few intrepid world travellers that you might encounter flying over up and down the country.",
"### Arctic tern"
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"The arctic tern leaves its breeding grounds between July and early October and migrates along the coasts of north-west Europe and Africa, eventually reaching the Antarctic between October and December.",
"### Arctic tern"
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Common scoter",
"route": null,
"timing": "overwinter in the ice-free waters near where they breed",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"Here are just a few intrepid world travellers that you might encounter flying over up and down the country.",
"### Common scoter"
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"A few of these small, coal-feathered diving sea ducks overwinter in the ice-free waters near where they breed but the rest migrate here.",
"### Common scoter"
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Yellow wagtail",
"route": null,
"timing": "arrives in the UK from early April",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"Here are just a few intrepid world travellers that you might encounter flying over up and down the country.",
"### Yellow wagtail"
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"The yellow wagtail is a summer visitor.",
"It arrives in the UK from early April and spends its time breeding on wet pastures and upland hay meadows, before leaving our shores to fly south to winter in West Africa.",
"### Yellow wagtail"
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Sand martin",
"route": null,
"timing": "arriving from mid-March onwards",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"Here are just a few intrepid world travellers that you might encounter flying over up and down the country.",
"### Sand martin"
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"The sand martin is a common visitor to the UK over the summer month and is one of the first to appear, arriving from mid-March onwards, although latecomers are still turning up in June.",
"### Sand martin"
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Sedge warbler",
"route": null,
"timing": "spends its summers in our reed beds",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"Here are just a few intrepid world travellers that you might encounter flying over up and down the country.",
"### Sedge warbler"
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"The Sedge warbler spends its summers in our reed beds, where post-breeding it feasts on its superfood of choice, an ultra-sugary invertebrate called the plum-reed aphid.",
"### Sedge warbler"
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Reed warbler",
"route": null,
"timing": "arrives back in the UK from mid-April onwards",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"Here are just a few intrepid world travellers that you might encounter flying over up and down the country.",
"### Reed warbler"
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"It arrives back in the UK from mid-April onwards to breed, with the largest concentrations in the lowland wetlands of East Anglia and along the south coast where it can be found almost exclusively in reedbeds.",
"### Reed warbler"
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Hobby",
"route": null,
"timing": "Spring arrivals back in the UK peak between mid-April and mid-May",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"Here are just a few intrepid world travellers that you might encounter flying over up and down the country.",
"### Hobby"
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"Spring arrivals back in the UK peak between mid-April and mid-May, and the agile hobby can be seen on its way catching insects like dragonflies in mid-air!",
"### Hobby"
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://raptors.cms.int/sites/default/files/document/Doc_08_Add2_Geographic_Scope_0.pdf",
"title": "Microsoft Word - Doc_08_Add2_Geographic_Scope.doc",
"birds": [
{
"species": "Amur Falcon",
"route": null,
"timing": "over-winters",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"GEOGRAPHIC SCOPE: PROPOSED AGREEMENT AREA",
"1 For practical reasons, this excludes countries outside the Palearctic that the Amur Falcon Falco amurensis passes through \non migration.",
"This species breeds in south-eastern Siberia and Northern China, and over-winters in Southern Africa."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"GEOGRAPHIC SCOPE: PROPOSED AGREEMENT AREA",
"1 For practical reasons, this excludes countries outside the Palearctic that the Amur Falcon Falco amurensis passes through \non migration.",
"This species breeds in south-eastern Siberia and Northern China, and over-winters in Southern Africa."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://animalsaroundtheglobe.com/the-worlds-longest-bird-migrations-mind-blowing-journeys-7-327386",
"title": "The World\u2019s Longest Bird Migrations \u2014 Mind-Blowing Journeys",
"birds": [
{
"species": "Arctic tern",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"The World\u2019s Longest Bird Migrations \u2014 Mind-Blowing Journeys",
"The Arctic tern (Sterna paradisaea) holds the undisputed title for the longest migration of any animal on Earth."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "bar-tailed godwit",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"The World\u2019s Longest Bird Migrations \u2014 Mind-Blowing Journeys",
"The bar-tailed godwit (Limosa lapponica) performs what might be the most physically demanding journey of any migratory bird."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "ruby-throated hummingbird",
"route": null,
"timing": "biannual migration",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"The World\u2019s Longest Bird Migrations \u2014 Mind-Blowing Journeys",
"Despite weighing less than a penny (about 3-4 grams), the ruby-throated hummingbird (Archilochus colubris) performs one of the most impressive migrations relative to body size."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"The World\u2019s Longest Bird Migrations \u2014 Mind-Blowing Journeys",
"These tiny iridescent birds fly non-stop across the Gulf of Mexico during their biannual migration between North America and Central America."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "wandering albatross",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"The World\u2019s Longest Bird Migrations \u2014 Mind-Blowing Journeys",
"The wandering albatross (Diomedea exulans) lives up to its name with one of the most extensive migrations in the bird world."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "northern wheatear",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"The World\u2019s Longest Bird Migrations \u2014 Mind-Blowing Journeys",
"The northern wheatear (Oenanthe oenanthe) may appear unassuming with its sandy-brown plumage and black mask, but this small songbird weighing just 25 grams undertakes one of the most impressive transcontinental migrations."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "lesser yellowlegs",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"The World\u2019s Longest Bird Migrations \u2014 Mind-Blowing Journeys",
"The lesser yellowlegs (Tringa flavipes) may not be as well-known as some other migratory birds, but its journey deserves recognition among the world\u2019s most impressive migrations."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "great knot",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"The World\u2019s Longest Bird Migrations \u2014 Mind-Blowing Journeys",
"The great knot (Calidris tenuirostris) performs one of the most grueling migrations among shorebirds, traveling from breeding grounds in northeast Siberia to wintering areas across Southeast Asia and Australia."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Eleonora\u2019s falcon",
"route": null,
"timing": "late summer and early autumn",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"The World\u2019s Longest Bird Migrations \u2014 Mind-Blowing Journeys",
"The Eleonora\u2019s falcon (Falco eleonorae) has evolved one of the most precisely timed migrations in the avian world."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"The World\u2019s Longest Bird Migrations \u2014 Mind-Blowing Journeys",
"Unlike most birds that breed in spring and summer, these elegant raptors nest in late summer and early autumn on Mediterranean islands, deliberately timing their breeding season to coincide with the fall migration of small songbirds crossing the Mediterranean Sea."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "barnacle goose",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"The World\u2019s Longest Bird Migrations \u2014 Mind-Blowing Journeys",
"The barnacle goose (Branta leucopsis) undertakes one of the most physically demanding high-altitude migrations in the bird world."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Swainson\u2019s hawk",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"The World\u2019s Longest Bird Migrations \u2014 Mind-Blowing Journeys",
"The Swainson\u2019s hawk (Buteo swainsoni) undertakes one of the longest migrations of any North American raptor, traveling from breeding grounds in western North America to wintering areas in the pampas of Argentina."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://wwt.org.uk/discover-wetlands/blog/migrations-series-how-do-birds-know-where-to-go",
"title": "How do migrating birds know where to go?",
"birds": [
{
"species": "red knot",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"The more we learn about these superhighways, the more perplexing they seem.",
"More than 10,000 years ago, red knot in Canada followed the melt from the Ice Age to the British Isles."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "common cuckoo",
"route": null,
"timing": "spring for northern route, summer before for heading back to Africa",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"Many birds, like the common cuckoo, follow the same route north to their breeding grounds in the spring as they followed when heading back to Africa the summer before."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"Many birds, like the common cuckoo, follow the same route north to their breeding grounds in the spring as they followed when heading back to Africa the summer before."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "sand martin",
"route": null,
"timing": "autumn",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"Others like the sand martin follow a loop migration, with two distinctly different routes to and from their breeding grounds."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"Others like the sand martin follow a loop migration, with two distinctly different routes to and from their breeding grounds.",
"In the autumn it flies south over the western Mediterranean, passing to the west of the Alps, but returns back via the eastern Mediterranean passing to the east of the Alps."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://birdlife.org/news/2024/09/17/online-tool-prevents-bird-collisions-in-flyways-across-the-world",
"title": "Online Tool Prevents Bird Collisions in Flyways Across the World - BirdLife International",
"birds": [
{
"species": "White Stork",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"Introducing the White Stork: Known as the bringer of life, hope and good fortune, these majestic birds love people and create huge nests on trees, poles or rooftops!",
"AFRICAN-EURASIAN FLYWAY",
"#### **Hero Species**"
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Bar-headed Goose",
"route": null,
"timing": "when the air is cooler and denser",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"With striking black stripes and a bright yellow beak, the Bar-headed Goose is an impressive migratory bird!",
"CENTRAL ASIAN FLYWAY",
"#### **Hero Species**"
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"They have special physical adaptations to survive this incredible altitude and choose specific times of day to fly when the air is cooler and denser.",
"CENTRAL ASIAN FLYWAY",
"#### **Hero Species**"
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Spoon-billed Sandpiper",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"The Spoon-billed Sandpiper is a gorgeous wader, so named for its uniquely shaped beak specially designed for feeding on marine invertebrates!",
"EAST ASIAN-AUSTRALASIAN FLYWAY",
"#### **Hero Species**"
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Rufous Hummingbird",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"The Rufous Hummingbird is a small but mighty migrant!",
"AMERICAS FLYWAY",
"#### **Hero Species**"
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://wwt.org.uk/news-and-stories/news/migrations-series-how-do-birds-know-where-to-go",
"title": "Migrations series \u2013 How do birds know where to go?",
"birds": [
{
"species": "red knot",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"6 May 2021 Migrating birds follow predictable routes.",
"More than 10,000 years ago, red knot in Canada followed the melt from the Ice Age to the British Isles."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "sand martin",
"route": null,
"timing": "autumn",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"6 May 2021 Migrating birds follow predictable routes.",
"Others like the sand martin follow a loop migration, with two distinctly different routes to and from their breeding grounds."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"6 May 2021 Migrating birds follow predictable routes.",
"In the autumn it flies south over the western Mediterranean, passing to the west of the Alps, but returns back via the eastern Mediterranean passing to the east of the Alps."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://www.quarkexpeditions.com/blog/arctic-tern-facts-worlds-longest-migratory-route",
"title": "Arctic Tern Facts: Longest Migration of Any Bird",
"birds": [
{
"species": "Arctic tern",
"route": null,
"timing": "breed in the Arctic in the summer months... travel all the way to Antarctica in the winter",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"## Where do Arctic terns live?",
"Arctic Tern migration patterns are among the most impressive in nature."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"## How far does the Arctic tern migrate?",
"According to the World Wildlife Foundation, Arctic tern migration is one of the longest migrations of any bird species on the planet."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://wwt.org.uk/wetland-centres/slimbridge/news/august-s-feathered-feature-common-tern",
"title": "August's Feathered Feature: Common Tern",
"birds": [
{
"species": "Common tern",
"route": null,
"timing": "summer",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# August's Feathered Feature: Common Tern",
"Each month, we'll be taking a deep dive into the world of one of the birds you might find at WWT Slimbridge \u2014 either in our Living Collection, or on the Reserve.",
"## *Quick-fire common tern facts:*"
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"# August's Feathered Feature: Common Tern",
"Each month, we'll be taking a deep dive into the world of one of the birds you might find at WWT Slimbridge \u2014 either in our Living Collection, or on the Reserve.",
"## *Quick-fire common tern facts:*",
"Come and see them this summer before it's too late!"
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://raptors.cms.int/node/1034",
"title": "Villagers, Scientists and Policy-Makers Unite to Conserve the Amur Falcon in Nagaland",
"birds": [
{
"species": "Amur Falcon",
"route": null,
"timing": "mid-October to mid-November each year",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"Villagers, Scientists and Policy-Makers Unite to Conserve the Amur Falcon in Nagaland",
"For many decades, Amur Falcons (*Falco amurensis*) have been known to congregate in Nagaland, northeast India for a short period from mid-October to mid-November each year."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"Villagers, Scientists and Policy-Makers Unite to Conserve the Amur Falcon in Nagaland",
"For many decades, Amur Falcons (*Falco amurensis*) have been known to congregate in Nagaland, northeast India for a short period from mid-October to mid-November each year."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://www.audubon.org/magazine/these-5-birds-are-all-winners-migration-olympics",
"title": "These 5 Birds Are All Winners in the Migration Olympics",
"birds": [
{
"species": "Scripps's Murrelet",
"route": null,
"timing": "After nesting",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# These 5 Birds Are All Winners in the Migration Olympics",
"##### **Swimming**",
"However, that is precisely what the Scripps's Murrelet does off the west coast of North America."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"# These 5 Birds Are All Winners in the Migration Olympics",
"##### **Swimming**",
"After nesting, adults and their flightless young quickly leave their nesting islands, heading west and north in a post-breeding dispersal, arriving at their wintering grounds in the waters off central California almost entirely by sea."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Bar-tailed Godwit",
"route": null,
"timing": "October 2022",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# These 5 Birds Are All Winners in the Migration Olympics",
"##### **Long Jump**",
"Migrating in a single leap, the Bar-tailed Godwit consistently holds the record for the longest nonstop avian migration, flying thousands of miles from Alaska, where they breed, to New Zealand and Australia, where they spend their non-breeding season keeping warm."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"# These 5 Birds Are All Winners in the Migration Olympics",
"##### **Long Jump**",
"Currently, the world record holder is a juvenile Bar-tailed Godwit, \u201cB6,\u201d that in October 2022, flew more than 8,435 miles nonstop in 11 days, from Alaska, where it was born, to Tasmania, Australia."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Red Knot",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# These 5 Birds Are All Winners in the Migration Olympics",
"##### **Hurdles**",
"Nevertheless, it is hard not to think of Red Knots as the champion of hurdling across the Americas."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Whimbrel",
"route": null,
"timing": "tropical storm season",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# These 5 Birds Are All Winners in the Migration Olympics",
"##### **Sprinting**",
"One bird that exemplifies this is the Whimbrel, a large shorebird found worldwide."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"# These 5 Birds Are All Winners in the Migration Olympics",
"##### **Sprinting**",
"Satellite-tracked Whimbrels migrating during tropical storm season have been clocked at top speeds of 100 miles per hour."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Arctic Tern",
"route": null,
"timing": "a single year",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# These 5 Birds Are All Winners in the Migration Olympics",
"##### **Marathon**",
"During migration, there is one undisputed marathon gold medalist year after year\u2014the Arctic Tern."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"# These 5 Birds Are All Winners in the Migration Olympics",
"##### **Marathon**",
"It is the longest annual return migration of any species, with some tracked individuals from the Netherlands logging more than 50,000 miles in a single year!"
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://raptors.cms.int/fr/node/1034",
"title": "Villagers, Scientists and Policy-Makers Unite to Conserve the Amur Falcon in Nagaland",
"birds": [
{
"species": "Amur Falcon",
"route": null,
"timing": "mid-October to mid-November each year",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"Villagers, Scientists and Policy-Makers Unite to Conserve the Amur Falcon in Nagaland",
"For many decades, Amur Falcons (*Falco amurensis*) have been known to congregate in Nagaland, northeast India for a short period from mid-October to mid-November each year."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"Villagers, Scientists and Policy-Makers Unite to Conserve the Amur Falcon in Nagaland",
"For many decades, Amur Falcons (*Falco amurensis*) have been known to congregate in Nagaland, northeast India for a short period from mid-October to mid-November each year."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://wwt.org.uk/news-and-stories/blog/migrations-series-which-birds-are-arriving-in-the-uk-in-autumn",
"title": "Top 10 migrant birds to see at WWT reserves this autumn",
"birds": [
{
"species": "Light-bellied brent goose",
"route": null,
"timing": "October",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"Here we count down some of our favourites \u2013 how many will you see?",
"### 8. Light-bellied brent goose",
"Light-bellied brent geese are the smallest goose to visit the UK and migrate the furthest, making an epic journey of more than 4,600km."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"Here we count down some of our favourites \u2013 how many will you see?",
"### 8. Light-bellied brent goose",
"Large numbers can be seen at Castle Espie during October."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Bewick\u2019s swan",
"route": null,
"timing": "Each autumn",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"Here we count down some of our favourites \u2013 how many will you see?",
"### 2. Bewick\u2019s swan",
"Each autumn the Bewick\u2019s swan makes a long, perilous migration from its breeding grounds on the Russian tundra back to the UK."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"Here we count down some of our favourites \u2013 how many will you see?",
"### 2. Bewick\u2019s swan",
"Each autumn the Bewick\u2019s swan makes a long, perilous migration from its breeding grounds on the Russian tundra back to the UK."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Whooper swan",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"Here we count down some of our favourites \u2013 how many will you see?",
"### 1. Whooper swan",
"We chose whooper swan as our number one wintering bird, as they\u2019re big, beautiful and can be seen at a spread of WWT wetlands."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://cms.int/raptors/es/news/villagers-scientists-and-policy-makers-unite-conserve-amur-falcon-nagaland",
"title": "Villagers, Scientists and Policy-Makers Unite to Conserve the Amur Falcon in Nagaland",
"birds": [
{
"species": "Amur Falcon",
"route": null,
"timing": "mid-October to mid-November each year",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"Villagers, Scientists and Policy-Makers Unite to Conserve the Amur Falcon in Nagaland Nick P. Williams",
"For many decades, Amur Falcons (Falco amurensis) have been known to congregate in Nagaland, northeast India for a short period from mid-October to mid-November each year."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"Villagers, Scientists and Policy-Makers Unite to Conserve the Amur Falcon in Nagaland Nick P. Williams",
"For many decades, Amur Falcons (Falco amurensis) have been known to congregate in Nagaland, northeast India for a short period from mid-October to mid-November each year."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arctic_tern",
"title": "Arctic tern",
"birds": [
{
"species": "Arctic tern",
"route": null,
"timing": "migrates along a convoluted route from its northern breeding grounds to the Antarctic coast for the southern summer and back again about six months later",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"The Arctic tern ( Sterna paradisaea) is a tern in the family Laridae.",
"## Distribution and migration",
"The Arctic tern has a continuous worldwide circumpolar breeding distribution; there are no accepted subspecies."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"The species is strongly migratory, seeing two summers each year as it migrates along a convoluted route from its northern breeding grounds to the Antarctic coast for the southern summer and back again about six months later.",
"## Distribution and migration",
"The Arctic tern has a continuous worldwide circumpolar breeding distribution; there are no accepted subspecies."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://raptors.cms.int/news/cms-office-abu-dhabi-decade-achievements-4",
"title": "CMS Office - Abu Dhabi : A Decade of Achievements",
"birds": [
{
"species": "Amur Falcon",
"route": null,
"timing": "autumn",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# CMS Office - Abu Dhabi : A Decade of Achievements",
"### Protecting the Amur Falcon Through Community Engagement",
"the Amur Falcon Through Community Engagement\n\n**Abu Dhabi, December 2019** - The [Amur Falcon](https://www.cms.int/en/species/falco-amurensis) is one of nature\u2019s most prolific travelers."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"# CMS Office - Abu Dhabi : A Decade of Achievements",
"### Protecting the Amur Falcon Through Community Engagement",
"They can spend up to a month there every autumn, consuming prodigious amounts of insects to gain the energy necessary for their immense onward journey to Africa."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://wwt.org.uk/discover-wetlands/blog/the-great-migration-flyway-home",
"title": "The great migration: flyway home",
"birds": [
{
"species": "whooper swan",
"route": null,
"timing": "winter",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# The great migration: flyway home",
"The whooper swan from Iceland, which will touch down at Caerlaverock and many other WWT centres for winter, completes the longest sea crossing of any swan species \u2013 flying up to 1,400km without stopping."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"# The great migration: flyway home",
"The whooper swan from Iceland, which will touch down at Caerlaverock and many other WWT centres for winter, completes the longest sea crossing of any swan species \u2013 flying up to 1,400km without stopping."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://raptors.cms.int/sites/default/files/document/Doc.13.4_Amur%20Falcon.pdf",
"title": "Amur Falcon Conservation Initiative in Northeast India",
"birds": [
{
"species": "Amur Falcon",
"route": null,
"timing": "October \u2013 November (Stop-over), April - May (Stop-over)",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"Third Meeting of Signatories to the Raptors MOU, Dubai, 3-6 July 2023",
"Amur Falcon Conservation Initiative in",
"\u2022 To support conservation efforts to reduce and \nultimately eradicate the harvesting of Amur \nFalcons in northeast India",
"Northeast India \u2013 Migration Gateway for Amur Falcons"
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"Third Meeting of Signatories to the Raptors MOU, Dubai, 3-6 July 2023",
"Migration Stop-over",
"(October \u2013 November)",
"(April - May)"
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Amur Falcons",
"route": null,
"timing": "October \u2013 November (Stop-over), April - May (Stop-over)",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"Third Meeting of Signatories to the Raptors MOU, Dubai, 3-6 July 2023",
"Amur Falcon Conservation Initiative in",
"\u2022 To support conservation efforts to reduce and \nultimately eradicate the harvesting of Amur \nFalcons in northeast India",
"Northeast India \u2013 Migration Gateway for Amur Falcons"
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"Third Meeting of Signatories to the Raptors MOU, Dubai, 3-6 July 2023",
"Migration Stop-over",
"(October \u2013 November)",
"(April - May)"
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "falcons",
"route": null,
"timing": "October \u2013 November (Stop-over), April - May (Stop-over)",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"Third Meeting of Signatories to the Raptors MOU, Dubai, 3-6 July 2023",
"Satellite tracking of \nAmur Falcons",
"Tagged falcons either \npassed through or \nstopped over in 23 \ncountries during \nmigration including India"
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"Third Meeting of Signatories to the Raptors MOU, Dubai, 3-6 July 2023",
"Migration Stop-over",
"(October \u2013 November)",
"(April - May)"
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "migrating birds",
"route": "between India and Somalia and on their return",
"timing": "October \u2013 November (Stop-over), April - May (Stop-over)",
"distance_km": "6000",
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"Third Meeting of Signatories to the Raptors MOU, Dubai, 3-6 July 2023",
"Wind assisted flights\u2026",
"foremost importance to affect \nmigrating birds\u2019 optimal flying \nspeed and altitude, and optimal \nmigratory routes"
],
"route_evidence": [
"Third Meeting of Signatories to the Raptors MOU, Dubai, 3-6 July 2023",
"Wind assisted flights\u2026",
"Undertook non-stop \nmigration of close to \n6000 km on migration \nbetween India and \nSomalia and on their \nreturn"
],
"timing_evidence": [
"Third Meeting of Signatories to the Raptors MOU, Dubai, 3-6 July 2023",
"Migration Stop-over",
"(October \u2013 November)",
"(April - May)"
],
"distance_km_evidence": [
"Third Meeting of Signatories to the Raptors MOU, Dubai, 3-6 July 2023",
"Wind assisted flights\u2026",
"Undertook non-stop \nmigration of close to \n6000 km on migration \nbetween India and \nSomalia and on their \nreturn"
],
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bar-tailed_godwit",
"title": "Bar-tailed godwit",
"birds": [
{
"species": "bar-tailed godwit",
"route": null,
"timing": "Northern Hemisphere summer in the Arctic, where they breed, and make a long-distance migration south in winter to more temperate areas",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"Bar-tailed godwit",
"## Distribution and migration",
"All bar-tailed godwits spend the Northern Hemisphere summer in the Arctic, where they breed, and make a long-distance migration south in winter to more temperate areas."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"All bar-tailed godwits spend the Northern Hemisphere summer in the Arctic, where they breed, and make a long-distance migration south in winter to more temperate areas.",
"## Distribution and migration"
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://www.birdlife.org/globalflyways/",
"title": "Global flyways - BirdLife International",
"birds": [
{
"species": "White Stork",
"route": null,
"timing": "every year",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"Introducing the White Stork: Known as the bringer of life, hope and good fortune, these majestic birds love people and create huge nests on trees, poles or rooftops!",
"#### **Hero Species**",
"#### **AFRICAN-EURASIAN FLYWAY**"
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"After this painstaking effort, these birds make sure to return to their nests every year.",
"#### **Hero Species**",
"#### **AFRICAN-EURASIAN FLYWAY**"
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Bar-headed Goose",
"route": null,
"timing": "specific times of day to fly when the air is cooler and denser",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"With striking black stripes and a bright yellow beak, the Bar-headed Goose is an impressive migratory bird.",
"#### **Hero Species**",
"#### **CENTRAL ASIAN FLYWAY**"
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"They have special physical adaptations to survive this incredible altitude and choose specific times of day to fly when the air is cooler and denser.",
"#### **Hero Species**",
"#### **CENTRAL ASIAN FLYWAY**"
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Spoon-billed Sandpiper",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"The Spoon-billed Sandpiper is a gorgeous wader, so named for its uniquely shaped beak specially designed for feeding on marine invertebrates.",
"#### **Hero Species**",
"#### **EAST ASIAN-AUSTRALASIAN FLYWAY**"
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Rufous Hummingbird",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"The Rufous Hummingbird is a small but mighty migrant.",
"#### **Hero Species**",
"#### **AMERICAS FLYWAY**"
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://wwt.org.uk/wetland-centres/washington/news/migratory-birds-and-where-to-see-them",
"title": "Migratory birds and where to see them!",
"birds": [
{
"species": "sand martin",
"route": null,
"timing": "arriving in the UK from April",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"At this time of year, birds are migrating from their wintering grounds all over the world, heading back to their summer breeding grounds throughout the UK.",
"*Sand martin, swallows* and *amber-listed house martins* travel up to 8000 miles from their over-wintering grounds in Africa, arriving in the UK from April."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"At this time of year, birds are migrating from their wintering grounds all over the world, heading back to their summer breeding grounds throughout the UK.",
"*Sand martin, swallows* and *amber-listed house martins* travel up to 8000 miles from their over-wintering grounds in Africa, arriving in the UK from April."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "swallows",
"route": null,
"timing": "arriving in the UK from April",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"At this time of year, birds are migrating from their wintering grounds all over the world, heading back to their summer breeding grounds throughout the UK.",
"*Sand martin, swallows* and *amber-listed house martins* travel up to 8000 miles from their over-wintering grounds in Africa, arriving in the UK from April."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"At this time of year, birds are migrating from their wintering grounds all over the world, heading back to their summer breeding grounds throughout the UK.",
"*Sand martin, swallows* and *amber-listed house martins* travel up to 8000 miles from their over-wintering grounds in Africa, arriving in the UK from April."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "house martins",
"route": null,
"timing": "arriving in the UK from April",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"At this time of year, birds are migrating from their wintering grounds all over the world, heading back to their summer breeding grounds throughout the UK.",
"*Sand martin, swallows* and *amber-listed house martins* travel up to 8000 miles from their over-wintering grounds in Africa, arriving in the UK from April."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"At this time of year, birds are migrating from their wintering grounds all over the world, heading back to their summer breeding grounds throughout the UK.",
"*Sand martin, swallows* and *amber-listed house martins* travel up to 8000 miles from their over-wintering grounds in Africa, arriving in the UK from April."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "avocet",
"route": null,
"timing": "late February",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"At this time of year, birds are migrating from their wintering grounds all over the world, heading back to their summer breeding grounds throughout the UK.",
"*Avocet* arrive from late February to the shores of *Wader Lake*."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"At this time of year, birds are migrating from their wintering grounds all over the world, heading back to their summer breeding grounds throughout the UK.",
"*Avocet* arrive from late February to the shores of *Wader Lake*."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "common tern",
"route": null,
"timing": "April",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"At this time of year, birds are migrating from their wintering grounds all over the world, heading back to their summer breeding grounds throughout the UK.",
"A boisterous colony of amber-listed c*ommon tern* lands in April, travelling from the subarctic regions of Europe, Asia and North America to *Wader Lake*."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"At this time of year, birds are migrating from their wintering grounds all over the world, heading back to their summer breeding grounds throughout the UK.",
"A boisterous colony of amber-listed c*ommon tern* lands in April, travelling from the subarctic regions of Europe, Asia and North America to *Wader Lake*."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "ringed plover",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"At this time of year, birds are migrating from their wintering grounds all over the world, heading back to their summer breeding grounds throughout the UK.",
"*Ringed plovers* and their smaller cousins *little-ringed plovers* begin their migration journey in East Africa and the Eastern Mediterranean."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "little-ringed plover",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"At this time of year, birds are migrating from their wintering grounds all over the world, heading back to their summer breeding grounds throughout the UK.",
"*Ringed plovers* and their smaller cousins *little-ringed plovers* begin their migration journey in East Africa and the Eastern Mediterranean."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://raptors.cms.int/sites/default/files/amur_falcons_nagaland_11_2013.pdf",
"title": "Villagers, scientists and policy-makers unite to conserve the Amur Falcon in Nagaland",
"birds": [
{
"species": "Amur Falcon",
"route": null,
"timing": "mid-October to mid-November each year",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"Villagers, Scientists and Policy-Makers Unite to Conserve the Amur Falcon in Nagaland",
"For many decades, Amur Falcons (Falco amurensis) have been known to congregate in Nagaland, \nnortheast India for a short period from mid-October to mid-November each year."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"Villagers, Scientists and Policy-Makers Unite to Conserve the Amur Falcon in Nagaland",
"For many decades, Amur Falcons (Falco amurensis) have been known to congregate in Nagaland, \nnortheast India for a short period from mid-October to mid-November each year."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://goodnewsnetwork.org/bar-tailed-godwit-makes-the-longest-non-stop-migration",
"title": "Bird Sets New Record for Longest Bird Migration \u2013 7,500 Miles Without Making a Single Stop",
"birds": [
{
"species": "bar-tailed godwit",
"route": null,
"timing": "late-summer (return journey in March)",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"Every time you see a bird, there is a chance you may be looking at the greatest marathon athletes in the world; particularly if you live near mudflats in the U.S. state of Alaska in late-summer, and happen upon a bar-tailed godwit.",
"These little shorebirds were recently found to travel 7,500 miles (12,000 kilometers) in an eye-watering, lung-busting non-stop flight of 11 days from Alaska to the Firth of Thames near Auckland, New Zealand."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"Every time you see a bird, there is a chance you may be looking at the greatest marathon athletes in the world; particularly if you live near mudflats in the U.S. state of Alaska in late-summer, and happen upon a bar-tailed godwit.",
"It\u2019s thought the birds\u2019 return journey will begin in March, when they will fly north over the Yellow Sea and pass through Liaoning Province of China before returning home to a northerly latitude."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Arctic tern",
"route": "from the Arctic to the Antarctic along the west coast of North and South America\u2014or straight down the Atlantic",
"timing": "every year",
"distance_km": "14,000",
"distinction": "the longest migration ever",
"species_evidence": [
"It\u2019s not the longest migration ever\u2014that title goes to the Arctic tern which goes from the Arctic to the Antarctic along the west coast of North and South America\u2014or straight down the Atlantic every year for a total of around 14,000 kilometers."
],
"route_evidence": [
"It\u2019s not the longest migration ever\u2014that title goes to the Arctic tern which goes from the Arctic to the Antarctic along the west coast of North and South America\u2014or straight down the Atlantic every year for a total of around 14,000 kilometers."
],
"timing_evidence": [
"It\u2019s not the longest migration ever\u2014that title goes to the Arctic tern which goes from the Arctic to the Antarctic along the west coast of North and South America\u2014or straight down the Atlantic every year for a total of around 14,000 kilometers."
],
"distance_km_evidence": [
"It\u2019s not the longest migration ever\u2014that title goes to the Arctic tern which goes from the Arctic to the Antarctic along the west coast of North and South America\u2014or straight down the Atlantic every year for a total of around 14,000 kilometers."
],
"distinction_evidence": [
"It\u2019s not the longest migration ever\u2014that title goes to the Arctic tern which goes from the Arctic to the Antarctic along the west coast of North and South America\u2014or straight down the Atlantic every year for a total of around 14,000 kilometers."
]
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://thebirdinginsights.com/articles/bird-migration-flyways-explained",
"title": "Bird Migration Flyways: North America's 4 Major Routes",
"birds": [
{
"species": "Red Knot",
"route": null,
"timing": "each year",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"Bird Migration Flyways Explained: North America's 4 Major Routes",
"Explore North America's 4 bird migration flyways: Atlantic, Mississippi, Central, and Pacific.",
"Red Knots make one of the most remarkable journeys of any bird on this flyway, traveling from Tierra del Fuego to the Arctic and back each year, with Delaware Bay serving as a critical refueling stop."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"Bird Migration Flyways Explained: North America's 4 Major Routes",
"Explore North America's 4 bird migration flyways: Atlantic, Mississippi, Central, and Pacific.",
"Red Knots make one of the most remarkable journeys of any bird on this flyway, traveling from Tierra del Fuego to the Arctic and back each year, with Delaware Bay serving as a critical refueling stop."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Sandhill Crane",
"route": null,
"timing": "Each March",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"Bird Migration Flyways Explained: North America's 4 Major Routes",
"Explore North America's 4 bird migration flyways: Atlantic, Mississippi, Central, and Pacific.",
"The Central Flyway covers the Great Plains, stretching from the Arctic tundra of northern Canada through the prairie provinces, the American Midwest, and into Mexico and Central America.",
"Each March, an estimated 500,000 Sandhill Cranes stage along a 50-mile stretch of the Platte River near Kearney, Nebraska."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"Bird Migration Flyways Explained: North America's 4 Major Routes",
"Explore North America's 4 bird migration flyways: Atlantic, Mississippi, Central, and Pacific.",
"The Central Flyway covers the Great Plains, stretching from the Arctic tundra of northern Canada through the prairie provinces, the American Midwest, and into Mexico and Central America.",
"Each March, an estimated 500,000 Sandhill Cranes stage along a 50-mile stretch of the Platte River near Kearney, Nebraska."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Swainson's Hawk",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"Bird Migration Flyways Explained: North America's 4 Major Routes",
"Explore North America's 4 bird migration flyways: Atlantic, Mississippi, Central, and Pacific.",
"The Central Flyway covers the Great Plains, stretching from the Arctic tundra of northern Canada through the prairie provinces, the American Midwest, and into Mexico and Central America.",
"Swainson's Hawks travel one of the longest raptor migration routes in the world, from Canadian prairies to the Argentine pampas and back."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Rufous Hummingbird",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"Bird Migration Flyways Explained: North America's 4 Major Routes",
"Explore North America's 4 bird migration flyways: Atlantic, Mississippi, Central, and Pacific.",
"The Pacific Flyway runs along the western edge of the continent from Alaska and the Yukon south through the Pacific states and into Mexico and Central America.",
"The Rufous Hummingbird makes one of the longest migrations relative to body size of any bird, traveling more than 3,000 miles from Mexican wintering grounds to breeding sites in Alaska along this flyway."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://wwt.org.uk/discover-wetlands/blog/top-10-migrant-birds-to-see-at-wwt-reserves-this-autumn",
"title": "Top 10 migrant birds to see at WWT reserves this autumn",
"birds": [
{
"species": "Russian white-fronted goose",
"route": null,
"timing": "winter",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# Top 10 migrant birds to see at WWT reserves this autumn",
"### 10. Russian white-fronted goose"
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"# Top 10 migrant birds to see at WWT reserves this autumn",
"### 10. Russian white-fronted goose",
"** Where: Best seen at Slimbridge, where three-figure counts spend the winter.**",
"Thousands of these birds used to winter in the south of England, migrating from their breeding grounds in arctic Russia."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Barnacle goose",
"route": null,
"timing": "mid-October and throughout the winter",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# Top 10 migrant birds to see at WWT reserves this autumn",
"### 9. Barnacle goose"
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"# Top 10 migrant birds to see at WWT reserves this autumn",
"### 9. Barnacle goose",
"Birds migrate from Svalbard, via the Norwegian coast to winter on the Solway Firth, at Caerlaverock, where thousands can be seen from mid-October and throughout the winter."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Light-bellied brent goose",
"route": null,
"timing": "October",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# Top 10 migrant birds to see at WWT reserves this autumn",
"### 8. Light-bellied brent goose"
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"# Top 10 migrant birds to see at WWT reserves this autumn",
"### 8. Light-bellied brent goose",
"Large numbers can be seen at Castle Espie during October."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Pink-footed goose",
"route": null,
"timing": "throughout October",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# Top 10 migrant birds to see at WWT reserves this autumn",
"### 7. Pink-footed goose"
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"# Top 10 migrant birds to see at WWT reserves this autumn",
"### 7. Pink-footed goose",
"They usually arrive in the UK in their tens of thousands throughout October, in two or three pulses of migration."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Black-tailed godwit",
"route": null,
"timing": "winter",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# Top 10 migrant birds to see at WWT reserves this autumn",
"### 6. Black-tailed godwit"
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"# Top 10 migrant birds to see at WWT reserves this autumn",
"### 6. Black-tailed godwit",
"The UK's breeding Black-tailed godwits (*Limosa limosa limosa*) winter in Africa, while the birds that spend their winters in the UK nest in Iceland, are a different subspecies (*Limosa limosa islandica*) to those that breed in the rest of Europe."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Water pipit",
"route": null,
"timing": "winter",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# Top 10 migrant birds to see at WWT reserves this autumn",
"### 5. Water pipit"
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"# Top 10 migrant birds to see at WWT reserves this autumn",
"### 5. Water pipit",
"The water pipit is the only species of bird that travels north to spend the winter in Britain."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Northern pintail",
"route": null,
"timing": "winter",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# Top 10 migrant birds to see at WWT reserves this autumn",
"### 4. Northern pintail"
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"# Top 10 migrant birds to see at WWT reserves this autumn",
"### 4. Northern pintail",
"The UK\u2019s small resident pintail duck population is boosted by an influx of visiting birds in winter."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Golden Plover",
"route": null,
"timing": "winter",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# Top 10 migrant birds to see at WWT reserves this autumn",
"### 3. Golden Plover"
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"# Top 10 migrant birds to see at WWT reserves this autumn",
"### 3. Golden Plover",
"They move down to lowland fields and muddy estuaries in winter where they form large swirling flocks, often with lapwings."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Bewick\u2019s swan",
"route": null,
"timing": "Each autumn",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# Top 10 migrant birds to see at WWT reserves this autumn",
"### 2. Bewick\u2019s swan"
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"# Top 10 migrant birds to see at WWT reserves this autumn",
"### 2. Bewick\u2019s swan",
"Each autumn the Bewick\u2019s swan makes a long, perilous migration from its breeding grounds on the Russian tundra back to the UK."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Whooper swan",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# Top 10 migrant birds to see at WWT reserves this autumn",
"### 1. Whooper swan"
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?title=Arctic_tern",
"title": "Arctic tern",
"birds": [
{
"species": "Arctic tern",
"route": null,
"timing": "migrates along a convoluted route from its northern breeding grounds to the Antarctic coast for the southern summer and back again about six months later",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"The Arctic tern ( Sterna paradisaea) is a tern in the family Laridae.",
"## Distribution and migration",
"The Arctic tern has a continuous worldwide circumpolar breeding distribution; there are no accepted subspecies."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"The species is strongly migratory, seeing two summers each year as it migrates along a convoluted route from its northern breeding grounds to the Antarctic coast for the southern summer and back again about six months later.",
"## Distribution and migration",
"The Arctic tern has a continuous worldwide circumpolar breeding distribution; there are no accepted subspecies."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://movementecologyjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40462-015-0029-6",
"title": "Mapping migratory flyways in Asia using dynamic Brownian bridge movement models",
"birds": [
{
"species": "northern shoveler",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"Only one bird, a northern shoveler (__Anas clypeata__) marked in Bangladesh that traveled ~6,000\u00a0km to eastern Siberia, crossed over from the CAF to the EAAF.",
"### Multi-species flyways",
"## Results and discussion"
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://birdlife.org/pacific/news/bar-tailed-godwit-new-zealands-bird-year",
"title": "Bar Tailed Godwit: New Zealand's Bird of the Year",
"birds": [
{
"species": "bar-tailed godwit",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"28 Oct 2015 Bar Tailed Godwit: New Zealand's Bird of the Year",
"The bar-tailed godwit (kuaka) has been crowned New Zealand's Bird of the Year after three weeks of close competition, heated campaigning and attempts at cheating."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "red knot",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"28 Oct 2015 Bar Tailed Godwit: New Zealand's Bird of the Year",
"There was some hope raised this week for the red knot (Hauhou), another `born to fly\u2019 species."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://audubon.org/great-plains/news/thoughtful-win-birds-business-and-communities",
"title": "A Thoughtful Win for Birds, Business, and Communities",
"birds": [
{
"species": "Sandhill Crane",
"route": null,
"timing": "spring",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# A Thoughtful Win for Birds, Business, and Communities",
"On Tuesday, August 18, 2026, the Commission approved wind energy regulations that work to protect the Central Platte River's world-renowned Sandhill Crane migration.",
"Serving as the northern boundary of Kearney County, the Platte River serves as an important stopover habitat for Sandhill Cranes each spring."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"# A Thoughtful Win for Birds, Business, and Communities",
"Serving as the northern boundary of Kearney County, the Platte River serves as an important stopover habitat for Sandhill Cranes each spring."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://cms.int/raptors/en/news/prey-protected-species-how-tide-turned-amur-falcon",
"title": "From Prey to Protected Species: How the Tide Turned for the Amur Falcon",
"birds": [
{
"species": "Amur Falcon",
"route": null,
"timing": "October - November",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"Abu Dhabi, 10 November 2020 - In October each year, communities in the mountainous parts of Northeast India, gather in anticipation of the arrival of a small grey bird, the Amur Falcon, which annually migrates over 30,000 km."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"Abu Dhabi, 10 November 2020 - In October each year, communities in the mountainous parts of Northeast India, gather in anticipation of the arrival of a small grey bird, the Amur Falcon, which annually migrates over 30,000 km.",
"By 2013, authorities, religious leaders and youth groups had stepped in to persuade local people to provide safe passage to the birds, which spend a month in the area, normally in October - November, before continuing their migration from Siberia, China and Mongolia onto the southern parts of Africa."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://iflscience.com/plants-and-animals/bird-breaks-nonstop-journey-record-with-epic-flight-from-alaska-to-new-zealand",
"title": "Bird Breaks Non-Stop Journey Record With Epic Flight From Alaska To New Zealand",
"birds": [
{
"species": "bar-tailed godwit",
"route": null,
"timing": "Each year, they breed in the upper reaches of the Northern Hemisphere before venturing on a colossal journey to the Southern Hemisphere for winter.",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"A bird has been tracked making a mammoth journey of over 12,000 kilometers (7,500 miles) from Alaska to New Zealand without a single break, setting a new world record for the longest logged continuous flight by a bird.",
"The bar-tailed godwit, known as 4BBRW, set off from southwestern Alaska on September 16 and touched down in a bay near Auckland, New Zealand just 11 days later, according to [Global Flyway Network](https://www.globalflywaynetwork.org/flyway/bridging-flyways/map), a conservation group that studies the migrations of shorebirds.",
"Bar-tailed godwits (*Limosa lapponica*) are a species of wading bird no stranger to epic migrations."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"A bird has been tracked making a mammoth journey of over 12,000 kilometers (7,500 miles) from Alaska to New Zealand without a single break, setting a new world record for the longest logged continuous flight by a bird.",
"Bar-tailed godwits (*Limosa lapponica*) are a species of wading bird no stranger to epic migrations.",
"Each year, they breed in the upper reaches of the Northern Hemisphere before venturing on a colossal journey to the Southern Hemisphere for winter."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://phys.org/news/2026-08-picture-eagle-migrations.html",
"title": "A never-before-seen picture of eagle migrations",
"birds": [
{
"species": "booted eagle",
"route": null,
"timing": "35 days",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"A never-before-seen picture of eagle migrations",
"Now, [a new satellite tracking study](https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09397140.2026.2700089?scroll=top&needAccess=true) led by a University of Utah undergraduate describes the journey of migratory raptors along the understudied East Asia\u2013East Africa Flyway.",
"However, Nathan Murthy's was the first satellite-tracking study of the booted eagle, Hieraaetus pennatus, in this flyway."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"A never-before-seen picture of eagle migrations",
"Visualizing flight tracks with satellite data",
"It then largely retraced the route, traveling 6,785.7 kilometers (4,216 miles) in 35 days to breeding grounds in Russia."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "steppe eagle",
"route": null,
"timing": "38 days",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"A never-before-seen picture of eagle migrations",
"Now, [a new satellite tracking study](https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09397140.2026.2700089?scroll=top&needAccess=true) led by a University of Utah undergraduate describes the journey of migratory raptors along the understudied East Asia\u2013East Africa Flyway.",
"The steppe eagle, Aquila nipalensis, a highly endangered raptor species, has been tracked before."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"A never-before-seen picture of eagle migrations",
"Visualizing flight tracks with satellite data",
"The steppe eagle, which had been rescued by authorities in Turkey from a poaching operation, journeyed 4,409.6 kilometers (2,740 miles) over 38 days that fall, diverging from the typical \"loop\" route via Bab al-Mandeb and instead crossing through the Suez Canal."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://wwt.org.uk/discover-wetlands/wetland-wildlife/meet-the-family/gulls-and-terns-found-in-uk-wetlands",
"title": "Gulls and terns found in UK wetlands",
"birds": [
{
"species": "Arctic tern",
"route": null,
"timing": "spend the other six months of the year",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# Gulls and terns found in UK wetlands",
"## Terns",
"### Arctic tern"
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"# Gulls and terns found in UK wetlands",
"## Terns",
"### Arctic tern",
"Breeding across much of northern Europe, these are summer visitors, migrating to spend the other six months of the year around the coasts of Antarctica; the longest migration of any bird."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://www.birdlife.org/getcounting/",
"title": "The Race to Save Birds 2026 - BirdLife International",
"birds": [
{
"species": "White Stork",
"route": null,
"timing": "every year",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"## Get sponsored for every bird you see on 9 May, and win the race to save them.",
"#### **Hero Species**",
"Introducing the White Stork: Known as the bringer of life, hope and good fortune, these majestic birds love people and create huge nests on trees, poles or rooftops!"
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"## Get sponsored for every bird you see on 9 May, and win the race to save them.",
"#### **Hero Species**",
"After this painstaking effort, these birds make sure to return to their nests every year."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Bar-headed Goose",
"route": null,
"timing": "several times throughout their lives",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"## Get sponsored for every bird you see on 9 May, and win the race to save them.",
"#### **Hero Species**",
"With striking black stripes and a bright yellow beak, the Bar-headed Goose is an impressive migratory bird!"
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"## Get sponsored for every bird you see on 9 May, and win the race to save them.",
"#### **Hero Species**",
"Between 97,000-118,000 Bar-headed Geese cross the Himalayas (including over Mount Everest) several times throughout their lives."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Rufous Hummingbird",
"route": null,
"timing": "one year later",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"## Get sponsored for every bird you see on 9 May, and win the race to save them.",
"#### **Hero Species**",
"The Rufous Hummingbird is a small but mighty migrant!"
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"## Get sponsored for every bird you see on 9 May, and win the race to save them.",
"#### **Hero Species**",
"At just 3 inches long, this brightly coloured bird flies over 3000 miles on their migration journey!"
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://phys.org/news/2026-08-picture-eagle-migrations.html?deviceType=mobile",
"title": "A never-before-seen picture of eagle migrations",
"birds": [
{
"species": "booted eagle",
"route": null,
"timing": "49 days",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"A never-before-seen picture of eagle migrations",
"However, Nathan Murthy's was the first satellite-tracking study of the booted eagle, Hieraaetus pennatus, in this flyway.",
"The booted eagle migrated 5,080.6 kilometers (3,157 miles) in 49 days, crossing the Middle East and wintering on Mount Elgon in Uganda, according to the tracking data."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"A never-before-seen picture of eagle migrations",
"The booted eagle migrated 5,080.6 kilometers (3,157 miles) in 49 days, crossing the Middle East and wintering on Mount Elgon in Uganda, according to the tracking data."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "steppe eagle",
"route": "Turkey through the Suez Canal to Sudan",
"timing": "38 days",
"distance_km": "4409.6",
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"A never-before-seen picture of eagle migrations",
"The steppe eagle, Aquila nipalensis, a highly endangered raptor species, has been tracked before.",
"The steppe eagle, which had been rescued by authorities in Turkey from a poaching operation, journeyed 4,409.6 kilometers (2,740 miles) over 38 days that fall, diverging from the typical \"loop\" route via Bab al-Mandeb and instead crossing through the Suez Canal."
],
"route_evidence": [
"A never-before-seen picture of eagle migrations",
"Ultralightweight GPS-GSM transmitters were placed on the steppe and booted eagles at the [Aras River Ornithological Station](https://kuzeydoga.net/en/bird-research-and-tracking/aras-bird/) in northeastern Turkey in September 2022 and 2021, respectively.",
"The steppe eagle, which had been rescued by authorities in Turkey from a poaching operation, journeyed 4,409.6 kilometers (2,740 miles) over 38 days that fall, diverging from the typical \"loop\" route via Bab al-Mandeb and instead crossing through the Suez Canal.",
"However, the tag ceased transmitting at its wintering grounds in Sudan for unknown reasons\u2014the tag could have fallen off, or the bird may have been killed."
],
"timing_evidence": [
"A never-before-seen picture of eagle migrations",
"The steppe eagle, which had been rescued by authorities in Turkey from a poaching operation, journeyed 4,409.6 kilometers (2,740 miles) over 38 days that fall, diverging from the typical \"loop\" route via Bab al-Mandeb and instead crossing through the Suez Canal."
],
"distance_km_evidence": [
"A never-before-seen picture of eagle migrations",
"The steppe eagle, which had been rescued by authorities in Turkey from a poaching operation, journeyed 4,409.6 kilometers (2,740 miles) over 38 days that fall, diverging from the typical \"loop\" route via Bab al-Mandeb and instead crossing through the Suez Canal."
],
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://birdlife.org/news/2024/04/17/migratory-bird-of-the-month-black-tailed-godwit",
"title": "Migratory bird: Black-tailed Godwit - BirdLife International",
"birds": [
{
"species": "Black-tailed Godwit",
"route": null,
"timing": "During winter",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# Migratory bird of the month: Black-tailed Godwit",
"The Black-tailed Godwit, known for its impressive long-distance migrations, breeds across Northwestern Europe, including countries like The Netherlands, Germany, Belgium, and Poland."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"# Migratory bird of the month: Black-tailed Godwit",
"During winter, these elegant birds journey southward, finding refuge in Southern Europe (such as the Iberian Peninsula, Greece, and the Black Sea coast) as well as North and sub-Saharan Africa."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://wildfowl.wwt.org.uk/index.php/wildfowl/article/view/2743",
"title": "Rapid decline of the geographically restricted and globally threatened Eastern Palearctic Lesser White-fronted Goose Anser erythropus | Ao",
"birds": [
{
"species": "Lesser White-fronted Goose",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"Rapid decline of the geographically restricted and globally threatened Eastern Palearctic Lesser White-fronted Goose Anser erythropus Abstract The Lesser White-fronted Goose Anser erythropus, whichbreeds across northern Eurasia from Norway to Chukotka, is globally threatened and is currently classified as Vulnerable by the International Union for Conservation of Nature."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://cms.int/sites/default/files/document/2025-11/cms_cop15_doc.30.2.6_listing-proposal-flesh-footed-shearwater_e_0.pdf",
"title": "40th Meeting of the Standing Committee",
"birds": [
{
"species": "Flesh-footed shearwater",
"route": null,
"timing": "Austral summer (nesting), May-Sept (non-breeding distribution), October to April (breeding season)",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"PROPOSAL FOR THE INCLUSION OF \nTHE FLESH-FOOTED SHEARWATER (Ardenna carneipes) \n\nON APPENDIX II OF THE CONVENTION",
"The Governments of New Zealand, Australia and France have \njointly submitted the attached proposal for the inclusion of the flesh-\nfooted shearwater (Ardenna carneipes) on Appendix II of CMS."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"PROPOSAL FOR INCLUSION OF FLESH-FOOTED SHEARWATER (Ardenna carneipes) \n\nON APPENDIX II OF THE CONVENTION",
"Flesh-footed shearwaters nest during the Austral summer on islands around northern New \nZealand, on Lord Howe Island and Phillip Island (Norfolk Island group) off eastern Australia, \nislands off South Australia and Western Australia and on Saint Paul and Amsterdam Islands \nin the Indian Ocean.",
"Their non-breeding distribution (May-\nSept) is highly centred on waters to the east of Japan, both in Japanese waters and the high \nseas (Figure 1)."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://bird-life.com/the-bird-that-flies-from-alaska-to-new-zealand-nonstop-1-17460",
"title": "The Bird That Flies From Alaska to New Zealand Nonstop",
"birds": [
{
"species": "bar-tailed godwit",
"route": null,
"timing": "Most godwits begin their southward journey in late August or early September, departing from the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta in western Alaska.",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"In the vast world of migratory birds, one species stands apart for its extraordinary endurance and navigation skills.",
"The bar-tailed godwit (Limosa lapponica) makes the longest known non-stop flight of any bird, traveling from Alaska to New Zealand without a single break for food, water, or rest."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"Most godwits begin their southward journey in late August or early September, departing from the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta in western Alaska.",
"The Migration Route: From Arctic to Antarctic Realms",
"The bar-tailed godwit\u2019s migration path takes them from breeding grounds in Alaska to wintering habitats in New Zealand and eastern Australia, essentially traveling from near the Arctic Circle to the edge of the Antarctic realm."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bird_migrations",
"title": "Bird migration",
"birds": [
{
"species": "Arctic tern",
"route": null,
"timing": "each year",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"Bird migration is a seasonal movement of some birds between breeding and wintering grounds that occurs twice a year.",
"The Arctic tern holds the long-distance migration record for birds, travelling between Arctic breeding grounds and the Antarctic each year."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"Bird migration is a seasonal movement of some birds between breeding and wintering grounds that occurs twice a year.",
"The Arctic tern holds the long-distance migration record for birds, travelling between Arctic breeding grounds and the Antarctic each year."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Manx shearwater",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"Bird migration is a seasonal movement of some birds between breeding and wintering grounds that occurs twice a year.",
"Some species of tubenoses, such as albatrosses, circle the Earth, flying over the southern oceans, while others such as Manx shearwaters migrate 14,000 km (8,700 mi) between their northern breeding grounds and the Southern Ocean."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Northern wheatear",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"Bird migration is a seasonal movement of some birds between breeding and wintering grounds that occurs twice a year.",
"Many migration routes of long-distance migratory birds are circuitous due to evolutionary history: the breeding range of Northern wheatears Oenanthe oenanthe has expanded to cover the entire Northern Hemisphere, but the species still migrates up to 14,500 km to reach ancestral wintering grounds in sub-Saharan Africa rather than establish new wintering grounds closer to breeding areas."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Bar-tailed godwit",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"Bird migration is a seasonal movement of some birds between breeding and wintering grounds that occurs twice a year.",
"Some bar-tailed godwits Limosa lapponica baueri have the longest known non-stop flight of any migrant, flying 11,000 km from Alaska to their New Zealand non-breeding areas."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Arctic tern",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"Bird migration is a seasonal movement of some birds between breeding and wintering grounds that occurs twice a year.",
"The Arctic tern Sterna paradisaea has the longest-distance migration of any bird, and sees more daylight than any other, moving from its Arctic breeding grounds to the Antarctic non-breeding areas."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Sooty shearwater",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"Bird migration is a seasonal movement of some birds between breeding and wintering grounds that occurs twice a year.",
"Many are among the longest-distance migrants; sooty shearwaters Puffinus griseus nesting on the Falkland Islands migrate 14,000 km (7,600 nmi) between the breeding colony and the North Atlantic Ocean off Norway."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4337761",
"title": "Mapping migratory flyways in Asia using dynamic Brownian bridge movement models",
"birds": [
{
"species": "northern shoveler",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"## Results and discussion",
"### Multi-species flyways",
"Only one bird, a northern shoveler (__Anas clypeata__) marked in Bangladesh that traveled ~6,000\u00a0km to eastern Siberia, crossed over from the CAF to the EAAF."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://raptors.cms.int/news/prey-protected-species-how-tide-turned-amur-falcon",
"title": "From Prey to Protected Species: How the Tide Turned for the Amur Falcon",
"birds": [
{
"species": "Amur Falcon",
"route": null,
"timing": "In October each year / spend a month in the area, normally in October - November",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# From Prey to Protected Species: How the Tide Turned for the Amur Falcon",
"In October each year, communities in the mountainous parts of Northeast India, gather in anticipation of the arrival of a small grey bird, the Amur Falcon, which annually migrates over 30,000 km."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"# From Prey to Protected Species: How the Tide Turned for the Amur Falcon",
"In October each year, communities in the mountainous parts of Northeast India, gather in anticipation of the arrival of a small grey bird, the Amur Falcon, which annually migrates over 30,000 km.",
"By 2013, authorities, religious leaders and youth groups had stepped in to persuade local people to provide safe passage to the birds, which spend a month in the area, normally in October - November, before continuing their migration from Siberia, China and Mongolia onto the southern parts of Africa."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://morningoverview.com/the-arctic-tern-flies-pole-to-pole-each-year-the-longest-migration-of-any-animal",
"title": "The Arctic tern flies pole to pole each year, the longest migration of any animal",
"birds": [
{
"species": "Arctic tern",
"route": null,
"timing": "Every year it travels from breeding grounds in the far north to the pack ice of Antarctica and back, chasing an endless summer at both ends of the planet.",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"The Arctic tern is a slender, gull-like seabird that weighs about as much as a deck of cards, yet it undertakes the most extreme journey known in the animal kingdom.",
"The Arctic tern breeds across the Arctic and subarctic regions of North America, Europe, and Asia, then migrates to the seas around Antarctica for the southern summer."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"Every year it travels from breeding grounds in the far north to the pack ice of Antarctica and back, chasing an endless summer at both ends of the planet."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://attheu.utah.edu/research/a-never-before-seen-picture-of-eagle-migrations",
"title": "A never-before-seen picture of eagle migrations - @theU",
"birds": [
{
"species": "booted eagle",
"route": null,
"timing": "fall",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# A never-before-seen picture of eagle migrations",
"Now, [a new satellite tracking study](https://doi.org/10.1080/09397140.2026.2700089) led by a University of Utah undergraduate describes the journey of migratory raptors along the understudied East Asia-East Africa Flyway.",
"As for the booted eagle, *Hieraaetus pennatus*, however, Nathan Murthy\u2019s was the first satellite-tracking study in this flyway.",
"The booted eagle migrated 5,080.6 kilometers in 49 days, crossing the Middle East and wintering on Mount Elgon in Uganda, according to the tracking data."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"# A never-before-seen picture of eagle migrations",
"Ultra-lightweight GPS-GSM transmitters were placed on the steppe and booted eagles at the [Aras River Ornithological Station](https://kuzeydoga.net/en/bird-research-and-tracking/aras-bird/) in northeastern Turkey in September 2022 and 2021, respectively.",
"When released, the eagles began their fall migrations right away."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "steppe eagle",
"route": null,
"timing": "that fall",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# A never-before-seen picture of eagle migrations",
"Now, [a new satellite tracking study](https://doi.org/10.1080/09397140.2026.2700089) led by a University of Utah undergraduate describes the journey of migratory raptors along the understudied East Asia-East Africa Flyway.",
"The steppe eagle, *Aquila nipalensis*, a highly endangered raptor species, has been tracked before.",
"The steppe eagle, which had been rescued by authorities in Turkey from a poaching operation, journeyed 4,409.6 kilometers over 38 days that fall, diverging from the typical \u201cloop\u201d route via Bab al-Mandeb and instead crossing through the Suez Canal."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"# A never-before-seen picture of eagle migrations",
"Ultra-lightweight GPS-GSM transmitters were placed on the steppe and booted eagles at the [Aras River Ornithological Station](https://kuzeydoga.net/en/bird-research-and-tracking/aras-bird/) in northeastern Turkey in September 2022 and 2021, respectively.",
"When released, the eagles began their fall migrations right away.",
"The steppe eagle, which had been rescued by authorities in Turkey from a poaching operation, journeyed 4,409.6 kilometers over 38 days that fall, diverging from the typical \u201cloop\u201d route via Bab al-Mandeb and instead crossing through the Suez Canal."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://wwt.org.uk/discover-wetlands/wetland-wildlife/wildlife-by-month/april",
"title": "April",
"birds": null
},
{
"url": "https://raptors.cms.int/news/nagaland-falcon-capital-world-0",
"title": "Nagaland - Falcon Capital of the World",
"birds": [
{
"species": "Amur Falcon",
"route": null,
"timing": "annually",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"Nagaland - Falcon Capital of the World",
"A hard-hitting campaign by Indian conservationists published graphic video images to expose a mass harvest of Amur Falcons \u2013 a small but long distant migrant bird of prey that breeds in Eastern Russia and China, and annually flies around 22,000km all the way across Asia, over the Indian Ocean to wintering grounds in Southern Africa."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"Nagaland - Falcon Capital of the World",
"A hard-hitting campaign by Indian conservationists published graphic video images to expose a mass harvest of Amur Falcons \u2013 a small but long distant migrant bird of prey that breeds in Eastern Russia and China, and annually flies around 22,000km all the way across Asia, over the Indian Ocean to wintering grounds in Southern Africa."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "http://birdlife.org/flyways",
"title": "Global flyways - BirdLife International",
"birds": [
{
"species": "White Stork",
"route": null,
"timing": "every year",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"Introducing the White Stork: Known as the bringer of life, hope and good fortune, these majestic birds love people and create huge nests on trees, poles or rooftops!",
"#### **Hero Species**",
"#### **AFRICAN-EURASIAN FLYWAY**"
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"After this painstaking effort, these birds make sure to return to their nests every year.",
"#### **Hero Species**",
"#### **AFRICAN-EURASIAN FLYWAY**"
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Bar-headed Goose",
"route": null,
"timing": "when the air is cooler and denser",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"With striking black stripes and a bright yellow beak, the Bar-headed Goose is an impressive migratory bird!",
"#### **Hero Species**",
"#### **CENTRAL ASIAN FLYWAY**"
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"They have special physical adaptations to survive this incredible altitude and choose specific times of day to fly when the air is cooler and denser.",
"#### **Hero Species**",
"#### **CENTRAL ASIAN FLYWAY**"
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Rufous Hummingbird",
"route": null,
"timing": "one year later",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"The Rufous Hummingbird is a small but mighty migrant!",
"#### **Hero Species**",
"#### **AMERICAS FLYWAY**"
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"They also have a fantastic memory, remembering where to find food even one year later, and are fiercely territorial fighting off larger species that venture too close.",
"#### **Hero Species**",
"#### **AMERICAS FLYWAY**"
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://teara.govt.nz/en/bird-migration/print",
"title": "Te Ara Encyclopedia of New Zealand",
"birds": [
{
"species": "eastern bar-tailed godwit",
"route": null,
"timing": "eight or nine days and nights of continuous flight",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"## The phenomenon of migration",
"### Eastern bar-tailed godwits",
"The eastern bar-tailed godwit makes a record-breaking non-stop flight over the Pacific Ocean from Alaska to New Zealand."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"## The phenomenon of migration",
"### Eastern bar-tailed godwits",
"This journey of 11,000 kilometres takes eight or nine days and nights of continuous flight, averaging about 56 kilometres per hour."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://allaboutbirds.org/news/analysis-big-data-reveals-big-picture-of-migration",
"title": "Analysis: Big Data Reveals Big Picture of Migration | All About Birds",
"birds": [
{
"species": "Blackpoll Warbler",
"route": null,
"timing": "fall and spring",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# Analysis: Big Data Reveals Big Picture of Migration",
"That\u2019s good news for fall migrants along the Atlantic seaboard, as it means that crosswinds will diminish and species such as Blackpoll Warblers and Pectoral Sandpipers will be less likely to be blown off course."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"# Analysis: Big Data Reveals Big Picture of Migration",
"Blackpoll Warblers follow a clockwise loop in fall and spring. *Photo of Blackpoll Warbler by [tfells](https://flic.kr/p/HoTFNR) via [BIrdshare](https://www.flickr.com/groups/birdshare/).*"
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://audubon.org/news/9-awesome-facts-about-bird-migration",
"title": "9 Awesome Facts About Bird Migration",
"birds": [
{
"species": "Bar-headed geese",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# 9 Awesome Facts About Bird Migration",
"2. Birds can reach great heights as they migrate. **Bar-headed geese are the highest-flying migratory birds**, regularly[ reaching altitudes of up to five and a half miles above sea level](http://www.pnas.org/content/108/23/9516.full.pdf+html) while flying over the Himalayas in India."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Arctic tern",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# 9 Awesome Facts About Bird Migration",
"3. **The Arctic tern has the longest migration of any bird in the world**."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Northern wheatear",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# 9 Awesome Facts About Bird Migration",
"4. Speaking of long distances, the northern wheatear [travels up to 9,000 miles each way between the Arctic and Africa](http://rsbl.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/8/4/505.abstract), giving it **one of the largest ranges of any songbird**."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Great snipe",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# 9 Awesome Facts About Bird Migration",
"5.** The award for fastest bird goes to the great snipe**: It flies around [4,200 miles at speeds of up to 60mph](http://rsbl.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/early/2011/05/13/rsbl.2011.0343.full.pdf+html)!"
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Bar-tailed godwit",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# 9 Awesome Facts About Bird Migration",
"6. **The bar-tailed godwit can fly for nearly 7,000 miles without stopping**, making it the bird with [the longest recorded non-stop flight](http://www.plosbiology.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.1000362)."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Blackpoll warbler",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# 9 Awesome Facts About Bird Migration",
"**Some birds, like the blackpoll warbler, almost double their body weight** before [flying 2,300 miles non-stop for 86 hours](http://www.fs.usda.gov/detail/nfsnc/learning/nature-science/?cid=stelprdb5188423)."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://birdfyi.com/guide/major-flyways-of-the-world",
"title": "Major Flyways of the World \u2014 BirdFYI Guide",
"birds": [
{
"species": "Bar-headed geese",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"Major Flyways of the World",
"The Central Asian Flyway",
"Bar-headed geese cross the Himalayas at altitudes exceeding 7,000 meters -- one of the most extraordinary feats in bird migration."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://wildfowl.wwt.org.uk/index.php/wildfowl/article/view/2508",
"title": "Migration patterns of Western High Arctic (Grey-belly) Brant Branta bernicla | Boyd",
"birds": [
{
"species": "Western High Arctic Brant",
"route": null,
"timing": "autumn migration",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"Migration patterns of Western High Arctic (Grey-belly) Brant Branta bernicla Abstract This study describes the seasonal migration patterns of Western High Arctic Brant (WHA, or Grey-belly Brent Geese), Branta bernicla, an admixed population that breeds in the Canadian High Arctic and winters along the Pacific coast of North America."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"During autumn migration, all PTT-tagged Brant followed a coastal route around Alaska and staged for variable lengths of time at the following sites on the north and west coasts of Alaska: Kasegaluk Lagoon (69\u00b056\u2019N, 162\u00b040\u2019W), Ikpek Lagoon (65\u00b055\u2019N, 167\u00b003\u2019W), and Izembek Lagoon (55\u00b019\u2019N, 162\u00b050\u2019W)."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://cms.int/iosea-turtles/en/project/conservation-amur-falcon-nagaland-and-along-its-migration-route",
"title": "Conservation of Amur Falcon in Nagaland and along its migration route",
"birds": [
{
"species": "Amur Falcon",
"route": null,
"timing": "annually",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"A hard-hitting campaign by Indian conservationists published graphic video images to expose a mass harvest of Amur Falcons \u2013 a small but long distant migrant bird of prey that breeds in Eastern Russia and China, and annually flies around 22,000km all the way across Asia, over the Indian Ocean to wintering grounds in Southern Africa.",
"Project description"
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"A hard-hitting campaign by Indian conservationists published graphic video images to expose a mass harvest of Amur Falcons \u2013 a small but long distant migrant bird of prey that breeds in Eastern Russia and China, and annually flies around 22,000km all the way across Asia, over the Indian Ocean to wintering grounds in Southern Africa.",
"Project description"
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://morningoverview.com/the-arctic-tern-migrates-pole-to-pole-the-longest-journey-of-any-animal",
"title": "The Arctic tern migrates pole to pole, the longest journey of any animal",
"birds": [
{
"species": "Arctic tern",
"route": null,
"timing": "spring/summer transition and southern summer",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"Weighing barely more than a small apple, the Arctic tern undertakes a journey that dwarfs the travels of far larger animals."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"It breeds during the northern summer in the Arctic and sub-Arctic, then flies south to reach the Southern Ocean during the southern summer.",
"By timing its movements this way, the bird experiences more daylight in a year than any other animal, living in near-perpetual summer at both destinations."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://allaboutbirds.org/news/a-new-flyway-fall-migrants-cross-the-atlantic-to-reach-south-america",
"title": "A New Flyway: Fall Migrants Cross the Atlantic to Reach South America | All About Birds",
"birds": [
{
"species": "Blackpoll Warbler",
"route": null,
"timing": "September to mid-October",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# A New Flyway: Fall Migrants Cross the Atlantic to Reach South America",
"Imagine that you\u2019re a Blackpoll Warbler, weighing barely as much as two U.S. quarters."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"# A New Flyway: Fall Migrants Cross the Atlantic to Reach South America",
"It\u2019s September, so you\u2019re stuffing yourself with insects and fruit in the eastern boreal forest of Canada, nearly doubling your weight for an epic journey."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://birdlife.org/news/2026/06/04/voices-of-the-flyways-giselle-murison-jessica-wilmot",
"title": "Voices of the Flyways: Giselle Murison & Jessica Wilmot - BirdLife International",
"birds": [
{
"species": "Curlew Sandpiper",
"route": null,
"timing": "In the summer",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"In the summer we see a big influx of migratory waders which travel along the flyway from breeding grounds as far off as northern Europe; these include species like [Curlew Sandpiper](https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/curlew-sandpiper-calidris-ferruginea) and [Little Stint](https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/little-stint-calidris-minuta) which are particularly abundant here.",
"Pioneering conservation work at South Africa\u2019s Berg River Estuary",
"Tell us about where you work. What is the habitat like, and what makes it important for migratory birds?"
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"In the summer we see a big influx of migratory waders which travel along the flyway from breeding grounds as far off as northern Europe; these include species like [Curlew Sandpiper](https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/curlew-sandpiper-calidris-ferruginea) and [Little Stint](https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/little-stint-calidris-minuta) which are particularly abundant here.",
"Pioneering conservation work at South Africa\u2019s Berg River Estuary",
"Tell us about where you work. What is the habitat like, and what makes it important for migratory birds?"
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Little Stint",
"route": null,
"timing": "In the summer",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"In the summer we see a big influx of migratory waders which travel along the flyway from breeding grounds as far off as northern Europe; these include species like [Curlew Sandpiper](https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/curlew-sandpiper-calidris-ferruginea) and [Little Stint](https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/little-stint-calidris-minuta) which are particularly abundant here.",
"Pioneering conservation work at South Africa\u2019s Berg River Estuary",
"Tell us about where you work. What is the habitat like, and what makes it important for migratory birds?"
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"In the summer we see a big influx of migratory waders which travel along the flyway from breeding grounds as far off as northern Europe; these include species like [Curlew Sandpiper](https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/curlew-sandpiper-calidris-ferruginea) and [Little Stint](https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/little-stint-calidris-minuta) which are particularly abundant here.",
"Pioneering conservation work at South Africa\u2019s Berg River Estuary",
"Tell us about where you work. What is the habitat like, and what makes it important for migratory birds?"
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Grey Plover",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"Pioneering conservation work at South Africa\u2019s Berg River Estuary",
"What have you and your organisation been doing for migratory birds under the ERF project?"
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://www.reddit.com/r/MapPorn/comments/b2hdmt/the_worlds_most_important_bird_migration/",
"title": "the world\u2019s most important bird migration corridors, The Great Rift Valley flyway links Europe, Asia, and Africa for birds migrating between breeding and wintering grounds.",
"birds": [
{
"species": "storks",
"route": null,
"timing": "while migrating south",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"I've always learned that storks go over the Sahara while migrating south, but I don't know how accurate that is"
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"I've always learned that storks go over the Sahara while migrating south, but I don't know how accurate that is"
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://wwt.org.uk/wetland-centres/slimbridge/wildlife/latest-sightings/todays-sightings-heatwave",
"title": "Today's sightings and late news of another White Stork",
"birds": [
{
"species": "White Stork",
"route": null,
"timing": "spring 2016",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"White Stork",
"**White Stork**",
"Late news for yesterday was of a ringed White Stork that arrived on the chimney pot of the Keeper's Cottage (Peter Scott's first home, excepting a barge on the canal in this area)."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"Shorelands thought they would now have to decide if these White Storks should be transported back to Europe in spring 2016 to join the migration north or whether to wait and see what the birds decided to do?",
"**White Stork**",
"Late news for yesterday was of a ringed White Stork that arrived on the chimney pot of the Keeper's Cottage (Peter Scott's first home, excepting a barge on the canal in this area)."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://cms.int/en/legalinstrument/central-asian-flyway",
"title": "Central Asian Flyway | Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals",
"birds": [
{
"species": "Bar-headed Goose",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"CAF migration routes include the steppes and cold deserts of Central Eurasia, and much of the Himalayan chain, where unique, high-altitude migrations such as those of the Bar-headed Goose, Anser indicus, take place."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://guinnessworldrecords.com/news/2023/1/the-record-breaking-bird-that-flew-from-alaska-to-australia-731576",
"title": "The record-breaking bird that flew from Alaska to Australia without stopping",
"birds": [
{
"species": "bar-tailed godwit",
"route": null,
"timing": "started on 13 October 2022 and continued for 11 days and one hour",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# The record-breaking bird that flew from Alaska to Australia without stopping",
"A bar-tailed godwit (*Limosa lapponica*), known by its tag number \u201c234684\u201d, flew 13,560 kilometres (8,435 miles) from Alaska to the Australian state of Tasmania without stopping for food or rest, breaking the record for the **longest non-stop migration by a bird**."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"# The record-breaking bird that flew from Alaska to Australia without stopping",
"According to the 5G satellite tag attached to its lower back, the epic journey started on 13 October 2022 and continued for 11 days and one hour without the bird landing once."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Arctic tern",
"route": null,
"timing": "over the course of a year",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# The record-breaking bird that flew from Alaska to Australia without stopping",
"Arctic terns (*Sterna paradisaea*) can regularly fly even greater distances over the course of a year."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"# The record-breaking bird that flew from Alaska to Australia without stopping",
"Arctic terns (*Sterna paradisaea*) can regularly fly even greater distances over the course of a year."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://peckperk.com/blogs/news/bird-migration-major-routes-and-flight-formations-explained",
"title": "Bird Migration: Major Routes and Flight Formations explained",
"birds": [
{
"species": "Bar-tailed Godwit",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"Bird Migration: Major Routes and Flight Formations explained",
"Flyways of Eurasia, Africa, and Australasia",
"Over 50 shorebird species depend on it, including the Bar-tailed Godwit, which is famous for non-stop journeys of over [11,000 kilometres](https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-25274483#:~:text=The%20bird%20world's%20long%2Ddistance,considered%20the%20world's%20greatest%20athlete%22) across the Pacific."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://academy.allaboutbirds.org/discussion/topic/activities-different-seasons-different-birds/page/9",
"title": "Activities: Different Seasons, Different Birds | Bird Academy \u2022 The Cornell Lab",
"birds": [
{
"species": "Ruby-throated Hummingbird",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"Cornell Lab says they can fly 2,000 km without a break and that older birds travel ahead of younger ones.",
"Ruby-throated Hummingbird and Rufous Hummingbird"
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Ruby-throated Hummingbird",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"Cornell Lab says they can fly 2,000 km without a break and that older birds travel ahead of younger ones.",
"Ruby-throated Hummingbird and Rufous Hummingbird"
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://wildfowl.wwt.org.uk/index.php/wildfowl/article/view/2736",
"title": "Two distinct flyways with different population trends of Bewick's Swan Cygnus columbianus bewickii in East Asia | Fang",
"birds": [
{
"species": "Bewick's Swan",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"Two distinct flyways with different population trends of Bewick's Swan Cygnus columbianus bewickii in East Asia Abstract Two of the most fundamental ecological questions about any species relate to where they occur and in what abundance.",
"Here, we combine GPS telemetry data, survey data and expert knowledge for the first time to define two distinct flyways (the East Asian Continental and West Pacific flyways), migration routes and abundance for the Eastern population of Bewick\u2019s Swan Cygnus columbianusbewickii."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://cms.int/legalinstrument/central-asian-flyway",
"title": "Central Asian Flyway | Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals",
"birds": [
{
"species": "Bar-headed Goose",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"CAF migration routes include the steppes and cold deserts of Central Eurasia, and much of the Himalayan chain, where unique, high-altitude migrations such as those of the Bar-headed Goose, Anser indicus, take place."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/en:Godwit",
"title": "Godwit",
"birds": [
{
"species": "bar-tailed godwit",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"Godwits are a group of four large, long-billed, long-legged and strongly migratory waders of the bird genus Limosa.",
"A female bar-tailed godwit made a flight of 29,000 km (18,000 mi), flying 11,680 km (7,260 mi) of it without stopping."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://science.utah.edu/students/student-research/eagle-migrations",
"title": "A never-before-seen picture of eagle migrations - College of Science",
"birds": [
{
"species": "Booted Eagle",
"route": null,
"timing": "fall",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"Now, [a new satellite tracking study](https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09397140.2026.2700089?scroll=top&needAccess=true#d1e236) by Nathan Murthy, a recent Earth and Environmental Science (EES) graduate from the University of Utah, describes the journey of migratory raptors along the understudied East Asia-East Africa Flyway.",
"As for the Booted Eagle, this is the first satellite tracking study in this flyway.",
"Kittelberger pointed him toward satellite tracking data for a Booted Eagle and a Steppe Eagle from their bird banding station in Eastern Turkey."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"Now, [a new satellite tracking study](https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09397140.2026.2700089?scroll=top&needAccess=true#d1e236) by Nathan Murthy, a recent Earth and Environmental Science (EES) graduate from the University of Utah, describes the journey of migratory raptors along the understudied East Asia-East Africa Flyway.",
"The Booted Eagle migrated 5080.6 km in 49 days during the fall, crossing the Middle East and wintering on Mount Elgon in Uganda."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Steppe Eagle",
"route": null,
"timing": "fall",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"Now, [a new satellite tracking study](https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09397140.2026.2700089?scroll=top&needAccess=true#d1e236) by Nathan Murthy, a recent Earth and Environmental Science (EES) graduate from the University of Utah, describes the journey of migratory raptors along the understudied East Asia-East Africa Flyway.",
"The Steppe Eagle, a highly endangered raptor species, has been tracked before in this flyway.",
"Kittelberger pointed him toward satellite tracking data for a Booted Eagle and a Steppe Eagle from their bird banding station in Eastern Turkey."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"Now, [a new satellite tracking study](https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09397140.2026.2700089?scroll=top&needAccess=true#d1e236) by Nathan Murthy, a recent Earth and Environmental Science (EES) graduate from the University of Utah, describes the journey of migratory raptors along the understudied East Asia-East Africa Flyway.",
"The Steppe Eagle, which was rescued by authorities in Turkey from a poaching operation, journeyed 4409.6 km over 38 days in the fall, diverging from the typical \u201cloop\u201d route via Bab al-Mandeb and instead crossing through the Suez Canal."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://www.audubon.org/news/tracking-data-show-us-one-north-americas-most-epic-migrations",
"title": "Tracking Data Show Us One of North America's Most Epic Migrations",
"birds": [
{
"species": "Sandhill Crane",
"route": null,
"timing": "Between February and April",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# Tracking Data Show Us One of North America\u2019s Most Epic Migrations",
"Advancements in technology help conservationists protect Sandhill Cranes along their awe-inspiring journey.",
"Overhead, skeins of Sandhill Cranes grace the vast skies with their presence."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"# Tracking Data Show Us One of North America\u2019s Most Epic Migrations",
"In the heart of America\u2019s Great Plains, a remarkable spectacle unfolds in the spring which rivals many of the great migrations of our planet\u2019s history.",
"Between February and April, the Platte River emerges as a vital corridor for migratory birds and a lifeline for about one million Sandhill Cranes, the world\u2019s largest population of this ancient species."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://wwt.org.uk/wetland-centres/washington/news/world-migratory-species",
"title": "Celebrating spring migration this World Migratory Bird Day",
"birds": [
{
"species": "Common tern",
"route": null,
"timing": "every year",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"Spring is a fantastic time of year to explore wetland nature and discover the different migratory bird species that visit us during the warmer months.",
"As we celebrate this year's World Migratory Bird Day (9 May), read on to learn about some of the key species that visit our wetlands and woodlands each spring and summer, with hints on where to look and listen out for them:",
"**Common tern**",
"These masters of aerobatics have one of the longest migrations of all birds, travelling an average of 35,000km every year."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"Spring is a fantastic time of year to explore wetland nature and discover the different migratory bird species that visit us during the warmer months.",
"As we celebrate this year's World Migratory Bird Day (9 May), read on to learn about some of the key species that visit our wetlands and woodlands each spring and summer, with hints on where to look and listen out for them:",
"**Common tern**",
"These masters of aerobatics have one of the longest migrations of all birds, travelling an average of 35,000km every year."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://newsbreak.com/animals-around-the-globe-312249899/4741324577805-12-birds-that-migrate-the-farthest",
"title": "12 Birds That Migrate the Farthest - NewsBreak",
"birds": [
{
"species": "Arctic Tern",
"route": null,
"timing": "two summers each year",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# 12 Birds That Migrate the Farthest",
"## Arctic Tern The World\u2019s Distance Champion",
"When discussing long-distance avian migration, the Arctic Tern (Sterna paradisaea) invariably tops the list."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"# 12 Birds That Migrate the Farthest",
"## Arctic Tern The World\u2019s Distance Champion",
"Each year, Arctic Terns travel from their breeding grounds in the Arctic to wintering areas in Antarctica and back\u2014a round trip of approximately 44,000 miles (70,800 kilometers)."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Bar-tailed Godwit",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# 12 Birds That Migrate the Farthest",
"## Bar-tailed Godwit Non-stop Flight Champion",
"The Bar-tailed Godwit (Limosa lapponica) demonstrates perhaps the most impressive single flight endurance of any bird."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Sooty Shearwater",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# 12 Birds That Migrate the Farthest",
"Sooty Shearwaters (Ardenna grisea) undertake one of the most impressive circular migration routes of any bird."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Great Knot",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# 12 Birds That Migrate the Farthest",
"## Great Knot The Asian Long-distance Flyer",
"The Great Knot (Calidris tenuirostris) is a medium-sized shorebird that undertakes one of Asia\u2019s most impressive migrations."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Northern Wheatear",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# 12 Birds That Migrate the Farthest",
"## Northern Wheatear The Small Bird with a Big Journey",
"The Northern Wheatear (Oenanthe oenanthe) may look unassuming, but this small songbird undertakes one of the most impressive migrations relative to its size."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Ruddy Turnstone",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# 12 Birds That Migrate the Farthest",
"The Ruddy Turnstone (Arenaria interpres) is a stocky, brightly-patterned shorebird that migrates between Arctic breeding grounds and wintering areas that span coastlines across six continents."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Red Knot",
"route": null,
"timing": "each spring",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# 12 Birds That Migrate the Farthest",
"## Red Knot The Hemispheric Traveler",
"The Red Knot (Calidris canutus) is a medium-sized shorebird with six recognized subspecies, each undertaking impressive long-distance migrations."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"# 12 Birds That Migrate the Farthest",
"## Red Knot The Hemispheric Traveler",
"For example, rufa Red Knots famously congregate in massive numbers at Delaware Bay each spring to feast on horseshoe crab eggs, a rich food source that allows them to rapidly gain the weight needed for the final leg to their Arctic breeding grounds."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Hudsonian Godwit",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# 12 Birds That Migrate the Farthest",
"## Hudsonian Godwit The Hemispheric Marathon Flyer",
"The Hudsonian Godwit (Limosa haemastica) undertakes one of the longest non-stop flights of any bird in the Western Hemisphere."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Pectoral Sandpiper",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# 12 Birds That Migrate the Farthest",
"## Pectoral Sandpiper The Intercontinental Breeding Champion",
"The Pectoral Sandpiper (Calidris melanotos) demonstrates an unusual migration pattern driven by its extraordinary breeding strategy."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Eastern Curlew",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# 12 Birds That Migrate the Farthest",
"## Eastern Curlew Asia\u2019s Marathon Migrant",
"The Eastern Curlew (Numenius madagascariensis) is the largest migratory shorebird in the world and holds the record for the longest migration within the East Asian-Australasian Flyway."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Greater Snow Goose",
"route": null,
"timing": "twice-yearly",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# 12 Birds That Migrate the Farthest",
"## Greater Snow Goose The High Flyer",
"The Greater Snow Goose (Anser caerulescens atlanticus) undertakes a remarkable twice-yearly migration between its Arctic breeding grounds and wintering areas along the Atlantic coast of the United States."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"# 12 Birds That Migrate the Farthest",
"## Greater Snow Goose The High Flyer",
"The Greater Snow Goose (Anser caerulescens atlanticus) undertakes a remarkable twice-yearly migration between its Arctic breeding grounds and wintering areas along the Atlantic coast of the United States."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Swainson\u2019s Hawk",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# 12 Birds That Migrate the Farthest",
"## Swainson\u2019s Hawk The Insect Hunter",
"The Swainson\u2019s Hawk (Buteo swainsoni) undertakes one of the longest migrations of any North American raptor."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://wildfowl.wwt.org.uk/index.php/wildfowl/article/view/2742",
"title": "Contrasting trends in two East Asian populations of the Greater White-fronted Goose Anser albifrons | Deng",
"birds": [
{
"species": "Greater White-fronted Goose",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"Contrasting trends in two East Asian populations of the Greater White-fronted Goose Anser albifrons",
"Here, we combine historical and newly-reported telemetry data, wintering waterbirds surveys and expert advice to synthesis and update our knowledge of movements between the breeding and wintering distributions for Greater White-fronted Geese in East Asia."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://birdlife.org/news/flymap/central-asian-flyway",
"title": "CENTRAL ASIAN FLYWAY - BirdLife International",
"birds": [
{
"species": "Bar-headed Goose",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# CENTRAL ASIAN FLYWAY",
"#### **Hero Species**",
"With striking black stripes and a bright yellow beak, the Bar-headed Goose is an impressive migratory bird."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://miragenews.com/never-before-seen-picture-of-eagle-migrations-1735281",
"title": "Never-before-seen Picture Of Eagle Migrations",
"birds": [
{
"species": "booted eagle",
"route": null,
"timing": "fall",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"Now, [a new satellite tracking study](https://doi.org/10.1080/09397140.2026.2700089) led by a University of Utah undergraduate describes the journey of migratory raptors along the understudied East Asia-East Africa Flyway.",
"As for the booted eagle, Hieraaetus pennatus, however, Nathan Murthy's was the first satellite-tracking study in this flyway."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"Ultra-lightweight GPS-GSM transmitters were placed on the steppe and booted eagles at the [Aras River Ornithological Station](https://kuzeydoga.net/en/bird-research-and-tracking/aras-bird/) in northeastern Turkey in September 2022 and 2021, respectively.",
"When released, the eagles began their fall migrations right away."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://birdlife.org/news/2024/07/26/migratory-bird-of-the-month-eurasian-curlew",
"title": "Migratory bird of the month: Eurasian Curlew - BirdLife International",
"birds": [
{
"species": "Eurasian Curlew",
"route": null,
"timing": "In the autumn and winter, you will most likely find Europe\u2019s largest wading bird on estuaries. In the spring and summer instead, you\u2019ll spot them on heathlands, during their migration to upland breeding grounds.",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"The Eurasian Curlew is famous for its long, downward-curving, slender bill and bubbling \u2018cur lee\u2019 call.",
"Flight for Survival"
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"In the autumn and winter, you will most likely find Europe\u2019s largest wading bird on estuaries.",
"In the spring and summer instead, you\u2019ll spot them on heathlands, during their migration to upland breeding grounds.",
"Flight for Survival"
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Eskimo Curlew",
"route": null,
"timing": "150 years ago",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"150 years ago, hundreds of thousands of Eskimo Curlews (*Numenius borealis)* migrated along the entire length of the American coastlines.",
"Interesting facts",
"Disappearing family"
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"150 years ago, hundreds of thousands of Eskimo Curlews (*Numenius borealis)* migrated along the entire length of the American coastlines.",
"Interesting facts",
"Disappearing family"
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://sott.net/article/139941-Alaska-Bird-Makes-Longest-Nonstop-Flight-Ever-Measured",
"title": "Alaska Bird Makes Longest Nonstop Flight Ever Measured \u2014 Sott.net",
"birds": [
{
"species": "bar-tailed godwit",
"route": null,
"timing": "each September, before flying all the way back the following March",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"A female shorebird was recently found to have flown 7,145 miles (11,500 kilometers) nonstop from Alaska to New Zealand - without taking a break for food or drink.",
"The bird, a wader called a bar-tailed godwit, completed the journey in nine days."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"Some 70,000 godwits make the epic journey from their northern summer breeding grounds in Alaska down to New Zealand each September, before flying all the way back the following March.",
"A female shorebird was recently found to have flown 7,145 miles (11,500 kilometers) nonstop from Alaska to New Zealand - without taking a break for food or drink."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://allaboutbirds.org/news/some-birds-ride-the-wave-for-spring-migration",
"title": "Some Birds Ride the Wave for Spring Migration: Watch a Mesmerizing Migration Map of 118 Bird Species | All About Birds",
"birds": [
{
"species": "Blackpoll Warbler",
"route": null,
"timing": "spring and fall",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"For the return journey in spring, these birds take a different route farther inland (see Blackpoll Warbler route above).",
"By Pat Leonard April 15, 2016 For the first time, scientists at the Cornell Lab of Ornithology have documented the migratory movements of bird populations for 118 species throughout the Western Hemisphere."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"\u201cAfter tracing the migration routes of all these species, we concluded that a combination of geographic features and atmospheric conditions influence the choice of routes used during spring and fall migration,\u201d says lead author Frank La Sorte, a research associate at the Cornell Lab.",
"By Pat Leonard April 15, 2016 For the first time, scientists at the Cornell Lab of Ornithology have documented the migratory movements of bird populations for 118 species throughout the Western Hemisphere."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Townsend\u2019s Warbler",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"For example, many western migratory species fly along mountain chains to avoid the arid basins where food and shelter are scarce (see Townsend\u2019s Warbler route above).",
"By Pat Leonard April 15, 2016 For the first time, scientists at the Cornell Lab of Ornithology have documented the migratory movements of bird populations for 118 species throughout the Western Hemisphere."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://earth.com/animals/a-songbird-that-navigates-by-earths-magnetic-field-just-became-the-first-migratory-bird-with-a-complete-3d-brain-map",
"title": "A songbird that navigates by Earth\u2019s magnetic field just became the first migratory bird with a complete 3D brain map",
"birds": [
{
"species": "Eurasian blackcap",
"route": null,
"timing": "every autumn",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"A songbird that navigates by Earth\u2019s magnetic field just became the first migratory bird with a complete 3D brain map",
"Scientists have built the first complete 3D brain atlas of the Eurasian blackcap, a songbird that migrates thousands of miles guided by Earth's magnetic field."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"A songbird that navigates by Earth\u2019s magnetic field just became the first migratory bird with a complete 3D brain map",
"Every autumn, a songbird lighter than a golf ball takes off after dark and flies toward Africa."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://newsbreak.com/animals-around-the-globe-312249899/4844849119303-10-birds-that-travel-thousands-of-miles-and-return-to-almost-the-same-spot",
"title": "10 Birds That Travel Thousands of Miles and Return to Almost the Same Spot - NewsBreak",
"birds": [
{
"species": "Arctic Tern",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"Animals",
"# 10 Birds That Travel Thousands of Miles and Return to Almost the Same Spot",
"## 1. Arctic Tern \u2013 The Ultimate Long-Distance Champion",
"The Arctic tern is the bird that makes every frequent-flyer program look embarrassing."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Bar-tailed Godwit",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"Animals",
"# 10 Birds That Travel Thousands of Miles and Return to Almost the Same Spot",
"## 2. Bar-tailed Godwit \u2013 Nonstop Flights Across the Pacific",
"The bar-tailed godwit might not look like an athlete at first glance, but this shorebird pulls off one of the most brutal non-stop migrations known."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Common Swift",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"Animals",
"# 10 Birds That Travel Thousands of Miles and Return to Almost the Same Spot",
"## 3. Common Swift \u2013 Months in the Air, Home in the Same Roof Tile",
"Common swifts are famous for hardly ever landing outside of the breeding season."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "White Stork",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"Animals",
"# 10 Birds That Travel Thousands of Miles and Return to Almost the Same Spot",
"## 4. White Stork \u2013 Village Icons That Come Back to the Same Chimney",
"In several European towns, white storks are practically honorary residents."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Blackpoll Warbler",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"Animals",
"# 10 Birds That Travel Thousands of Miles and Return to Almost the Same Spot",
"## 5. Blackpoll Warbler \u2013 A Palm-Sized Bird with an Ocean Route",
"The blackpoll warbler is one of those birds that makes you rethink what \u201csmall\u201d really means."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Manx Shearwater",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"Animals",
"# 10 Birds That Travel Thousands of Miles and Return to Almost the Same Spot",
"## 6. Manx Shearwater \u2013 Navigating Back to the Same Burrow",
"Manx shearwaters are seabirds that live a life most of us will never see."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Barn Swallow",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"Animals",
"# 10 Birds That Travel Thousands of Miles and Return to Almost the Same Spot",
"## 7. Barn Swallow \u2013 From Distant Winters Back to the Same Barn Beam",
"Barn swallows are some of the most familiar migratory birds to many people, especially in rural areas."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Sandhill Crane",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"Animals",
"# 10 Birds That Travel Thousands of Miles and Return to Almost the Same Spot",
"## 8. Sandhill Crane \u2013 Generations Sharing the Same Stopover Fields",
"Sandhill cranes are tall, elegant birds whose bugling calls carry for miles."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Sooty Shearwater",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"Animals",
"# 10 Birds That Travel Thousands of Miles and Return to Almost the Same Spot",
"## 9. Sooty Shearwater \u2013 Looping the Oceans Back to the Same Colony",
"Sooty shearwaters are long-distance champions of the southern oceans, performing large looping migrations that can take them through multiple ocean basins in a single year."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Albatross",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"Animals",
"# 10 Birds That Travel Thousands of Miles and Return to Almost the Same Spot",
"## 10. Albatross (Wandering and Other Species) \u2013 Lifelong Bonds to Remote Nests",
"Albatrosses, especially wandering albatrosses, are icons of the open ocean."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://academy.allaboutbirds.org/discussion/topic/activities-different-seasons-different-birds",
"title": "Activities: Different Seasons, Different Birds | Bird Academy \u2022 The Cornell Lab",
"birds": [
{
"species": "Blackburnian Warbler",
"route": null,
"timing": "May and June or September and October",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"**ACTIVITY 1:** Compare pairs of birds using migration maps.",
"///// **Pair 1: Northern Cardinal vs Blackburnian Warbler.**",
"Blackburnian Warblers might be seen during migration of May and June or September and October."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"**ACTIVITY 1:** Compare pairs of birds using migration maps.",
"///// **Pair 1: Northern Cardinal vs Blackburnian Warbler.**",
"Blackburnian Warblers might be seen during migration of May and June or September and October."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Scarlet Tanager",
"route": null,
"timing": "fall and spring",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"**ACTIVITY 1:** Compare pairs of birds using migration maps.",
"Scarlet Tanager breeds primarily in the Eastern and in Central USA and Southern Canada."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"**ACTIVITY 1:** Compare pairs of birds using migration maps.",
"It follows the same route during fall and spring migration."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://raptors.cms.int/region/asia",
"title": "Asia | Raptors",
"birds": [
{
"species": "Amur Falcon",
"route": null,
"timing": "In October each year",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"### From Prey to Protected Species: How the Tide Turned for the Amur Falcon",
"In October each year, communities in the mountainous parts of Northeast India, gather in anticipation of the arrival of a small grey bird, the Amur Falcon, which annually migrates over 30,000 km."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"### From Prey to Protected Species: How the Tide Turned for the Amur Falcon",
"In October each year, communities in the mountainous parts of Northeast India, gather in anticipation of the arrival of a small grey bird, the Amur Falcon, which annually migrates over 30,000 km."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "http://birdlife.org/datazone/sowb/c",
"title": "CENTRAL ASIAN FLYWAY - BirdLife International",
"birds": [
{
"species": "Bar-headed Goose",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# CENTRAL ASIAN FLYWAY",
"#### **Hero Species**",
"With striking black stripes and a bright yellow beak, the Bar-headed Goose is an impressive migratory bird!"
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://roostmagazine.co/post/the-bar-tailed-godwits-eleven-day-flight",
"title": "The Bar-Tailed Godwit's Eleven-Day Flight",
"birds": [
{
"species": "bar-tailed godwit",
"route": null,
"timing": "autumn (southbound) and spring (northbound)",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# The Bar-Tailed Godwit's Eleven-Day Flight",
"Bar-tailed godwits, *Limosa lapponica baueri*, breed in western Alaska and winter in eastern Australia and New Zealand."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"# The Bar-Tailed Godwit's Eleven-Day Flight",
"The northbound migration in March takes a more leisurely path, with extended stopovers on the Yellow Sea mudflats of China and the Korean Peninsula.",
"The southbound migration in autumn is the famous one, a single trans-Pacific haul."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://academy.allaboutbirds.org/discussion/topic/activities-different-seasons-different-birds/page/8",
"title": "Activities: Different Seasons, Different Birds | Bird Academy \u2022 The Cornell Lab",
"birds": [
{
"species": "Blackburnian Warbler",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"- **Activity 1**: I think the idea of this exercise was to notice migratory patterns. Resident (Northern Cardinal) vs migratory (Blackburnian Warbler) birds; east coast (Scarlet Tanager) vs west coast (Western Tanager) migration; same migratory pattern (Ruby-throated Hummingbird) vs clockwise migratory pattern (Rufous Hummingbird); migrations over the landmass (Sandhill Crane) vs migrations over the water mass (Yellow-bellied Flycatcher)."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://audubon.org/magazine/many-styles-of-bird-migration-are-more-varied-you-think",
"title": "The Many Styles of Bird Migration Are More Varied Than You Think",
"birds": [
{
"species": "Bar-tailed Godwits",
"route": null,
"timing": "nine days",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# The Many Styles of Bird Migration Are More Varied Than You Think",
"#### Bar-tailed Godwits",
"Bar-tailed Godwits undertake the longest nonstop migration known."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"# The Many Styles of Bird Migration Are More Varied Than You Think",
"#### Bar-tailed Godwits",
"Individuals have been recorded traveling more than 8,100 miles without food or rest and regularly flying more than 7,000 miles one-way in only nine days."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://wwt.org.uk/about-us/news/dynasties-divorce-and-10000-swans-60-years-of-wwts-unique-bill-pattern-study",
"title": "Dynasties, divorce, and 10,000 swans \u2013 60 years of WWT\u2019s unique Bill Pattern Study",
"birds": [
{
"species": "Bewick's swan",
"route": null,
"timing": "winter",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# Dynasties, divorce, and 10,000 swans \u2013 60 years of WWT\u2019s unique Bill Pattern Study",
"A scientific study into Bewick\u2019s swans, birds which can be identified as individuals through the unique markings on their bills, is celebrating 60 years of drama and discovery this winter.",
"As they arrive in the UK from Arctic Russia on their annual 3,500km migration, every adult swan that visits the reserve is given a name and their bill pattern is logged, allowing researchers to follow the long lives of each bird and the dynasties of swans that came before them."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"# Dynasties, divorce, and 10,000 swans \u2013 60 years of WWT\u2019s unique Bill Pattern Study",
"A scientific study into Bewick\u2019s swans, birds which can be identified as individuals through the unique markings on their bills, is celebrating 60 years of drama and discovery this winter.",
"As they arrive in the UK from Arctic Russia on their annual 3,500km migration, every adult swan that visits the reserve is given a name and their bill pattern is logged, allowing researchers to follow the long lives of each bird and the dynasties of swans that came before them."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://ace-eco.org/vol21/iss2/art10",
"title": "Avian Conservation and Ecology: Using geolocators and carbon isotopes to examine non-breeding locations, migration routes, migration timing, and carry-over effects in Prairie Warblers (Setophaga discolor)",
"birds": null
},
{
"url": "http://birdlife.org/worldwide/news/thirty-years-migration-%E2%80%93-million-miles-wing",
"title": "Thirty years of migration \u2013 a million miles on the wing",
"birds": [
{
"species": "Arctic tern",
"route": null,
"timing": "every year",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"21 Sep 2010 Thirty years of migration \u2013 a million miles on the wing From now on it will be known as the million-mile bird: an Arctic tern which has been migrating between northern England and the Antarctic every year for the last three decades.",
"As Arctic terns make an extraordinary and immense journey every year \u2013 the longest migration of any bird \u2013 travelling from breeding grounds as far north as the Arctic circle to over-winter in the Antarctic, the Farne Islands individual will have covered at least 600,000 miles in its 30 years of journeying, more than the distance to the Moon and back."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"21 Sep 2010 Thirty years of migration \u2013 a million miles on the wing From now on it will be known as the million-mile bird: an Arctic tern which has been migrating between northern England and the Antarctic every year for the last three decades.",
"As Arctic terns make an extraordinary and immense journey every year \u2013 the longest migration of any bird \u2013 travelling from breeding grounds as far north as the Arctic circle to over-winter in the Antarctic, the Farne Islands individual will have covered at least 600,000 miles in its 30 years of journeying, more than the distance to the Moon and back."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "http://audubon.org/news/9-awesome-facts-about-bird-migration",
"title": "9 Awesome Facts About Bird Migration",
"birds": [
{
"species": "bar-headed geese",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# 9 Awesome Facts About Bird Migration",
"**Bar-headed geese are the highest-flying migratory birds**, regularly[ reaching altitudes of up to five and a half miles above sea level](http://www.pnas.org/content/108/23/9516.full.pdf+html) while flying over the Himalayas in India."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Arctic tern",
"route": null,
"timing": "spend their winters",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# 9 Awesome Facts About Bird Migration",
"3. **The Arctic tern has the longest migration of any bird in the world**."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"# 9 Awesome Facts About Bird Migration",
"These black-capped, red-billed birds [can fly more than 49,700 miles in a year](http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2836663/), making a round trip between their breeding grounds in the Arctic and the Antarctic, where they spend their winters."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "northern wheatear",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# 9 Awesome Facts About Bird Migration",
"4. Speaking of long distances, the northern wheatear [travels up to 9,000 miles each way between the Arctic and Africa](http://rsbl.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/8/4/505.abstract), giving it **one of the largest ranges of any songbird**."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "great snipe",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# 9 Awesome Facts About Bird Migration",
"5.** The award for fastest bird goes to the great snipe**: It flies around [4,200 miles at speeds of up to 60mph](http://rsbl.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/early/2011/05/13/rsbl.2011.0343.full.pdf+html)!"
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "bar-tailed godwit",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# 9 Awesome Facts About Bird Migration",
"6. **The bar-tailed godwit can fly for nearly 7,000 miles without stopping**, making it the bird with [the longest recorded non-stop flight](http://www.plosbiology.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.1000362)."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "blackpoll warbler",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# 9 Awesome Facts About Bird Migration",
"**Some birds, like the blackpoll warbler, almost double their body weight** before [flying 2,300 miles non-stop for 86 hours](http://www.fs.usda.gov/detail/nfsnc/learning/nature-science/?cid=stelprdb5188423)."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://cms.int/en/project/conservation-amur-falcon-nagaland-and-along-its-migration-route",
"title": "Conservation of Amur Falcon in Nagaland and along its migration route",
"birds": [
{
"species": "Amur Falcon",
"route": null,
"timing": "annually",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"A hard-hitting campaign by Indian conservationists published graphic video images to expose a mass harvest of Amur Falcons \u2013 a small but long distant migrant bird of prey that breeds in Eastern Russia and China, and annually flies around 22,000km all the way across Asia, over the Indian Ocean to wintering grounds in Southern Africa."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"A hard-hitting campaign by Indian conservationists published graphic video images to expose a mass harvest of Amur Falcons \u2013 a small but long distant migrant bird of prey that breeds in Eastern Russia and China, and annually flies around 22,000km all the way across Asia, over the Indian Ocean to wintering grounds in Southern Africa."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://birdlife.org/news/2026/04/15/voices-of-the-flyways-blessings-chingagwe",
"title": "Voices of the Flyways: Blessings Chingagwe - BirdLife International",
"birds": [
{
"species": "Whiskered Tern",
"route": null,
"timing": "December rains",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"In this series, we meet conservationists to learn more about their vital work right along the world's migratory flyways.",
"If you had to choose one species to represent your flyway, what would it be and why?",
"**BC:** \u201cI would choose the [Whiskered Tern](https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/whiskered-tern-chlidonias-hybrida)."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"In this series, we meet conservationists to learn more about their vital work right along the world's migratory flyways.",
"If you had to choose one species to represent your flyway, what would it be and why?",
"Arriving in Malawi with the December rains, it reminds us that this small country, let alone a small wetland, is not isolated from the global community."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25709838",
"title": "Mapping migratory flyways in Asia using dynamic Brownian bridge movement models",
"birds": [
{
"species": "northern shoveler",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"## Results and discussion",
"Multi-species flyways",
"Only one bird, a northern shoveler (__Anas clypeata__) marked in Bangladesh that traveled ~6,000\u00a0km to eastern Siberia, crossed over from the CAF to the EAAF."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://moodle2.ddsb.ca/article/which-bird-flies-the-longest-the-ultimate-record-setting-migration-masters",
"title": "Which Bird Flies the Longest? The Ultimate Record-Setting Migration Masters",
"birds": [
{
"species": "Arctic Tern",
"route": null,
"timing": "annually",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"Which Bird Flies the Longest? The Ultimate Record-Setting Migration Masters",
"The following overview highlights the champions of sustained flight and the conditions that define their journeys.",
"| Bird Species | Typical Longest Nonstop Distance | Key Flight Context | Average Cruising Speed |",
"| Arctic Tern | Up to 60,000 km annually (pole-to-pole) | Seasonal migration between Arctic and Antarctic | 30\u201340 km/h |",
"## Arctic Tern Migration Patterns",
"The Arctic Tern represents the ultimate long-distance flyer, routinely tracking summer between the Arctic and Antarctic."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"Which Bird Flies the Longest? The Ultimate Record-Setting Migration Masters",
"The following overview highlights the champions of sustained flight and the conditions that define their journeys.",
"| Bird Species | Typical Longest Nonstop Distance | Key Flight Context | Average Cruising Speed |",
"| Arctic Tern | Up to 60,000 km annually (pole-to-pole) | Seasonal migration between Arctic and Antarctic | 30\u201340 km/h |",
"## Arctic Tern Migration Patterns",
"Its annual round-trip can exceed 60,000 km, powered by a combination of efficient gliding, wind exploitation, and precise timing of seasonal food availability."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Bar-tailed Godwit",
"route": "Alaska to New Zealand",
"timing": null,
"distance_km": "13,560",
"distinction": "holds the record for the longest single nonstop flight",
"species_evidence": [
"Which Bird Flies the Longest? The Ultimate Record-Setting Migration Masters",
"The following overview highlights the champions of sustained flight and the conditions that define their journeys.",
"| Bird Species | Typical Longest Nonstop Distance | Key Flight Context | Average Cruising Speed |",
"| Bar-tailed Godwit | 13,560 km nonstop (Alaska to New Zealand) | Nonstop ocean crossing during migration | 50\u201380 km/h |",
"## Bar-tailed Godwit Endurance Feats",
"While the Arctic Tern covers more total distance annually, the Bar-tailed Godwit holds the record for the longest single nonstop flight."
],
"route_evidence": [
"Which Bird Flies the Longest? The Ultimate Record-Setting Migration Masters",
"The following overview highlights the champions of sustained flight and the conditions that define their journeys.",
"| Bird Species | Typical Longest Nonstop Distance | Key Flight Context | Average Cruising Speed |",
"| Bar-tailed Godwit | 13,560 km nonstop (Alaska to New Zealand) | Nonstop ocean crossing during migration | 50\u201380 km/h |",
"## Bar-tailed Godwit Endurance Feats",
"Individuals have been tracked flying approximately 13,560 km from Alaska to New Zealand without landing to rest or feed."
],
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": [
"Which Bird Flies the Longest? The Ultimate Record-Setting Migration Masters",
"The following overview highlights the champions of sustained flight and the conditions that define their journeys.",
"| Bird Species | Typical Longest Nonstop Distance | Key Flight Context | Average Cruising Speed |",
"| Bar-tailed Godwit | 13,560 km nonstop (Alaska to New Zealand) | Nonstop ocean crossing during migration | 50\u201380 km/h |",
"## Bar-tailed Godwit Endurance Feats",
"Individuals have been tracked flying approximately 13,560 km from Alaska to New Zealand without landing to rest or feed."
],
"distinction_evidence": [
"Which Bird Flies the Longest? The Ultimate Record-Setting Migration Masters",
"The following overview highlights the champions of sustained flight and the conditions that define their journeys.",
"## Bar-tailed Godwit Endurance Feats",
"While the Arctic Tern covers more total distance annually, the Bar-tailed Godwit holds the record for the longest single nonstop flight."
]
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://academy.allaboutbirds.org/discussion/topic/activities-different-seasons-different-birds/page/4",
"title": "Activities: Different Seasons, Different Birds | Bird Academy \u2022 The Cornell Lab",
"birds": [
{
"species": "Sandhill Crane",
"route": null,
"timing": "August / spring and fall migration",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"The *Sandhill Crane's* migration from the Southern US and Northern Mexico to the far north and even parts of Siberia really shocked me.",
"- **ACTIVITY 1**: Its interesting how many winter in Central and South America and then head to Canada to breed."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"- **Sandhill Crane**: in breeding season spreads in all Canada and Alaska; in August migrates to Central America and Florida.",
"Until I began looking at migration maps I didn\u2019t realize that \"those birds\" I saw in my yard were just one offs on their way to their breeding grounds and since then I\u2019ve spent my springs and falls looking for these particular birds again."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://audubon.org/news/going-distance-5-champion-migrators",
"title": "Going the Distance: 5 Champion Migrators",
"birds": [
{
"species": "Arctic Terns",
"route": null,
"timing": "annually",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# Going the Distance: 5 Champion Migrators",
"**Arctic Terns**"
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"# Going the Distance: 5 Champion Migrators",
"The Arctic Tern may look nondescript\u2014gull-like even, for the uninitiated\u2014but this intrepid seabird migrates 50,000 miles round-trip annually."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Blackpoll Warbler",
"route": null,
"timing": "in just two to three days",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# Going the Distance: 5 Champion Migrators",
"**Blackpoll Warbler**"
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"# Going the Distance: 5 Champion Migrators",
"Though we\u2019ve long known the birds go this far, researchers from University of Massachusetts Amherst [proved](http://www.umass.edu/newsoffice/article/tiny-songbird-discovered-migrate-non-stop) that the little fliers go 1,700 miles across the Atlantic without a pit stop in just two to three days, making landfall somewhere in Puerto Rico, Cuba, and the islands known as the Greater Antilles."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Bar-tailed Godwit",
"route": null,
"timing": "in a little more than a week",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# Going the Distance: 5 Champion Migrators",
"**Bar-tailed Godwit**"
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"# Going the Distance: 5 Champion Migrators",
"The Bar-tailed Godwit could make most other birds feel lazy: The godwit makes a nonstop 7,000-mile trip in a little more than a week."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Northern Wheatear",
"route": null,
"timing": "for the winter",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# Going the Distance: 5 Champion Migrators",
"**Northern Wheatear**"
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"# Going the Distance: 5 Champion Migrators",
"Two distinct Northern Wheatear populations go in opposite directions to end up in Africa for the winter, one departing from northeastern Canada and Greenland, the other from Alaska and the Yukon Territory."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Sooty Shearwater",
"route": null,
"timing": "each year",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# Going the Distance: 5 Champion Migrators",
"**Sooty Shearwater**"
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"# Going the Distance: 5 Champion Migrators",
"These birds fly up to 39,000 miles each year, researchers from the University of California-Santa Cruz [learned in](http://currents.ucsc.edu/06-07/08-14/shearwaters.asp) 2006, focusing on different feeding grounds as they circle the Pacific Basin, dipping down to Antarctic waters and up to California, Alaska, and Japan."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://wwt.org.uk/wetland-centres/london/whats-on/events/connect-with-wildlife",
"title": "Discover Migratory Birds with Walks and Talks",
"birds": [
{
"species": "white storks",
"route": null,
"timing": "each year",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# Discover Migratory Birds with Walks and Talks",
"Meet our resident white storks, Clam, Keith and Kevin (Yes, they are girls), during a short talk with our team.",
"Learn about these impressive birds, what they eat, and the incredible migrations their wild relatives make between Europe and West Africa each year."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"# Discover Migratory Birds with Walks and Talks",
"Learn about these impressive birds, what they eat, and the incredible migrations their wild relatives make between Europe and West Africa each year."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://animalsaroundtheglobe.com/12-birds-that-migrate-the-farthest-5-327298",
"title": "12 Birds That Migrate the Farthest",
"birds": [
{
"species": "Arctic Tern",
"route": null,
"timing": "two summers each year",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# 12 Birds That Migrate the Farthest",
"## Arctic Tern The World\u2019s Distance Champion",
"When discussing long-distance avian migration, the Arctic Tern (Sterna paradisaea) invariably tops the list."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"# 12 Birds That Migrate the Farthest",
"## Arctic Tern The World\u2019s Distance Champion",
"This pole-to-pole journey allows them to experience two summers each year and more daylight than any other creature on the planet."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Bar-tailed Godwit",
"route": null,
"timing": "about nine days of continuous flying",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# 12 Birds That Migrate the Farthest",
"## Bar-tailed Godwit Non-stop Flight Champion",
"The Bar-tailed Godwit (Limosa lapponica) demonstrates perhaps the most impressive single flight endurance of any bird."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"# 12 Birds That Migrate the Farthest",
"## Bar-tailed Godwit Non-stop Flight Champion",
"This marathon flight takes about nine days of continuous flying over the open Pacific Ocean."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Sooty Shearwater",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# 12 Birds That Migrate the Farthest",
"Sooty Shearwaters (Ardenna grisea) undertake one of the most impressive circular migration routes of any bird."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Great Knot",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# 12 Birds That Migrate the Farthest",
"## Great Knot The Asian Long-distance Flyer",
"The Great Knot (Calidris tenuirostris) is a medium-sized shorebird that undertakes one of Asia\u2019s most impressive migrations."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Northern Wheatear",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# 12 Birds That Migrate the Farthest",
"## Northern Wheatear The Small Bird with a Big Journey",
"The Northern Wheatear (Oenanthe oenanthe) may look unassuming, but this small songbird undertakes one of the most impressive migrations relative to its size."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Ruddy Turnstone",
"route": null,
"timing": "annually",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# 12 Birds That Migrate the Farthest",
"The Ruddy Turnstone (Arenaria interpres) is a stocky, brightly-patterned shorebird that migrates between Arctic breeding grounds and wintering areas that span coastlines across six continents."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"# 12 Birds That Migrate the Farthest",
"The Ruddy Turnstone (Arenaria interpres) is a stocky, brightly-patterned shorebird that migrates between Arctic breeding grounds and wintering areas that span coastlines across six continents.",
"Some populations travel over 15,000 miles (24,000 kilometers) annually."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Red Knot",
"route": null,
"timing": "each spring",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# 12 Birds That Migrate the Farthest",
"## Red Knot The Hemispheric Traveler",
"The Red Knot (Calidris canutus) is a medium-sized shorebird with six recognized subspecies, each undertaking impressive long-distance migrations."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"# 12 Birds That Migrate the Farthest",
"## Red Knot The Hemispheric Traveler",
"For example, rufa Red Knots famously congregate in massive numbers at Delaware Bay each spring to feast on horseshoe crab eggs, a rich food source that allows them to rapidly gain the weight needed for the final leg to their Arctic breeding grounds."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Hudsonian Godwit",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# 12 Birds That Migrate the Farthest",
"## Hudsonian Godwit The Hemispheric Marathon Flyer",
"The Hudsonian Godwit (Limosa haemastica) undertakes one of the longest non-stop flights of any bird in the Western Hemisphere."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Pectoral Sandpiper",
"route": null,
"timing": "annually",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# 12 Birds That Migrate the Farthest",
"## Pectoral Sandpiper The Intercontinental Breeding Champion",
"The Pectoral Sandpiper (Calidris melanotos) demonstrates an unusual migration pattern driven by its extraordinary breeding strategy."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"# 12 Birds That Migrate the Farthest",
"## Pectoral Sandpiper The Intercontinental Breeding Champion",
"These medium-sized shorebirds breed across the Arctic tundra of North America and Siberia before wintering in South America and Australia\u2014a journey of up to 19,000 miles (30,000 kilometers) annually."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Eastern Curlew",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# 12 Birds That Migrate the Farthest",
"## Eastern Curlew Asia\u2019s Marathon Migrant",
"The Eastern Curlew (Numenius madagascariensis) is the largest migratory shorebird in the world and holds the record for the longest migration within the East Asian-Australasian Flyway."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Greater Snow Goose",
"route": null,
"timing": "twice-yearly",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# 12 Birds That Migrate the Farthest",
"## Greater Snow Goose The High Flyer",
"The Greater Snow Goose (Anser caerulescens atlanticus) undertakes a remarkable twice-yearly migration between its Arctic breeding grounds and wintering areas along the Atlantic coast of the United States."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"# 12 Birds That Migrate the Farthest",
"## Greater Snow Goose The High Flyer",
"The Greater Snow Goose (Anser caerulescens atlanticus) undertakes a remarkable twice-yearly migration between its Arctic breeding grounds and wintering areas along the Atlantic coast of the United States."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Swainson\u2019s Hawk",
"route": null,
"timing": "takes two months to complete",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# 12 Birds That Migrate the Farthest",
"## Swainson\u2019s Hawk The Insect Hunter",
"The Swainson\u2019s Hawk (Buteo swainsoni) undertakes one of the longest migrations of any North American raptor."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"# 12 Birds That Migrate the Farthest",
"## Swainson\u2019s Hawk The Insect Hunter",
"These birds of prey breed across western North America before traveling approximately 6,000 miles (9,700 kilometers) to their wintering grounds in the pampas of Argentina\u2014a journey that can take two months to complete."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://newsbreak.com/earth-com-2402525/4844142799250-a-songbird-that-navigates-by-earth-s-magnetic-field-just-became-the-first-migratory-bird-with-a-complete-3d-brain-map",
"title": "A songbird that navigates by Earth\u2019s magnetic field just became the first migratory bird with a complete 3D brain map - NewsBreak",
"birds": [
{
"species": "Eurasian blackcap",
"route": null,
"timing": "autumn",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"A songbird that navigates by Earth\u2019s magnetic field just became the first migratory bird with a complete 3D brain map",
"The Eurasian blackcap (*Sylvia atricapilla*) can cover up to 3,700 miles (6,000 kilometers) between its European breeding grounds and its wintering sites, steering in part by Earth\u2019s magnetic field."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"A songbird that navigates by Earth\u2019s magnetic field just became the first migratory bird with a complete 3D brain map",
"Every autumn, a songbird lighter than a golf ball takes off after dark and flies toward Africa."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://allaboutbirds.org/news/eight-intriguing-migration-mysteries-solved-with-birdcast-and-ebird",
"title": "Eight Intriguing Migration Mysteries Solved With BirdCast and eBird | All About Birds",
"birds": [
{
"species": "Blackpoll Warblers",
"route": null,
"timing": "spring and fall",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"Eight Intriguing Migration Mysteries Solved With BirdCast and eBird",
"Where did all the Blackpoll Warblers go?",
"Blackpoll Warblers are fairly common spring migrants all the way up through the eastern states."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"Eight Intriguing Migration Mysteries Solved With BirdCast and eBird",
"Orange and white colors show where Blackpoll Warblers migrate in the spring and then in the fall, en route to and from Canadian breeding grounds."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Chipping Sparrows",
"route": null,
"timing": "migrates twice / autumn / winter",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"Eight Intriguing Migration Mysteries Solved With BirdCast and eBird",
"Why do Chipping Sparrows migrate twice?",
"For instance, Chipping Sparrows in the Front Range of Colorado migrate eastward to molting sites such as the [Pawnee National Grasslands](https://www.allaboutbirds.org/news/NetCommunity/Page.aspx?pid=1762), then continue to Mexico."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"Eight Intriguing Migration Mysteries Solved With BirdCast and eBird",
"Why do Chipping Sparrows migrate twice?",
"We often think of migration as a straight shot from breeding grounds to wintering grounds."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Long-billed Curlews",
"route": null,
"timing": "winter",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"Eight Intriguing Migration Mysteries Solved With BirdCast and eBird",
"Why do Long-billed Curlews winter in both California and Mexico?",
"Long-billed Curlews breed in grasslands and open country of the central and western U.S."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"Eight Intriguing Migration Mysteries Solved With BirdCast and eBird",
"Why do Long-billed Curlews winter in both California and Mexico?",
"In winter, you can find them in coastal and interior California, as well as in landlocked wetlands of the Southwest and Mexico."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://audubon.org/news/tens-millions-western-birds-depend-these-two-regions-during-migration",
"title": "Tens of Millions of Western Birds Depend on These Two Regions During Migration",
"birds": null
},
{
"url": "https://siberian-crane.cms.int/page/species-conservation-0",
"title": "Species Conservation",
"birds": [
{
"species": "Siberian Crane",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# Species Conservation"
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://allaboutbirds.org/news/tiny-hummingbirds-incredible-migration",
"title": "Tiny Hummingbirds\u2019 Incredible Migration | All About Birds",
"birds": [
{
"species": "Ruby-throated Hummingbirds",
"route": null,
"timing": "fall migration peaks in September and that older birds travel ahead of younger ones",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# Tiny Hummingbirds\u2019 Incredible Migration",
"Ruby-throated Hummingbirds, like this male pictured here, may travel more than 1000 miles without stopping.",
"Tiny Ruby-throated Hummingbirds are capable of flying more than 2,000 kilometers without a break, according to a new paper in *The Auk: Ornithological Advances*."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"# Tiny Hummingbirds\u2019 Incredible Migration",
"This research provides some of the first details of their annual fall journey from the eastern United States to Central America, showing that their fall migration peaks in September and that older birds travel ahead of younger ones."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://gi.alaska.edu/alaska-science-forum/curlews-and-columbus",
"title": "Curlews and Columbus",
"birds": [
{
"species": "Eskimo curlews",
"route": null,
"timing": "between late August and very early October",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# Curlews and Columbus",
"The gigantic migrating horde consisted largely of shorebirds, and many of the shorebirds were Eskimo curlews."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"# Curlews and Columbus",
"That launch date usually fell between late August and very early October."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "http://datazone.birdlife.org/site/factsheet/11376",
"title": "BirdLife Data Zone",
"birds": [
{
"species": "Hudsonian Godwit",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"CA377 North Point Birds Canada / Nature Canada Site description (2001 baseline) North Point is a point of land along the southwest coast of James Bay, about 28 km northeast of Moosonee.",
"Shorebird species such as Dunlin, Red Knot and Hudsonian Godwit feed here in significant numbers.",
"North Point is a key staging area for Hudsonian Godwit."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Red Knot",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"CA377 North Point Birds Canada / Nature Canada Site description (2001 baseline) North Point is a point of land along the southwest coast of James Bay, about 28 km northeast of Moosonee.",
"Shorebird species such as Dunlin, Red Knot and Hudsonian Godwit feed here in significant numbers.",
"This site is also a key area for Red Knots, as the 2,500 birds counted here represent about 2% of the South American-wintering rufa supspecies."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://audubon.org/magazine/many-styles-bird-migration-are-more-varied-you-think",
"title": "The Many Styles of Bird Migration Are More Varied Than You Think",
"birds": [
{
"species": "Bar-tailed Godwits",
"route": null,
"timing": "nine days",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"The Many Styles of Bird Migration Are More Varied Than You Think BY LAUREN LEFFER | ILLUSTRATIONS BY LIZ WAHID | SPRING 2022 At least 40 percent of bird species migrate in some form.",
"Bar-tailed Godwits undertake the longest nonstop migration known."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"The Many Styles of Bird Migration Are More Varied Than You Think BY LAUREN LEFFER | ILLUSTRATIONS BY LIZ WAHID | SPRING 2022 At least 40 percent of bird species migrate in some form.",
"Individuals have been recorded traveling more than 8,100 miles without food or rest and regularly flying more than 7,000 miles one-way in only nine days."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://wwt.org.uk/wetland-centres/llanelli/wildlife/latest-sightings/sandwich-terns-green-sandpipers-and-cattle-egrets",
"title": "Sandwich Terns, Green Sandpipers and Cattle Egrets",
"birds": [
{
"species": "Sandwich Tern",
"route": null,
"timing": "winter, summer",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# Sandwich Terns, Green Sandpipers and Cattle Egrets",
"This week has taken out us out on the marsh, into the woods and incredibly close to some impressive species.",
"Five** Sandwich Terns** (*Thalasseus sandvicensis*) were spotted on Thursday last week from the *British Steel Hide*."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"# Sandwich Terns, Green Sandpipers and Cattle Egrets",
"This week has taken out us out on the marsh, into the woods and incredibly close to some impressive species.",
"Particularly in the summer, this species have a dark and rather spiky-looking plumage on their heads.",
"In the winter, their dark head plumage fades and they\u2019re left with what can appear to be a bit of a tonsure (that medieval-looking monk haircut)."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://nationalgeographic.com/animals/article/alaska-bird-longest-mirgation",
"title": "Alaska Bird Makes Longest Nonstop Flight Ever Measured",
"birds": [
{
"species": "bar-tailed godwit",
"route": null,
"timing": "September (southbound trip), following March (trip back)",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# Alaska Bird Makes Longest Nonstop Flight Ever Measured",
"The bird, a wader called a bar-tailed godwit, completed the journey in nine days."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"# Alaska Bird Makes Longest Nonstop Flight Ever Measured",
"Some 70,000 godwits make the epic journey from their northern summer breeding grounds in Alaska down to New Zealand each September, before flying all the way back the following March."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "godwit",
"route": null,
"timing": "each September, before flying all the way back the following March",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# Alaska Bird Makes Longest Nonstop Flight Ever Measured",
"Some 70,000 godwits make the epic journey from their northern summer breeding grounds in Alaska down to New Zealand each September, before flying all the way back the following March."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"# Alaska Bird Makes Longest Nonstop Flight Ever Measured",
"Some 70,000 godwits make the epic journey from their northern summer breeding grounds in Alaska down to New Zealand each September, before flying all the way back the following March."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s40462-015-0029-6",
"title": "Mapping migratory flyways in Asia using dynamic Brownian bridge movement models",
"birds": [
{
"species": "northern shoveler",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"## Results and discussion",
"Multi-species flyways",
"Only one bird, a northern shoveler (__Anas clypeata__) marked in Bangladesh that traveled ~6,000\u00a0km to eastern Siberia, crossed over from the CAF to the EAAF."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://academy.allaboutbirds.org/discussion/users/user1210255/replies",
"title": "Jo Anne's Replies |",
"birds": [
{
"species": "Yellow-bellied Flycatcher",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"## Forum Replies Created",
"Viewing 4 posts - 1 through 4 (of 4 total)",
"- **Activity 1:** Visit eBird Status and Trends to watch some animated range maps and see migration in action. Compare:",
" Yellow-bellied Flycatcher summers mostly in Eastern Canada. It looks like it must fly long distances without landing in southern US, winters in Central America"
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://audubon.org/news/these-mighty-shorebirds-keep-breaking-flight-records-and-you-can-follow-along",
"title": "These Mighty Shorebirds Keep Breaking Flight Records\u2014And You Can Follow Along",
"birds": [
{
"species": "Bar-tailed Godwit",
"route": null,
"timing": "March and April (return to Alaska) / southbound migration",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# These Mighty Shorebirds Keep Breaking Flight Records\u2014And You Can Follow Along",
"Bar-tailed Godwits regularly travel more than 7,000 miles non-stop."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"# These Mighty Shorebirds Keep Breaking Flight Records\u2014And You Can Follow Along",
"In the next few days, the Godwit is expected to end its southbound migration in New Zealand after its well-earned island stopover, says [Adrian Riegen](https://teara.govt.nz/en/photograph/11944/adrian-riegen-birdwatcher), a builder from West Auckland and a passionate birdwatcher.",
"When it's time to return to Alaska in March and April, the Bar-tailed Godwits follow a slightly different path, detouring to mudflats in parts of the Yellow Sea, before continuing."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://wwt.org.uk/our-work/projects/bewicks-swans",
"title": "Monitoring Bewick's swans",
"birds": [
{
"species": "Bewick\u2019s swans",
"route": null,
"timing": "every autumn; in spring; winter",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"Britain\u2019s rarest, smallest and most musical swan is all about family.",
"Extended family groups make long, dangerous migrations together to visit the UK each winter."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"Extended family groups make long, dangerous migrations together to visit the UK each winter.",
"Every autumn, Bewick\u2019s swans face a dangerous migration to the UK from northern Russia.",
"In spring, they do it all again as they fly back to Russia."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Bewick\u2019s swans",
"route": "from northern Russia to the UK",
"timing": "every autumn and in spring",
"distance_km": "3,500",
"distinction": "They make long, dangerous migrations together to visit the UK each winter; face predators, fewer wetlands, and the risk of hitting power lines; and have been the subject of conservation flights using paramotors.",
"species_evidence": [
"## The challenge",
"Every autumn, Bewick\u2019s swans face a dangerous migration to the UK from northern Russia."
],
"route_evidence": [
"## The challenge",
"Every autumn, Bewick\u2019s swans face a dangerous migration to the UK from northern Russia."
],
"timing_evidence": [
"## The challenge",
"Every autumn, Bewick\u2019s swans face a dangerous migration to the UK from northern Russia.",
"In spring, they do it all again as they fly back to Russia."
],
"distance_km_evidence": [
"## The challenge",
"Every autumn, Bewick\u2019s swans face a dangerous migration to the UK from northern Russia.",
"Along their 3,500km route between the breeding and wintering sites there are predators, fewer wetlands and the risk of hitting power lines, but if they don\u2019t migrate, they will be caught in the ice and snow of the arctic winter."
],
"distinction_evidence": [
"Extended family groups make long, dangerous migrations together to visit the UK each winter.",
"Every autumn, Bewick\u2019s swans face a dangerous migration to the UK from northern Russia.",
"Along their 3,500km route between the breeding and wintering sites there are predators, fewer wetlands and the risk of hitting power lines, but if they don\u2019t migrate, they will be caught in the ice and snow of the arctic winter.",
"**Flight of the swans**",
"In autumn 2016 we went even further in our quest to discover the cause of the swans\u2019 drop in numbers.",
"WWT conservationist Sacha Dench strapped a paramotor to her back and flew the Bewick\u2019s swans\u2019 entire migratory route, from arctic Russia back to their wintering grounds in the UK."
]
}
]
},
{
"url": "http://datazone.birdlife.org/site/factsheet/north-point-iba-canada",
"title": "BirdLife Data Zone",
"birds": [
{
"species": "Hudsonian Godwit",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"CA377 North Point Birds Canada / Nature Canada Site description (baseline) North Point is a point of land along the southwest coast of James Bay, about 28 km northeast of Moosonee.",
"Shorebird species such as Dunlin, Red Knot and Hudsonian Godwit feed here in significant numbers.",
"North Point is a key staging area for Hudsonian Godwit."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://academy.allaboutbirds.org/discussion/users/user1647718/replies",
"title": "Kara's Replies |",
"birds": [
{
"species": "Blackburnian Warbler",
"route": null,
"timing": "migrate North in mid spring, heading back south in the fall",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# Kara",
"Northern Cardinal vs. Blackburnian Warbler",
"The Cardinal tends to stay in North America whereas the Blackburnian Warblers spend their winters in South American and migrate North in mid spring, heading back south in the fall."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"# Kara",
"Northern Cardinal vs. Blackburnian Warbler",
"The Cardinal tends to stay in North America whereas the Blackburnian Warblers spend their winters in South American and migrate North in mid spring, heading back south in the fall."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Scarlet Tanager",
"route": null,
"timing": "Spring",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# Kara",
"Northern Cardinal vs. Blackburnian Warbler",
"Scarlet Tanager vs.Western Tanager",
"The Scarlet Tanager winters in South America."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"# Kara",
"Northern Cardinal vs. Blackburnian Warbler",
"Scarlet Tanager vs.Western Tanager",
"In the Spring it makes its way across the Eastern half of the United States and up to Eastern Canada for the summer months until it again migrates South for the winter."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Western Tanager",
"route": null,
"timing": "spring",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# Kara",
"Northern Cardinal vs. Blackburnian Warbler",
"Scarlet Tanager vs.Western Tanager",
"The Western Tanager winters in Mexico and Central America."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"# Kara",
"Northern Cardinal vs. Blackburnian Warbler",
"Scarlet Tanager vs.Western Tanager",
"In the spring they migrate to the Western half of the United States and Western Canada."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Ruby-throated Hummingbird",
"route": null,
"timing": "Spring",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# Kara",
"Northern Cardinal vs. Blackburnian Warbler",
"Ruby-throated Hummingbird vs. Rufous Hummingbird",
"The Ruby-throated Hummingbird winters in Mexico and Central America, with isolated pockets in Florida."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"# Kara",
"Northern Cardinal vs. Blackburnian Warbler",
"Ruby-throated Hummingbird vs. Rufous Hummingbird",
"In the Spring they migrate across the Gulf and up to the Eastern half of the United States, up into Canada where they are found in the Eastern, Prairie, and Western Provinces."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Rufous Hummingbird",
"route": null,
"timing": "spring",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# Kara",
"Northern Cardinal vs. Blackburnian Warbler",
"Ruby-throated Hummingbird vs. Rufous Hummingbird",
"The Rufous Hummingbird",
"Winters in Mexico and Central America."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"# Kara",
"Northern Cardinal vs. Blackburnian Warbler",
"Ruby-throated Hummingbird vs. Rufous Hummingbird",
"The Rufous Hummingbird",
"In the spring it migrates North following the West Coast of the United States up into Canada."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://rug.nl/research/portal/en/publications/crossing-the-ultimate-ecological-barrier(531c931d-e4bd-427c-a6ad-1496c81d44c0).html",
"title": "Crossing the ultimate ecological barrier: Evidence for an 11000-km-long nonstop flight from Alaska to New Zealand and eastern Australia by Bar-tailed Godwits",
"birds": [
{
"species": "Bar-tailed Godwit",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"Crossing the ultimate ecological barrier: Evidence for an 11000-km-long nonstop flight from Alaska to New Zealand and eastern Australia by Bar-tailed Godwits",
"Populations of the Bar-tailed Godwit (Limosa lapponica; Scolopacidae) embark on some of the longest migrations known among birds."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Hudsonian Godwit",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"The annual but rare occurrence of Hudsonian Godwits (L. haemastica) in New Zealand and the absence of their records along the Asian mainland also support a direct flight and are best explained by Hudsonian Godwits accompanying Bar-tailed Godwits from known communal staging areas in Alaska.",
"Crossing the ultimate ecological barrier: Evidence for an 11000-km-long nonstop flight from Alaska to New Zealand and eastern Australia by Bar-tailed Godwits"
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://audubon.org/news/five-incredible-ways-birds-change-their-bodies-spring-and-fall-migration?:~:text=Double%20Their%20Body%20Weight_-A%20bird's%20first&text=When%20the%20days%20shorten%20at_which%20are%20stored%20as%20fat.",
"title": "Five Incredible Ways Birds Change Their Bodies for Spring and Fall Migration",
"birds": [
{
"species": "Ruby-throated Hummingbirds",
"route": null,
"timing": "twice a year",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"Five Incredible Ways Birds Change Their Bodies for Spring and Fall Migration",
"Ruby-throated Hummingbirds are best known for packing on the grams: Most double their body weight in fat, or more, before embarking on migrations."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"Five Incredible Ways Birds Change Their Bodies for Spring and Fall Migration",
"That fat accumulated before migration is burned in a steady release of energy, ideal for the 2,000-mile journey many Ruby-throated Hummingbirds make twice a year."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Bar-tailed Godwit",
"route": null,
"timing": "each fall",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"Five Incredible Ways Birds Change Their Bodies for Spring and Fall Migration",
"Take the Bar-tailed Godwit, one of the bird world\u2019s most intense migrators, flying 6,800 miles nonstop from Alaska to New Zealand each fall."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"Five Incredible Ways Birds Change Their Bodies for Spring and Fall Migration",
"Take the Bar-tailed Godwit, one of the bird world\u2019s most intense migrators, flying 6,800 miles nonstop from Alaska to New Zealand each fall."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Blackpoll Warblers",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"Five Incredible Ways Birds Change Their Bodies for Spring and Fall Migration",
"While gorging on berries and bugs to gain weight, songbirds like Blackpoll Warblers expand their digestive tract to process more food, and quickly shrink and re-absorb parts of the same system during migration as they burn fat."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Swainson\u2019s Thrushes",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"Five Incredible Ways Birds Change Their Bodies for Spring and Fall Migration",
"Swainson\u2019s Thrushes, which undertake 3,000-mile migrations from Central and South America to northern Canada and Alaska, enter a sleep-like state for about nine seconds at a time."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://wwt.org.uk/wetland-centres/slimbridge/news/dynasties-divorce-and-10000-swans-60-years-of-wwts-unique-bill-pattern-study-1",
"title": "Dynasties, divorce, and 10,000 swans",
"birds": [
{
"species": "Bewick's swan",
"route": null,
"timing": "winter",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# Dynasties, divorce, and 10,000 swans",
"As they arrive in the UK from Arctic Russia on their annual 3,500km migration, every adult swan that visits the reserve is given a name and their bill pattern is logged, allowing researchers to follow the long lives of each bird and the dynasties of swans that came before them.",
"The Bewick\u2019s also face pressure from the loss of healthy wetland habitats across their migratory route, as well as the impact of climate change, [lead ammunition poisoning](https://www.wwt.org.uk/our-work/projects/tackling-lead-ammunition-poisoning/#:~:text=We%20support%20a%20quick%20transition,more%20unnecessary%20harm%20and%20suffering.) and illegal hunting."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"# Dynasties, divorce, and 10,000 swans",
"A study which began when our founder Sir Peter Scott realised the potential research value of being able to identify individual swans returning to spend the winter at WWT Slimbridge using just their unique bill patterns.",
"These observations were formalised into a scientific study which has been repeated every winter since 1963."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://cms.int/en/legalinstrument/central-asian-flyway?field_country_status_tid=All&order=title_field&sort=desc&title_field_value=",
"title": "Central Asian Flyway | CMS",
"birds": [
{
"species": "Bar-headed Goose",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"CAF migration routes include the steppes and cold deserts of Central Eurasia, and much of the Himalayan chain, where unique, high-altitude migrations such as those of the Bar-headed Goose, Anser indicus, take place."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://birdlife.org/news/2025/10/06/world-bank-and-birdlife-international-launch-historic-conservation-push-2",
"title": "World Bank and BirdLife launch historic conservation push",
"birds": [
{
"species": "White Stork",
"route": null,
"timing": "six weeks or so",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"With its graceful flight and noble presence, a hero species of the African-Eurasian flyway is the White Stork, which features prominently in Indigenous and local narratives."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"A White Stork\u2019s average migration can take six weeks or so, flying up to 20,000km."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://allaboutbirds.org/news/the-basics-how-why-and-where-of-bird-migration",
"title": "The Basics of Bird Migration: How, Why, When, and Where | All About Birds",
"birds": [
{
"species": "Arctic Tern",
"route": null,
"timing": "in a single year",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# The Basics of Bird Migration: How, Why, When, and Where",
"Some birds travel tremendous distances: Arctic Terns and Sooty Shearwaters fly more than 50,000 km (31,000 miles) in a single year."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"# The Basics of Bird Migration: How, Why, When, and Where",
"Some birds travel tremendous distances: Arctic Terns and Sooty Shearwaters fly more than 50,000 km (31,000 miles) in a single year."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Sooty Shearwater",
"route": null,
"timing": "in a single year",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# The Basics of Bird Migration: How, Why, When, and Where",
"Some birds travel tremendous distances: Arctic Terns and Sooty Shearwaters fly more than 50,000 km (31,000 miles) in a single year."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"# The Basics of Bird Migration: How, Why, When, and Where",
"Some birds travel tremendous distances: Arctic Terns and Sooty Shearwaters fly more than 50,000 km (31,000 miles) in a single year."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Bar-tailed Godwit",
"route": null,
"timing": "at the end of summer",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# The Basics of Bird Migration: How, Why, When, and Where",
"Bar-tailed Godwits depart Alaska at the end of summer and fly nonstop for 8 days over the Pacific Ocean, landing in New Zealand."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"# The Basics of Bird Migration: How, Why, When, and Where",
"Bar-tailed Godwits depart Alaska at the end of summer and fly nonstop for 8 days over the Pacific Ocean, landing in New Zealand."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Blackpoll Warbler",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# The Basics of Bird Migration: How, Why, When, and Where",
"In 2015, scientists documented [an additional flyway across the open Atlantic](https://www.allaboutbirds.org/news/a-new-flyway-fall-migrants-cross-the-atlantic-to-reach-south-america/), used by at least 9 species including birds as small as the Blackpoll Warbler."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://audubon.org/news/what-gruesome-stork-taught-us-about-bird-migration",
"title": "What This Gruesome Stork Taught Us About Bird Migration",
"birds": [
{
"species": "White Stork",
"route": null,
"timing": "summer",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# What This Gruesome Stork Taught Us About Bird Migration",
"In the spring of 1822, a White Stork caused a stir among the townspeople of Mecklenburg, Germany."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"# What This Gruesome Stork Taught Us About Bird Migration",
"The species commonly ranges throughout Europe during the summer, but when this particular bird landed on the property of a local landowner, something about it stuck out: specifically, a 30-inch spear\u2014tip and all\u2014poking vertically straight through its neck."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Common Crane",
"route": "from the steppes of Scythia to the marshlands south of Egypt",
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# What This Gruesome Stork Taught Us About Bird Migration",
"As early as the fourth century BCE, Aristotle aptly [hypothesized](https://penelope.uchicago.edu/aristotle/histanimals8.html#:~:text=In%2520some%2520cases%2520they%2520migrate,the%2520Nile%2520has%2520its%2520source.) that \u201cbirds migrate from the steppes of Scythia to the marshlands south of Egypt,\u201d referring to the migration of Common Cranes from Iran."
],
"route_evidence": [
"# What This Gruesome Stork Taught Us About Bird Migration",
"As early as the fourth century BCE, Aristotle aptly [hypothesized](https://penelope.uchicago.edu/aristotle/histanimals8.html#:~:text=In%2520some%2520cases%2520they%2520migrate,the%2520Nile%2520has%2520its%2520source.) that \u201cbirds migrate from the steppes of Scythia to the marshlands south of Egypt,\u201d referring to the migration of Common Cranes from Iran."
],
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://wwt.org.uk/discover-wetlands/blog/wild-barnacle-geese-take-climate-action",
"title": "Wild barnacle geese take climate action",
"birds": [
{
"species": "barnacle geese",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# Wild barnacle geese take climate action",
"Research has shown that migratory animals are actively adjusting their traditions to climate change.",
"Instead of \u2018fuelling up\u2019 at their traditional staging grounds just south of the Arctic circle in Norway, they now mainly stage in northern Norway far above the Arctic circle on their journey from the UK to their breeding grounds on Svalbard."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "doi://10.1186/s40462-015-0029-6",
"title": "Mapping migratory flyways in Asia using dynamic Brownian bridge movement models",
"birds": [
{
"species": "northern shoveler",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"Multi-species flyways",
"Only one bird, a northern shoveler (__Anas clypeata__) marked in Bangladesh that traveled ~6,000\u00a0km to eastern Siberia, crossed over from the CAF to the EAAF."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://birdlife.org/news/2024/12/10/arctic-jaeger-stercorarius-parasiticus",
"title": "Arctic Jaeger (Stercorarius parasiticus) - BirdLife International",
"birds": [
{
"species": "Arctic Jaeger",
"route": null,
"timing": "winter",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"The acrobatic pirate of the sky is our migratory bird of the month.",
"### **Key Facts**",
"Arctic Jaegers, also called Arctic skuas, are known to be acrobatic flyers."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"When the breeding ends, Arctic Jaegers embark on spectacular migrations, some wintering in the Canary Current off West Africa, while others travel further into the southern hemisphere, wintering off south-west Africa or south-east South America, and covering distances of over 10,000 km.",
"### **Flight for survival**",
"Arctic Jaegers, also called Arctic skuas, are known to be acrobatic flyers."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://audubon.org/magazine/where-do-hummingbirds-go-winter-do-they-migrate",
"title": "Where Do Hummingbirds Go in the Winter? Do They Migrate?",
"birds": [
{
"species": "Ruby-throated Hummingbird",
"route": null,
"timing": "winter",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# Where Do Hummingbirds Go in the Winter? Do They Migrate?",
"### The Long-Haulers",
"Two hummingbird species deserve special recognition for their long-distance feats.",
"Most Ruby-throated Hummingbirds\u2014the only hummingbird that breeds east of the Mississippi River\u2014make their long trek south along the Gulf Coast down through Texas."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"# Where Do Hummingbirds Go in the Winter? Do They Migrate?",
"### The Long-Haulers",
"When winter comes, the majority of hummingbird species \u201cjust completely get out of Dodge,\u201d says Sheri Williamson, ornithologist and author of *A Field Guide to Hummingbirds of North America* in the Peterson Field Guide Series.",
"Most Ruby-throated Hummingbirds\u2014the only hummingbird that breeds east of the Mississippi River\u2014make their long trek south along the Gulf Coast down through Texas."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Rufous Hummingbird",
"route": null,
"timing": "winter",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# Where Do Hummingbirds Go in the Winter? Do They Migrate?",
"### The Long-Haulers",
"Two hummingbird species deserve special recognition for their long-distance feats.",
"Then there\u2019s the Rufous Hummingbird."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"# Where Do Hummingbirds Go in the Winter? Do They Migrate?",
"### The Long-Haulers",
"When winter comes, the majority of hummingbird species \u201cjust completely get out of Dodge,\u201d says Sheri Williamson, ornithologist and author of *A Field Guide to Hummingbirds of North America* in the Peterson Field Guide Series.",
"Ranging from the Pacific Northwest up through Western Canada and into Alaska, the most northern Rufous populations travel roughly 3,900 miles from their nests in Alaska to their winter home in Mexico."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://cms.int/gorilla/en/legalinstrument/central-asian-flyway",
"title": "Central Asian Flyway | Gorilla Agreement",
"birds": [
{
"species": "Bar-headed Goose",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"The Central Asian Flyway (CAF) covers a large continental area of Eurasia between the Arctic and Indian Oceans and the associated island chains.",
"CAF migration routes include the steppes and cold deserts of Central Eurasia, and much of the Himalayan chain, where unique, high-altitude migrations such as those of the Bar-headed Goose, Anser indicus, take place."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://allaboutbirds.org/the-basics-how-why-and-where-of-bird-migration",
"title": "The Basics of Bird Migration: How, Why, When, and Where | All About Birds",
"birds": [
{
"species": "Arctic Tern",
"route": null,
"timing": "in a single year",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"Some birds travel tremendous distances: Arctic Terns and Sooty Shearwaters fly more than 50,000 km (31,000 miles) in a single year.",
"Over time, birds have evolved many patterns of migration."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"Some birds travel tremendous distances: Arctic Terns and Sooty Shearwaters fly more than 50,000 km (31,000 miles) in a single year.",
"Over time, birds have evolved many patterns of migration."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Sooty Shearwater",
"route": null,
"timing": "in a single year",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"Some birds travel tremendous distances: Arctic Terns and Sooty Shearwaters fly more than 50,000 km (31,000 miles) in a single year.",
"Over time, birds have evolved many patterns of migration."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"Some birds travel tremendous distances: Arctic Terns and Sooty Shearwaters fly more than 50,000 km (31,000 miles) in a single year.",
"Over time, birds have evolved many patterns of migration."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Bar-tailed Godwit",
"route": null,
"timing": "at the end of summer",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"Bar-tailed Godwits depart Alaska at the end of summer and fly nonstop for 8 days over the Pacific Ocean, landing in New Zealand.",
"Over time, birds have evolved many patterns of migration."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"Bar-tailed Godwits depart Alaska at the end of summer and fly nonstop for 8 days over the Pacific Ocean, landing in New Zealand.",
"Over time, birds have evolved many patterns of migration."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://audubon.org/magazine/how-many-birds-disappear-between-migration-seasons-we-now-have-clue",
"title": "How Many Birds Disappear Between Migration Seasons? We Now Have a Clue.",
"birds": [
{
"species": "American Robin",
"route": null,
"timing": "spend the holidays",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"How Many Birds Disappear Between Migration Seasons? We Now Have a Clue.",
"An American Robin takes off from its summer home in Montreal, Canada, putting everything on the line to fly 1,600 miles to spend the holidays in West Palm Beach, Florida."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"How Many Birds Disappear Between Migration Seasons? We Now Have a Clue.",
"An American Robin takes off from its summer home in Montreal, Canada, putting everything on the line to fly 1,600 miles to spend the holidays in West Palm Beach, Florida."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Scarlet Tanager",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"How Many Birds Disappear Between Migration Seasons? We Now Have a Clue.",
"Even more grueling is the journey of a Scarlet Tanager that wings 2,700 miles from Dartmouth, Massachusetts, to Cali, Colombia."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2864269",
"title": "Extreme Endurance Migration: What Is the Limit to Non-Stop Flight?",
"birds": [
{
"species": "Alaskan bar-tailed godwit",
"route": null,
"timing": "autumn",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"In the past year, Gill et al. [6] have provided direct evidence that a shorebird, the Alaskan bar-tailed godwit (__Limosa lapponica baueri__) (Figure 1), makes its eight-day, 11,000-km autumn migration from Alaska to New Zealand in one step, with no stopovers to rest or refuel."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"In the past year, Gill et al. [6] have provided direct evidence that a shorebird, the Alaskan bar-tailed godwit (__Limosa lapponica baueri__) (Figure 1), makes its eight-day, 11,000-km autumn migration from Alaska to New Zealand in one step, with no stopovers to rest or refuel."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s40462-015-0029-6",
"title": "Mapping migratory flyways in Asia using dynamic Brownian bridge movement models",
"birds": [
{
"species": "northern shoveler",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"Multi-species flyways",
"Only one bird, a northern shoveler (__Anas clypeata__) marked in Bangladesh that traveled ~6,000\u00a0km to eastern Siberia, crossed over from the CAF to the EAAF."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://audubon.org/magazine/five-incredible-ways-birds-change-their-bodies-spring-and-fall-migration",
"title": "Five Incredible Ways Birds Change Their Bodies for Spring and Fall Migration",
"birds": [
{
"species": "Ruby-throated Hummingbirds",
"route": null,
"timing": "twice a year",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# Five Incredible Ways Birds Change Their Bodies for Spring and Fall Migration",
"Ruby-throated Hummingbirds are best known for packing on the grams: Most double their body weight in fat, or more, before embarking on migrations."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"# Five Incredible Ways Birds Change Their Bodies for Spring and Fall Migration",
"That fat accumulated before migration is burned in a steady release of energy, ideal for the 2,000-mile journey many Ruby-throated Hummingbirds make twice a year."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Bar-tailed Godwit",
"route": null,
"timing": "each fall",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# Five Incredible Ways Birds Change Their Bodies for Spring and Fall Migration",
"### Transform Internal Organs",
"Take the Bar-tailed Godwit, one of the bird world\u2019s most intense migrators, flying 6,800 miles nonstop from Alaska to New Zealand each fall."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"# Five Incredible Ways Birds Change Their Bodies for Spring and Fall Migration",
"### Transform Internal Organs",
"Take the Bar-tailed Godwit, one of the bird world\u2019s most intense migrators, flying 6,800 miles nonstop from Alaska to New Zealand each fall."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Swainson\u2019s Thrushes",
"route": null,
"timing": "during migration",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# Five Incredible Ways Birds Change Their Bodies for Spring and Fall Migration",
"### Greatly Reduce Their Sleep Time",
"Swainson\u2019s Thrushes, which undertake 3,000-mile migrations from Central and South America to northern Canada and Alaska, enter a sleep-like state for about nine seconds at a time."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"# Five Incredible Ways Birds Change Their Bodies for Spring and Fall Migration",
"### Greatly Reduce Their Sleep Time",
"During migration, a neurological shift instigated by the changing season forces birds to adapt to nocturnal habits and sleep less."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://nationalgeographic.com/animals/article/falcons-migration-angola-falcopolis?category=fascinating_stories&position=3&scheduled_corpus_item_id=f909220b-e083-4243-ab27-ea35e6c5a1f6&url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/article/falcons-migration-angola-falcopolis",
"title": "A Million Falcons Went Missing. Here\u2019s How They Were Found",
"birds": [
{
"species": "red-footed falcon",
"route": null,
"timing": "March",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# A Million Falcons Went Missing. Here\u2019s How They Were Found",
"The red-footed falcon is different.",
"For example, he knew that they winter in Africa but not their route or specific destination\u2014key information for understanding how the species spends half its life."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"# A Million Falcons Went Missing. Here\u2019s How They Were Found"
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://research.rug.nl/en/publications/crossing-the-ultimate-ecological-barrier-evidence-for-an-11000-km",
"title": "Crossing the ultimate ecological barrier: Evidence for an 11000 km long non-stop flight from Alaska to New Zealand and eastern Australia by Bar-tailed Godwits Limosa lapponica",
"birds": [
{
"species": "Bar-tailed Godwit",
"route": null,
"timing": "September to November period",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"Crossing the ultimate ecological barrier: Evidence for an 11000 km long non-stop flight from Alaska to New Zealand and eastern Australia by Bar-tailed Godwits Limosa lapponica Robert E. Gill, Theunis Piersma, Gary Hufford, Rene Servranckx, Adrian Riegen Research output: Chapter in Book/Report/Conference proceeding \u203a Chapter \u203a Academic 159Downloads (Pure) Abstract Populations of the Bar-tailed Godwit Limosa lapponica embark on some of the longest migrations known among birds."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"Crossing the ultimate ecological barrier: Evidence for an 11000 km long non-stop flight from Alaska to New Zealand and eastern Australia by Bar-tailed Godwits Limosa lapponica Robert E. Gill, Theunis Piersma, Gary Hufford, Rene Servranckx, Adrian Riegen Research output: Chapter in Book/Report/Conference proceeding \u203a Chapter \u203a Academic 159Downloads (Pure) Abstract Populations of the Bar-tailed Godwit Limosa lapponica embark on some of the longest migrations known among birds.",
"The use of a direct route across the Pacific is also supported by significantly more records of godwits reported from within a direct migration corridor than elsewhere in Oceania, and during the September to November period than at other times of the year."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Hudsonian Godwit",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"Crossing the ultimate ecological barrier: Evidence for an 11000 km long non-stop flight from Alaska to New Zealand and eastern Australia by Bar-tailed Godwits Limosa lapponica Robert E. Gill, Theunis Piersma, Gary Hufford, Rene Servranckx, Adrian Riegen Research output: Chapter in Book/Report/Conference proceeding \u203a Chapter \u203a Academic 159Downloads (Pure) Abstract Populations of the Bar-tailed Godwit Limosa lapponica embark on some of the longest migrations known among birds.",
"The annual but rare occurrence of Hudsonian Godwits Limosa haemastica in New Zealand and the absence of records of this species along the Asian mainland also support a direct flight, and are best explained by Hudsonian Godwits accompanying Bar-tailed Godwits from known communal staging areas in Alaska."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://thepostnewspaper.net/2026/08/25/the-comings-and-goings-of-migration",
"title": "The Comings and Goings of Migration",
"birds": [
{
"species": "Piping Plovers",
"route": null,
"timing": "fall",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"Caption: Piping Plovers are one of the many species that you might see popping up on the Texas Coast during the fall."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"Caption: Piping Plovers are one of the many species that you might see popping up on the Texas Coast during the fall."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://thebirdinginsights.com/blog/bird-migration-flyways-explained",
"title": "Bird Migration Flyways Explained: North America's 4 Major Routes",
"birds": [
{
"species": "Red Knots",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"North America has four officially recognized flyways, each with its own characteristic species, key stopover sites, and conservation challenges.",
"### Key Species on the Atlantic Flyway",
"Red Knots make one of the most remarkable journeys of any bird on this flyway, traveling from Tierra del Fuego to the Arctic and back each year, with Delaware Bay serving as a critical refueling stop."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Swainson's Hawks",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"North America has four officially recognized flyways, each with its own characteristic species, key stopover sites, and conservation challenges.",
"### Key Species on the Central Flyway",
"Swainson's Hawks travel one of the longest raptor migration routes in the world, from Canadian prairies to the Argentine pampas and back."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Rufous Hummingbird",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"North America has four officially recognized flyways, each with its own characteristic species, key stopover sites, and conservation challenges.",
"### Key Species on the Pacific Flyway",
"The Rufous Hummingbird makes one of the longest migrations relative to body size of any bird, traveling more than 3,000 miles from Mexican wintering grounds to breeding sites in Alaska along this flyway."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://netapp.audubon.org/AudubonAdventures/migration_kids.htm",
"title": "Audubon Adventures - Birds on the Move",
"birds": [
{
"species": "Arctic Tern",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"### Amazing Migratory Feats",
"- The Arctic Tern can fly up to 60,000 miles a year migrating between the Arctic and Antarctica."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://wwt.org.uk/news-and-stories/blog/wild-barnacle-geese-take-climate-action",
"title": "Wild barnacle geese take climate action",
"birds": [
{
"species": "barnacle geese",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"2019 research has shown that migratory barnacle geese are actively adjusting their traditions to climate change, shifting their migration routes within the last 25 years.",
"An international team of researchers from the University of St Andrews, together with Norwegian, Dutch and British colleagues, and building on pioneering work by Hugh Boyd, Peter Scott and Magnar Norderhaug, found that barnacle geese have shifted their main migratory route within the last 25 years."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://cms.int/sites/default/files/document/Siberian_Crane_CP_e_pop_e_0.pdf",
"title": "Microsoft Word - Part 5.doc",
"birds": [
{
"species": "Siberian Crane",
"route": null,
"timing": "usually in the autumn",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"Conservation Plan for the Eastern Population \n\nof Siberian Cranes",
"Introduction",
"The \npopulation migrates along a 5,100 km migration route following the Yana, Indigirka, and \nKolyma River valleys, central and eastern Mongolia, and then into eastern China, with \nseveral resting areas and longer-term stopover points."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"Conservation Plan for the Eastern Population \n\nof Siberian Cranes",
"Introduction",
"Vagrant individuals are \noccasionally reported in Japan, usually in the autumn."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://translate.google.com/website?client=srp&hl=ar&sl=en&tl=ar&u=https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/news/2023/1/the-record-breaking-bird-that-flew-from-alaska-to-australia-731576",
"title": "The record-breaking bird that flew from Alaska to Australia without stopping",
"birds": [
{
"species": "bar-tailed godwit",
"route": null,
"timing": "13 October 2022 and continued for 11 days and one hour",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# The record-breaking bird that flew from Alaska to Australia without stopping",
"A bar-tailed godwit (*Limosa lapponica*), known by its tag number \u201c234684\u201d, flew 13,560 kilometres (8,435 miles) from Alaska to the Australian state of Tasmania without stopping for food or rest, breaking the record for the **longest non-stop migration by a bird**."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"# The record-breaking bird that flew from Alaska to Australia without stopping",
"According to the 5G satellite tag attached to its lower back, the epic journey started on 13 October 2022 and continued for 11 days and one hour without the bird landing once."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Arctic tern",
"route": "breeding sites north of the Arctic Circle to Antarctica and back",
"timing": "over the course of a year",
"distance_km": "80,000",
"distinction": "longest bird migration overall",
"species_evidence": [
"# The record-breaking bird that flew from Alaska to Australia without stopping",
"Arctic terns (*Sterna paradisaea*) can regularly fly even greater distances over the course of a year."
],
"route_evidence": [
"# The record-breaking bird that flew from Alaska to Australia without stopping",
"Indeed, factoring in a round journey from their breeding sites north of the Arctic Circle to Antarctica and back, these industrious seabirds might cover as much as 80,000 km (50,000 mi), making theirs the **longest bird migration** overall."
],
"timing_evidence": [
"# The record-breaking bird that flew from Alaska to Australia without stopping",
"Arctic terns (*Sterna paradisaea*) can regularly fly even greater distances over the course of a year."
],
"distance_km_evidence": [
"# The record-breaking bird that flew from Alaska to Australia without stopping",
"Indeed, factoring in a round journey from their breeding sites north of the Arctic Circle to Antarctica and back, these industrious seabirds might cover as much as 80,000 km (50,000 mi), making theirs the **longest bird migration** overall."
],
"distinction_evidence": [
"# The record-breaking bird that flew from Alaska to Australia without stopping",
"Indeed, factoring in a round journey from their breeding sites north of the Arctic Circle to Antarctica and back, these industrious seabirds might cover as much as 80,000 km (50,000 mi), making theirs the **longest bird migration** overall."
]
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://animalfactcentral.com/bird-migration-facts",
"title": "Bird Migration Facts: 12 Essential Insights for 2026",
"birds": [
{
"species": "Arctic tern",
"route": null,
"timing": "between Arctic breeding areas and Antarctic waters",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# Bird Migration Facts: 12 Essential Insights for 2026",
"## Famous Long-Distance Travelers: Arctic tern and bar-tailed godwit",
"The **Arctic tern** is the classic endurance champion."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"# Bird Migration Facts: 12 Essential Insights for 2026",
"## Famous Long-Distance Travelers: Arctic tern and bar-tailed godwit",
"Tracking studies have shown annual routes of roughly **70,000 km or more** as birds move between Arctic breeding areas and Antarctic waters."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "bar-tailed godwit",
"route": null,
"timing": "late September",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# Bird Migration Facts: 12 Essential Insights for 2026",
"## Famous Long-Distance Travelers: Arctic tern and bar-tailed godwit",
"No list of **bird migration facts** is complete without the Arctic tern and the bar-tailed godwit."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"# Bird Migration Facts: 12 Essential Insights for 2026",
"## Famous Long-Distance Travelers: Arctic tern and bar-tailed godwit",
"A useful case study comes from tracked godwits leaving Alaska in late September."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://birdlife.org/asia/news/birdwatchers-gather-save-asias-coastal-wetlands",
"title": "Birdwatchers gather to save Asia's coastal wetlands",
"birds": [
{
"species": "Bar-tailed godwit",
"route": null,
"timing": "every year / Spring",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"17 Aug 2012 Birdwatchers gather to save Asia's coastal wetlands",
"Such is the annual story for some of the Bar-tailed godwits of the East Asian-Australasian Flyway."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"17 Aug 2012 Birdwatchers gather to save Asia's coastal wetlands",
"Imagine a bird that every year has to fly non-stop for 10 days over 11,700 km of the open Pacific ocean between its breeding areas in Alaska and its wintering grounds in New Zealand.",
"In Spring it returns north in two flights, from New Zealand to China (a mere 10,300 kms hop), then after refuelling for a month on the rich inter-tidal mudflats bordering the Yellow Sea, it flies a further 6,500 km to return to Alaska."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://audubon.org/node/366450",
"title": "A New Golden Age of Observation Is Revealing the Wonders of Night Migration",
"birds": [
{
"species": "Bar-tailed Godwit",
"route": null,
"timing": "last fall",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"One example: a Bar-tailed Godwit\u2019s record-breaking 7,500-mile nonstop flight from Alaska to New Zealand last fall."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"One example: a Bar-tailed Godwit\u2019s record-breaking 7,500-mile nonstop flight from Alaska to New Zealand last fall."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://wildfowl.wwt.org.uk/index.php/wildfowl/article/view/2820",
"title": "Home range and migration of the Red-breasted Goose Branta ruficollis mapped by satellite telemetry: implications for conservation | Todorov",
"birds": [
{
"species": "Red-breasted Goose",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"Home range and migration of the Red-breasted Goose Branta ruficollis mapped by satellite telemetry: implications for conservation Emil Todorov, Gabriel B. Chisamera, Viorel D. Gavril, Oana C. Vasiliu, Dumitru Murariu, Ioana Cobzaru",
"The Red-breasted Goose Branta ruficollis, classified as Vulnerable by the IUCN Red List of threatened species, is a long-distance migrant which breeds on the Yamal, Gydan and Taymyr Peninsulas of the Russian arctic."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://animalsaroundtheglobe.com/the-worlds-longest-bird-migrations-mind-blowing-journeys-3-327386",
"title": "The World\u2019s Longest Bird Migrations \u2014 Mind-Blowing Journeys",
"birds": [
{
"species": "Arctic tern",
"route": null,
"timing": "annually",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"In the vast tapestry of natural phenomena, few spectacles rival the epic voyages undertaken by migratory birds.",
"The Arctic Tern: Champion of Long-Distance Flight",
"The Arctic tern (Sterna paradisaea) holds the undisputed title for the longest migration of any animal on Earth."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"In the vast tapestry of natural phenomena, few spectacles rival the epic voyages undertaken by migratory birds.",
"The Arctic Tern: Champion of Long-Distance Flight",
"These slender, white birds with distinctive black caps travel an astonishing 44,000 miles (71,000 kilometers) annually as they migrate from their Arctic breeding grounds to the Antarctic and back again."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "bar-tailed godwit",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"In the vast tapestry of natural phenomena, few spectacles rival the epic voyages undertaken by migratory birds.",
"The Bar-tailed Godwit\u2019s Non-stop Pacific Crossing",
"The bar-tailed godwit (Limosa lapponica) performs what might be the most physically demanding journey of any migratory bird."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "ruby-throated hummingbird",
"route": null,
"timing": "biannual",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"In the vast tapestry of natural phenomena, few spectacles rival the epic voyages undertaken by migratory birds.",
"The Incredible Journey of the Ruby-throated Hummingbird",
"Despite weighing less than a penny (about 3-4 grams), the ruby-throated hummingbird (Archilochus colubris) performs one of the most impressive migrations relative to body size."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"In the vast tapestry of natural phenomena, few spectacles rival the epic voyages undertaken by migratory birds.",
"The Incredible Journey of the Ruby-throated Hummingbird",
"These tiny iridescent birds fly non-stop across the Gulf of Mexico during their biannual migration between North America and Central America."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "wandering albatross",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"In the vast tapestry of natural phenomena, few spectacles rival the epic voyages undertaken by migratory birds.",
"The Great Wanderer: Albatross Migration",
"The wandering albatross (Diomedea exulans) lives up to its name with one of the most extensive migrations in the bird world."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "northern wheatear",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"In the vast tapestry of natural phenomena, few spectacles rival the epic voyages undertaken by migratory birds.",
"The Northern Wheatear\u2019s Transcontinental Trek",
"The northern wheatear (Oenanthe oenanthe) may appear unassuming with its sandy-brown plumage and black mask, but this small songbird weighing just 25 grams undertakes one of the most impressive transcontinental migrations."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "lesser yellowlegs",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"In the vast tapestry of natural phenomena, few spectacles rival the epic voyages undertaken by migratory birds.",
"The Marathon Flight of the Lesser Yellowlegs",
"The lesser yellowlegs (Tringa flavipes) may not be as well-known as some other migratory birds, but its journey deserves recognition among the world\u2019s most impressive migrations."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "great knot",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"In the vast tapestry of natural phenomena, few spectacles rival the epic voyages undertaken by migratory birds.",
"The Incredible Marathon of the Great Knot",
"The great knot (Calidris tenuirostris) performs one of the most grueling migrations among shorebirds, traveling from breeding grounds in northeast Siberia to wintering areas across Southeast Asia and Australia."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Eleonora\u2019s falcon",
"route": null,
"timing": "late summer and early autumn",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"In the vast tapestry of natural phenomena, few spectacles rival the epic voyages undertaken by migratory birds.",
"The Eleonora\u2019s Falcon: Timed to Perfection",
"The Eleonora\u2019s falcon (Falco eleonorae) has evolved one of the most precisely timed migrations in the avian world."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"In the vast tapestry of natural phenomena, few spectacles rival the epic voyages undertaken by migratory birds.",
"The Eleonora\u2019s Falcon: Timed to Perfection",
"Unlike most birds that breed in spring and summer, these elegant raptors nest in late summer and early autumn on Mediterranean islands, deliberately timing their breeding season to coincide with the fall migration of small songbirds crossing the Mediterranean Sea."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "barnacle goose",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"In the vast tapestry of natural phenomena, few spectacles rival the epic voyages undertaken by migratory birds.",
"The Barnacle Goose\u2019s High Altitude Challenge",
"The barnacle goose (Branta leucopsis) undertakes one of the most physically demanding high-altitude migrations in the bird world."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Swainson\u2019s hawk",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"In the vast tapestry of natural phenomena, few spectacles rival the epic voyages undertaken by migratory birds.",
"The Continental Crossing of the Swainson\u2019s Hawk",
"The Swainson\u2019s hawk (Buteo swainsoni) undertakes one of the longest migrations of any North American raptor, traveling from breeding grounds in western North America to wintering areas in the pampas of Argentina."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://discovery.researcher.life/article/extreme-endurance-migration-what-is-the-limit-to-non-stop-flight/3293f47d544b3210aebf182aaf99a9c1",
"title": "Extreme Endurance Migration: What Is the Limit to Non-Stop Flight?",
"birds": [
{
"species": "Alaskan bar-tailed godwit",
"route": null,
"timing": "autumn migration",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"Extreme Endurance Migration: What Is the Limit to Non-Stop Flight?",
"In the past year, Gill et al. [6] have provided direct evidence that a shorebird, the Alaskan bar-tailed godwit (Limosa lapponica baueri) (Figure 1), makes its eight-day, 11,000-km autumn migration from Alaska to New Zealand in one step, with no stopovers to rest or refuel."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"Extreme Endurance Migration: What Is the Limit to Non-Stop Flight?",
"In the past year, Gill et al. [6] have provided direct evidence that a shorebird, the Alaskan bar-tailed godwit (Limosa lapponica baueri) (Figure 1), makes its eight-day, 11,000-km autumn migration from Alaska to New Zealand in one step, with no stopovers to rest or refuel."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "American golden plover",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"Extreme Endurance Migration: What Is the Limit to Non-Stop Flight?",
"Non-stop flights are common among migratory shorebirds (also known as waders) and often involve trans-oceanic crossings, with examples being American golden plovers (Pluvialis dominica) flying 4,000 km between Nova Scotia and South America [7], ruddy turnstones (Arenaria interpres) flying 4,000 km between the Pribilof Islands and Hawaii [8], and red knots (Calidris canutus) flying 4,800 km between the Wadden Sea and their breeding area on Taymyr [9]."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "ruddy turnstone",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"Extreme Endurance Migration: What Is the Limit to Non-Stop Flight?",
"Non-stop flights are common among migratory shorebirds (also known as waders) and often involve trans-oceanic crossings, with examples being American golden plovers (Pluvialis dominica) flying 4,000 km between Nova Scotia and South America [7], ruddy turnstones (Arenaria interpres) flying 4,000 km between the Pribilof Islands and Hawaii [8], and red knots (Calidris canutus) flying 4,800 km between the Wadden Sea and their breeding area on Taymyr [9]."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "red knot",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"Extreme Endurance Migration: What Is the Limit to Non-Stop Flight?",
"Non-stop flights are common among migratory shorebirds (also known as waders) and often involve trans-oceanic crossings, with examples being American golden plovers (Pluvialis dominica) flying 4,000 km between Nova Scotia and South America [7], ruddy turnstones (Arenaria interpres) flying 4,000 km between the Pribilof Islands and Hawaii [8], and red knots (Calidris canutus) flying 4,800 km between the Wadden Sea and their breeding area on Taymyr [9]."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "blackpoll warbler",
"route": null,
"timing": "autumn",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"Transoceanic migration by a 12 g songbird.",
"Using miniaturized light-level geolocators, we provide the first irrefutable evidence that the blackpoll warbler, a 12 g boreal forest songbird, completes an autumn transoceanic migration ranging from 2270 to 2770 km (mean \u00b1 s.d.: 2540 \u00b1 257) and requiring up to 3 days (62 h \u00b1 10) of non-stop flight."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"Transoceanic migration by a 12 g songbird.",
"Using miniaturized light-level geolocators, we provide the first irrefutable evidence that the blackpoll warbler, a 12 g boreal forest songbird, completes an autumn transoceanic migration ranging from 2270 to 2770 km (mean \u00b1 s.d.: 2540 \u00b1 257) and requiring up to 3 days (62 h \u00b1 10) of non-stop flight."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "great snipe",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"Great flights by great snipes: long and fast non-stop migration over benign habitats",
"Here, we show that great snipes Gallinago media made long and fast non-stop flights (4300-6800 km in 48-96 h), not only over deserts and seas but also over wide areas of suitable habitats, which represents a previously unknown migration strategy among land birds."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://allaboutbirds.org/news/flyways-for-flyweights-small-birds-capitalize-on-weather-patterns-during-epic-migrations",
"title": "Flyways for Flyweights: Small Birds Capitalize on Weather Patterns During Epic Migrations | All About Birds",
"birds": [
{
"species": "Blackpoll Warbler",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# Flyways for Flyweights: Small Birds Capitalize on Weather Patterns During Epic Migrations",
"Blackpoll Warblers were one of the first species found to fly a different migration route in fall than in spring."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://audubon.org/news/going-distance-5-champion-migrators?s_src=20160320-equinox-eng",
"title": "Going the Distance: 5 Champion Migrators",
"birds": [
{
"species": "Arctic Tern",
"route": null,
"timing": "annually",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# Going the Distance: 5 Champion Migrators",
"**Arctic Terns**",
"The Arctic Tern may look nondescript\u2014gull-like even, for the uninitiated\u2014but this intrepid seabird migrates 50,000 miles round-trip annually."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"# Going the Distance: 5 Champion Migrators",
"**Arctic Terns**",
"The Arctic Tern may look nondescript\u2014gull-like even, for the uninitiated\u2014but this intrepid seabird migrates 50,000 miles round-trip annually."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Blackpoll Warbler",
"route": null,
"timing": "two to three days",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# Going the Distance: 5 Champion Migrators",
"**Blackpoll Warbler**",
"The Blackpoll Warbler, a five-inch songbird, makes a serious trek from its breeding grounds in New England and Canada\u2019s boreal forests to its winter home more than 2,000 miles away in South America."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"# Going the Distance: 5 Champion Migrators",
"**Blackpoll Warbler**",
"Though we\u2019ve long known the birds go this far, researchers from University of Massachusetts Amherst [proved](http://www.umass.edu/newsoffice/article/tiny-songbird-discovered-migrate-non-stop) that the little fliers go 1,700 miles across the Atlantic without a pit stop in just two to three days, making landfall somewhere in Puerto Rico, Cuba, and the islands known as the Greater Antilles."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Bar-tailed Godwit",
"route": null,
"timing": "in a little more than a week",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# Going the Distance: 5 Champion Migrators",
"**Bar-tailed Godwit**",
"The Bar-tailed Godwit could make most other birds feel lazy: The godwit makes a nonstop 7,000-mile trip in a little more than a week."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"# Going the Distance: 5 Champion Migrators",
"**Bar-tailed Godwit**",
"The Bar-tailed Godwit could make most other birds feel lazy: The godwit makes a nonstop 7,000-mile trip in a little more than a week."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Northern Wheatear",
"route": null,
"timing": "for the winter",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# Going the Distance: 5 Champion Migrators",
"**Northern Wheatear**",
"Two distinct Northern Wheatear populations go in opposite directions to end up in Africa for the winter, one departing from northeastern Canada and Greenland, the other from Alaska and the Yukon Territory."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"# Going the Distance: 5 Champion Migrators",
"**Northern Wheatear**",
"Two distinct Northern Wheatear populations go in opposite directions to end up in Africa for the winter, one departing from northeastern Canada and Greenland, the other from Alaska and the Yukon Territory."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Sooty Shearwater",
"route": null,
"timing": "each year",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# Going the Distance: 5 Champion Migrators",
"**Sooty Shearwater**",
"The Sooty Shearwater takes a figure-eight flight path on its migration, according to Kaufman."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"# Going the Distance: 5 Champion Migrators",
"**Sooty Shearwater**",
"These birds fly up to 39,000 miles each year, researchers from the University of California-Santa Cruz [learned in](http://currents.ucsc.edu/06-07/08-14/shearwaters.asp) 2006, focusing on different feeding grounds as they circle the Pacific Basin, dipping down to Antarctic waters and up to California, Alaska, and Japan."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://wildfowl.wwt.org.uk/index.php/wildfowl/article/view/2724",
"title": "Migration routes and chronology of American Black Duck Anas rubripes | Coluccy",
"birds": null
},
{
"url": "https://birdlife.org/news/2025/10/06/world-bank-and-birdlife-international-launch-historic-conservation-push",
"title": "World Bank and BirdLife launch historic conservation push",
"birds": [
{
"species": "White Stork",
"route": null,
"timing": "six weeks or so",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"The latest Global Flyway Initiative aims to save critical bird habitats and link three continents across the African-Eurasian Flyway",
"With its graceful flight and noble presence, a hero species of the African-Eurasian flyway is the [White Stork](https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/white-stork-ciconia-ciconia), which features prominently in Indigenous and local narratives."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"The latest Global Flyway Initiative aims to save critical bird habitats and link three continents across the African-Eurasian Flyway",
"A White Stork\u2019s average migration can take six weeks or so, flying up to 20,000km."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://treehugger.com/nature-blows-my-mind-longest-bird-migrations-4859214",
"title": "Nature Blows My Mind! The 6 Longest Bird Migrations",
"birds": [
{
"species": "Sooty Shearwater",
"route": null,
"timing": "spring to Arctic waters to feed throughout the summer, and back down to the breeding grounds in the fall",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# Nature Blows My Mind! The 6 Longest Bird Migrations",
"## Sooty Shearwater (40,000 Miles)"
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"# Nature Blows My Mind! The 6 Longest Bird Migrations",
"Sooty Shearwaters travel an incredible distance each year, logging as much as 40,000 miles as they travel their circular route from their breeding colonies in the Falkland Islands in the spring to Arctic waters to feed throughout the summer, and back down to the breeding grounds in the fall."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Pied Wheatear",
"route": null,
"timing": "in a year",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# Nature Blows My Mind! The 6 Longest Bird Migrations",
"## Pied Wheatear (11,184 miles)"
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"# Nature Blows My Mind! The 6 Longest Bird Migrations",
"Moving from breeding grounds to wintering grounds and back means one bird may travel more than 11,000 miles in a year."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Pectoral Sandpiper",
"route": null,
"timing": "in a year",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# Nature Blows My Mind! The 6 Longest Bird Migrations",
"## Pectoral Sandpiper (18,000 miles)"
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"# Nature Blows My Mind! The 6 Longest Bird Migrations",
"For some of us it's hard to imagine driving our car 18,000 miles in a year, so just imagine flying that distance in the average course of annual life."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Short-tailed Shearwater",
"route": null,
"timing": "every year",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# Nature Blows My Mind! The 6 Longest Bird Migrations",
"## Short-tailed Shearwater (27,000 miles)"
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"# Nature Blows My Mind! The 6 Longest Bird Migrations",
"The Short-tailed Shearwater travels the Pacific every year, moving from breeding grounds in Australia in the austral winter up to the Aleutian Islands and Kamchatka in the far north, then traveling back down the western coast of North America before crossing over to Australia to begin its next breeding season."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Northern Wheatear",
"route": null,
"timing": "spends the spring in the north... for the winter",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# Nature Blows My Mind! The 6 Longest Bird Migrations",
"## Northern Wheatear (18,000 miles)"
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"# Nature Blows My Mind! The 6 Longest Bird Migrations",
"This species spends the spring in the north, ranging from northern and central Asia to Europe, Greenland, Alaska, and even parts of Canada."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Arctic Tern",
"route": null,
"timing": "per year",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# Nature Blows My Mind! The 6 Longest Bird Migrations",
"## Arctic Tern (44,000 miles )"
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"# Nature Blows My Mind! The 6 Longest Bird Migrations",
"In 2010, researchers discovered that the Arctic tern travels twice the distance previously thought, traveling an average of 44,000 miles per year."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://academy.allaboutbirds.org/discussion/topic/activities-local-bird-exploration/page/8",
"title": "Activities: Local Bird Exploration | Bird Academy \u2022 The Cornell Lab",
"birds": [
{
"species": "Ruby-throated kinglet",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"Other birds seen in migration are the red-necked grebe, which according to the map should never be seen here, the Ruby-throated kinglet, which flies down to Central American, then through Michigan and back up to Canada, Lincoln's Sparrow, which flies through Michigan all the way up to Alaska and then back down to Central America, Swainson's thrush, which makes it all the way down to South America and then back up to Canada, and finally the Rusty Blackbird, which flies through Michigan on its way north to the upper half of Canada and Alaska, and back down south to the upper half of Florida and Texas."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Lincoln's Sparrow",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"Other birds seen in migration are the red-necked grebe, which according to the map should never be seen here, the Ruby-throated kinglet, which flies down to Central American, then through Michigan and back up to Canada, Lincoln's Sparrow, which flies through Michigan all the way up to Alaska and then back down to Central America, Swainson's thrush, which makes it all the way down to South America and then back up to Canada, and finally the Rusty Blackbird, which flies through Michigan on its way north to the upper half of Canada and Alaska, and back down south to the upper half of Florida and Texas."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Swainson's thrush",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"Other birds seen in migration are the red-necked grebe, which according to the map should never be seen here, the Ruby-throated kinglet, which flies down to Central American, then through Michigan and back up to Canada, Lincoln's Sparrow, which flies through Michigan all the way up to Alaska and then back down to Central America, Swainson's thrush, which makes it all the way down to South America and then back up to Canada, and finally the Rusty Blackbird, which flies through Michigan on its way north to the upper half of Canada and Alaska, and back down south to the upper half of Florida and Texas."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Rusty Blackbird",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"Other birds seen in migration are the red-necked grebe, which according to the map should never be seen here, the Ruby-throated kinglet, which flies down to Central American, then through Michigan and back up to Canada, Lincoln's Sparrow, which flies through Michigan all the way up to Alaska and then back down to Central America, Swainson's thrush, which makes it all the way down to South America and then back up to Canada, and finally the Rusty Blackbird, which flies through Michigan on its way north to the upper half of Canada and Alaska, and back down south to the upper half of Florida and Texas."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://audubon.org/news/better-know-bird-remarkable-migration-secretive-sora",
"title": "Better Know a Bird: the Remarkable Migration of the Secretive Sora",
"birds": [
{
"species": "Sora",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# Better Know a Bird: the Remarkable Migration of the Secretive Sora",
"As Soras move between their breeding grounds in the north-central U.S. and Canada to their wintering range along southern shores, Mexico, and beyond, they traverse [nearly the entire continent](https://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/Sora/maps-range)."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://quartzmountain.org/article/which-migratory-bird-travels-the-farthest",
"title": "Epic Migratory Journeys: Birds That Travel the Farthest",
"birds": [
{
"species": "Arctic Tern",
"route": null,
"timing": "every year",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"Many bird species migrate over long distances, but the Arctic Tern holds the record for the longest bird migration in the world.",
"| Name | Arctic Tern |",
"## **The Arctic Tern travels the farthest**"
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"This medium-sized bird travels 90,000 kilometres (55,923 miles) from pole to pole every year, from Greenland in the north to the Weddell Sea in Antarctica.",
"## **The Arctic Tern travels the farthest**"
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Sooty Shearwater",
"route": null,
"timing": "in a single year",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"This is an extraordinary feat, considering that the next bird species with the longest migration, the Sooty Shearwater, covers only about 64,000 km (40,000 mi) in its lifetime.",
"## **Sooty Shearwaters travel huge distances**"
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"Sooty Shearwaters travel a circular route, covering up to 64,000 kilometres (39,767 miles) in a single year.",
"## **Sooty Shearwaters travel huge distances**"
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Bar-tailed Godwit",
"route": null,
"timing": "Northern Hemisphere summer / winter",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"The Bar-tailed Godwit, a migrating wader bird, holds the record for the longest non-stop flight.",
"## **The Bar-tailed Godwit holds the non-stop flight record**"
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"Bar-tailed Godwits spend the Northern Hemisphere summer in the Arctic, where they breed, and migrate long distances to the south in winter.",
"## **The Bar-tailed Godwit holds the non-stop flight record**"
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Northern Wheatear",
"route": null,
"timing": "annual / spring / winter",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"The Northern Wheatear (Oenanthe oenanthe) is a small passerine bird, formerly classed as a member of the thrush family Turdidae.",
"## **The Northern Wheatear travels 9,000 miles**"
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"The Northern Wheatear's migration is an annual event, with the bird travelling a total of 18,000 miles in a year.",
"## **The Northern Wheatear travels 9,000 miles**"
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://allaboutbirds.org/news/overhearing-a-migration-secret-using-sound-to-track-swainsons-thrushes",
"title": "Overhearing a Migration Secret: Using Sound to Track Swainson's Thrushes | All About Birds",
"birds": [
{
"species": "Swainson\u2019s Thrush",
"route": null,
"timing": "fall",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# Overhearing a Migration Secret: Using Sound to Track Swainson\u2019s Thrushes",
"Recordings suggest that many Swainson\u2019s Thrushes migrate to Mexico by flying across water instead of land."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"# Overhearing a Migration Secret: Using Sound to Track Swainson\u2019s Thrushes",
"Birders visiting California\u2019s other Channel Islands in fall report the same strange pattern: Swainson\u2019s Thrushes are often heard at night but seldom seen during the day."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://cms.int/sites/default/files/document/Doc_16_Flyway_status_report_0.pdf",
"title": "Doc_16_Flyway_status_report",
"birds": [
{
"species": "Bar-headed Goose",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"STRATEGIC REVIEW OF FLYWAY PAPER",
"Biological Context",
"The \nsecond originality of the CAF territory is its mid-range migration systems, over the steppes and cold \ndeserts of Central Eurasia, and mostly over the Himalayan chain, where unique, high-altitude \nmigration voyages such as those of the Bar-headed Goose, Anser indicus, take place."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "White Stork",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"STRATEGIC REVIEW OF FLYWAY PAPER",
"Overview of World Flyways",
"Thus, it is now known that although White Storks migrate from Europe to Africa along a more or less north-south \npattern, they develop at the level of the Sahel a strong perpendicular east-west to-and-fro component to exploit the \nlocusts on which they are dependent."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Bar-tailed Godwit",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"STRATEGIC REVIEW OF FLYWAY PAPER",
"(v) Central Pacific Flyway",
"Among the \nshorebirds, all of which are on Appendix II of CMS, the flyway is crucial for the Bristle-thighed \nCurlew, Numenius tahitiensis, the Pacific Golden Plover, Pluvialis fulva, the Wandering Tattler \nHeteroscelus incanus, and a population of Bar-tailed Godwit, Limosa lapponica.",
"Limosa lapponica makes a 11000 km non-stop flight \nfrom Alaska to New Zealand."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Bristle-thighed Curlew",
"route": null,
"timing": "both in spring and autumn",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"STRATEGIC REVIEW OF FLYWAY PAPER",
"(v) Central Pacific Flyway",
"Among the \nshorebirds, all of which are on Appendix II of CMS, the flyway is crucial for the Bristle-thighed \nCurlew, Numenius tahitiensis, the Pacific Golden Plover, Pluvialis fulva, the Wandering Tattler \nHeteroscelus incanus, and a population of Bar-tailed Godwit, Limosa lapponica."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"STRATEGIC REVIEW OF FLYWAY PAPER",
"(v) Central Pacific Flyway"
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Pacific Golden Plover",
"route": null,
"timing": "both in spring and autumn",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"STRATEGIC REVIEW OF FLYWAY PAPER",
"(v) Central Pacific Flyway",
"Among the \nshorebirds, all of which are on Appendix II of CMS, the flyway is crucial for the Bristle-thighed \nCurlew, Numenius tahitiensis, the Pacific Golden Plover, Pluvialis fulva, the Wandering Tattler \nHeteroscelus incanus, and a population of Bar-tailed Godwit, Limosa lapponica."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"STRATEGIC REVIEW OF FLYWAY PAPER",
"(v) Central Pacific Flyway"
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://birdlife.org/news/2024/10/18/common-pochard",
"title": "Common Pochard (Aythya ferina) - BirdLife International",
"birds": [
{
"species": "Common Pochard",
"route": null,
"timing": "winter",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"Striking red eyes, vibrant plumage, impressive diving ability and a deep love for wetlands: these are only some of the many distinctive features of this month\u2019s migratory bird, the Common Pochard.",
"As they navigate the challenges of migration across Africa, Europe, and Asia, this species also faces threats from habitat loss, hunting, and pollution."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"The Common Pochard is a migratory bird that spends its breeding season in northern and eastern Europe, before flying to western, central, southern Europe and North Africa for the winter.",
"Some birds, breeding in the eastern part of its wide range, winter in south-east and east Asia across the Indian sub-continent, reaching as far as Japan."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://animalsaroundtheglobe.com/7-incredible-birds-that-journey-thousands-of-miles-across-america-3-383027",
"title": "7 Incredible Birds That Journey Thousands of Miles Across America",
"birds": [
{
"species": "Arctic Tern",
"route": null,
"timing": "each year, seeing two summers as it migrates along a convoluted route",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# 7 Incredible Birds That Journey Thousands of Miles Across America",
"## The Arctic Tern: Chasing Endless Summer",
"The Arctic Tern migrates from its Arctic breeding grounds to the Antarctic and back again each year, seeing two summers as it migrates along a convoluted route."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"# 7 Incredible Birds That Journey Thousands of Miles Across America",
"## The Arctic Tern: Chasing Endless Summer",
"The Arctic Tern migrates from its Arctic breeding grounds to the Antarctic and back again each year, seeing two summers as it migrates along a convoluted route."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Bar-tailed Godwit",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# 7 Incredible Birds That Journey Thousands of Miles Across America",
"## The Bar-tailed Godwit: The Ultimate Non-Stop Flyer",
"The migration of the subspecies Limosa lapponica baueri across the Pacific Ocean from Alaska to New Zealand is the longest known non-stop flight of any bird."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Swainson\u2019s Hawk",
"route": null,
"timing": "Starting in late August and September",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# 7 Incredible Birds That Journey Thousands of Miles Across America",
"## The Swainson\u2019s Hawk: The Grasshopper-Chasing Raptor",
"Starting in late August and September, nearly the whole population of Swainson\u2019s Hawks migrates from North America to Argentina, a roundtrip of more than 12,000 miles for the northernmost breeders."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"# 7 Incredible Birds That Journey Thousands of Miles Across America",
"## The Swainson\u2019s Hawk: The Grasshopper-Chasing Raptor",
"Starting in late August and September, nearly the whole population of Swainson\u2019s Hawks migrates from North America to Argentina, a roundtrip of more than 12,000 miles for the northernmost breeders."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Ruby-throated Hummingbird",
"route": null,
"timing": "Each year",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# 7 Incredible Birds That Journey Thousands of Miles Across America",
"## The Ruby-throated Hummingbird: Tiny Bird, Massive Journey",
"Each year, thousands of Ruby-throated Hummingbirds fly over the open water of the Gulf of Mexico rather than follow the longer shoreline route, flying non-stop up to 500 miles to reach U.S. shores."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"# 7 Incredible Birds That Journey Thousands of Miles Across America",
"## The Ruby-throated Hummingbird: Tiny Bird, Massive Journey",
"Each year, thousands of Ruby-throated Hummingbirds fly over the open water of the Gulf of Mexico rather than follow the longer shoreline route, flying non-stop up to 500 miles to reach U.S. shores."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Red Knot",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# 7 Incredible Birds That Journey Thousands of Miles Across America",
"## The Red Knot: Teetering on the Brink",
"Some of which migrate more than 18,000 miles a year between the tip of South America and the Canadian Arctic \u2013 one of the longest annual journeys made by any migratory bird, the Red Knot is both an endurance marvel and a conservation concern."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Sandhill Crane",
"route": null,
"timing": "Each spring",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# 7 Incredible Birds That Journey Thousands of Miles Across America",
"Unlike many long-distance migrants that travel alone, Sandhill Cranes are social travelers.",
"Each spring, about 500,000 Sandhill Cranes and some endangered Whooping Cranes use Nebraska\u2019s Platte River as a staging habitat during their northward migration."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"# 7 Incredible Birds That Journey Thousands of Miles Across America",
"Unlike many long-distance migrants that travel alone, Sandhill Cranes are social travelers.",
"Each spring, about 500,000 Sandhill Cranes and some endangered Whooping Cranes use Nebraska\u2019s Platte River as a staging habitat during their northward migration."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Whooping Crane",
"route": null,
"timing": "Each spring",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# 7 Incredible Birds That Journey Thousands of Miles Across America",
"Unlike many long-distance migrants that travel alone, Sandhill Cranes are social travelers.",
"Each spring, about 500,000 Sandhill Cranes and some endangered Whooping Cranes use Nebraska\u2019s Platte River as a staging habitat during their northward migration."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"# 7 Incredible Birds That Journey Thousands of Miles Across America",
"Unlike many long-distance migrants that travel alone, Sandhill Cranes are social travelers.",
"Each spring, about 500,000 Sandhill Cranes and some endangered Whooping Cranes use Nebraska\u2019s Platte River as a staging habitat during their northward migration."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "American Golden-Plover",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# 7 Incredible Birds That Journey Thousands of Miles Across America",
"## The American Golden-Plover: The Oceanic Risk-Taker",
"The American Golden-Plover migrates around 8,000 km from Arctic Canada and Alaska to South America, with some individuals flying nonstop over the Atlantic, from Nova Scotia to Brazil."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://birdfyi.com/vi/guide/major-flyways-of-the-world",
"title": "Major Flyways of the World",
"birds": [
{
"species": "Bar-headed geese",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"Major Flyways of the World",
"The Central Asian Flyway",
"Bar-headed geese cross the Himalayas at altitudes exceeding 7,000 meters -- one of the most extraordinary feats in bird migration."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://birdlife.org/who-we-are-2",
"title": "Who We Are - BirdLife International",
"birds": [
{
"species": "Arctic Tern",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"Our mascot, the Arctic Tern, migrates from one pole of the planet to the other between their breeding and wintering grounds \u2013 migratory birds don\u2019t choose their routes randomly, they follow Flyways, 8 bird super-highways, where they stop and can rest and refuel along the way, often in one of the IBAs mentioned above."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://greatplains.audubon.org/news/tracking-birds-and-mapping-migrations",
"title": "Tracking Birds and Mapping Migrations",
"birds": [
{
"species": "Whooping Cranes",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"We can track animals like Whooping Cranes from their journey from Alison Bay, Alberta Canada, through Rowe Sanctuary, to Audubon\u2019s Coastal Islands Sanctuary in Texas."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Veery",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"We can also track smaller species from the Motus network with equally impressive migrations, like the Veery, traveling from southern British Columbia through Rowe Sanctuary to complete its journey in southern Panama."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://raptors.cms.int/sites/default/files/publication/migrate-raptors-full.pdf",
"title": "Author DEFRA CMS Raptor Final R.PDF",
"birds": [
{
"species": "Red Kite",
"route": null,
"timing": "Mainly migratory in N and C Europe, although increasing tendency to winter in these areas.",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": null,
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Cinereous Vulture",
"route": null,
"timing": "Partial \u2013 mainly intercontinental: In S Europe adults non-migratory, in C Asia semi-resident, often following nomads and their domestic herds. Partly migratory in Asia: most birds leave Mongolia and other N breeding areas for winter; migrants winter from NE Africa and Middle East through N India to Korea; some birds reach Arabia and S China.",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": null,
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Black Harrier",
"route": null,
"timing": "Partial \u2013 intracontinental: Most birds migrate N in winter to dry grassland areas of S Namibia, S Botswana and N and C South Africa.",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": null,
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Pallid Harrier",
"route": null,
"timing": "Intercontinental: Migratory, wintering mainly in sub-Saharan Africa, Indian Subcontinent, Sri Lanka and Burma; rare, or much less common, in Mediterranean Basin, Middle East, Arabia, Iran and S & E China; some birds may remain in S of breeding range. Migrates on broad front.",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": null,
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Greater Spotted Eagle",
"route": null,
"timing": "Intercontinental: winters in S Europe, Middle East, NE Africa and S Asia.",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": null,
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Spanish Imperial Eagle",
"route": null,
"timing": "Partial: Adults sedentary. Young birds, when independent, disperse from natal areas in all directions and up to 350 km, especially to NW Africa.",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": null,
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Imperial Eagle",
"route": null,
"timing": "Mostly migratory, intercontinental. Birds migrate to S Turkey, Iran, Israel, Syria, Iraq, Egypt, Arabia, and northeast Africa, and to Pakistan, India, Laos and Vietnam.",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": null,
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Lesser Kestrel",
"route": null,
"timing": "Intercontinental: Mainly trans-Saharan migrant, although some birds winter in NW Africa and in various regions of S Europe and S Asia. Most birds migrate to S Africa. Nomadic movements in winter related to local concentrations of insects. Migrates across broad front.",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": null,
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Red-footed Falcon",
"route": null,
"timing": "Intercontinental: Travels great distances from Palearctic breeding areas across the Mediterranean and through Africa to S African wintering areas.",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": null,
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Saker Falcon",
"route": null,
"timing": "Intercontinental: migratory or partially migratory; sedentary or dispersive in S and SW of breeding range. Only occurs in winter in N Pakistan, Arabia, Africa (Sudan, Ethiopia, Niger and N Kenya) and parts of Middle East and China.",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": null,
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.1000362",
"title": "Extreme endurance migration: what is the limit to non-stop flight?",
"birds": [
{
"species": "Alaskan bar-tailed godwit",
"route": null,
"timing": "autumn",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"In the past year, Gill et al. [6] have provided direct evidence that a shorebird, the Alaskan bar-tailed godwit (__Limosa lapponica baueri__) (Figure 1), makes its eight-day, 11,000-km autumn migration from Alaska to New Zealand in one step, with no stopovers to rest or refuel.",
"Migratory birds have a history of challenging conventional wisdom about the limits of their endurance."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"In the past year, Gill et al. [6] have provided direct evidence that a shorebird, the Alaskan bar-tailed godwit (__Limosa lapponica baueri__) (Figure 1), makes its eight-day, 11,000-km autumn migration from Alaska to New Zealand in one step, with no stopovers to rest or refuel.",
"Migratory birds have a history of challenging conventional wisdom about the limits of their endurance."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://birdfyi.com/tr/guide/major-flyways-of-the-world",
"title": "Major Flyways of the World",
"birds": [
{
"species": "bar-headed geese",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# Major Flyways of the World",
"Mapping the great migration highways that connect continents",
"## The Central Asian Flyway",
"Bar-headed geese cross the Himalayas at altitudes exceeding 7,000 meters -- one of the most extraordinary feats in bird migration."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://cms.int/en/news/cop14-what-expect-migratory-birds",
"title": "COP14 - What to Expect for Migratory Birds",
"birds": [
{
"species": "Sooty Falcon",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"International Single Species Action Plan for the Sooty Falcon",
"A draft International Single Species Action Plan for the Sooty Falcon (Falco concolor) for the years 2024-2036 (ISSAP) will be introduced at a side event at COP14."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://iflscience.com/bird-makes-record-breaking-flight-from-alaska-to-tasmania-without-landing-65975",
"title": "Bird Makes Record-Breaking Flight From Alaska To Tasmania Without Landing",
"birds": [
{
"species": "bar-tailed godwit",
"route": null,
"timing": "Alaskan summer / after breeding / adults leave Alaska 4-6 weeks before juveniles",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"A bar-tailed godwit (*Limosa lapponica*) has been recorded flying 13,560 kilometers (8,435 miles) between Alaska and Ansons Bay, Tasmania, the longest non-stop migratory flight ever measured."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"Godwits are one of hundreds of bird species that breed during the brief but bountiful Alaskan summer, before escaping the bitter winter.",
"Adults leave Alaska 4-6 weeks before the juveniles."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://avianbliss.com/bird-species-migration-maps",
"title": "Bird Species Migration Maps: Live Tracking Tools & Interactive Flyways",
"birds": [
{
"species": "Arctic Tern",
"route": null,
"timing": "annually",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"Arctic terns complete the most exceptional pole-to-pole journeys of any species, covering up to 44,000 miles annually between Arctic and Antarctic regions.",
"# Bird Species Migration Maps: Live Tracking Tools & Interactive Flyways (2026)",
"## Seasonal Migration Patterns by Species"
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"Arctic terns complete the most exceptional pole-to-pole journeys of any species, covering up to 44,000 miles annually between Arctic and Antarctic regions.",
"# Bird Species Migration Maps: Live Tracking Tools & Interactive Flyways (2026)",
"## Seasonal Migration Patterns by Species"
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://wwt.org.uk/discover-wetlands/blog/how-the-weather-affects-migratory-birds",
"title": "How the weather affects migratory birds",
"birds": [
{
"species": "bar-headed goose",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"How the weather affects migratory birds",
"## High flyers",
"The bar-headed goose\u2019s migration route takes it over the Himalayas and Mount Everest and they can fly at heights of up to 29,500 feet."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "doi://10.1371/journal.pbio.1000362",
"title": "Extreme endurance migration: what is the limit to non-stop flight?",
"birds": [
{
"species": "Alaskan bar-tailed godwit",
"route": null,
"timing": "autumn",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"In the past year, Gill et al. [6] have provided direct evidence that a shorebird, the Alaskan bar-tailed godwit (__Limosa lapponica baueri__) (Figure 1), makes its eight-day, 11,000-km autumn migration from Alaska to New Zealand in one step, with no stopovers to rest or refuel."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"In the past year, Gill et al. [6] have provided direct evidence that a shorebird, the Alaskan bar-tailed godwit (__Limosa lapponica baueri__) (Figure 1), makes its eight-day, 11,000-km autumn migration from Alaska to New Zealand in one step, with no stopovers to rest or refuel."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://birdzilla.com/learn/migration-paths",
"title": "Migration Paths: Do Birds Have Set Routes For Migration?",
"birds": [
{
"species": "Bar-headed Goose",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"## Central Asian-Indian Flyway",
"some species have adapted to [fly over the mountain range](https://www.birdzilla.com/learn/how-high-do-birds-fly/), reportedly even over Mount Everest, including the Bar-headed Goose."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Arctic Tern",
"route": null,
"timing": "up to six months migrating between their breeding and wintering grounds",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"## Frequently Asked Questions",
"Some birds, like the Arctic Tern, can spend up to six months migrating between their breeding and wintering grounds, while others may complete their journeys in a matter of weeks.",
"Some birds with the longest migration distances include the Arctic Tern, Bar-tailed Godwit, and Sooty Shearwater."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"## Frequently Asked Questions",
"Some birds, like the Arctic Tern, can spend up to six months migrating between their breeding and wintering grounds, while others may complete their journeys in a matter of weeks."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Bar-tailed Godwit",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"## Frequently Asked Questions",
"Some birds with the longest migration distances include the Arctic Tern, Bar-tailed Godwit, and Sooty Shearwater."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Sooty Shearwater",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"## Frequently Asked Questions",
"Some birds with the longest migration distances include the Arctic Tern, Bar-tailed Godwit, and Sooty Shearwater."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://audubon.org/magazine/magnetic-stop-sign-tells-these-birds-where-nest",
"title": "A Magnetic \u2018Stop Sign\u2019 Tells These Birds Where to Nest",
"birds": [
{
"species": "Eurasian Reed Warbler",
"route": null,
"timing": "spring and autumn",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"A Magnetic \u2018Stop Sign\u2019 Tells These Birds Where to Nest",
"Wynn decided not to let that stop his research, however, and found a new bird to fill the gap, one he could study using data already collected\u2014the Eurasian Reed Warbler.",
"These petite olive-brown birds travel more than 3,000 miles roundtrip between their breeding territories in Europe and wintering areas in sub-Saharan Africa."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"A Magnetic \u2018Stop Sign\u2019 Tells These Birds Where to Nest",
"Earlier research discovered that Eurasian Reed Warblers [depend on](http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960982217308825) a combination of cues from Earth\u2019s magnetic field to navigate their southward autumn migrations.",
"The results, [published this week in *Science*](http://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.abj4210), reveal that the birds use magnetic fields differently during their springtime return, relying on a kind of invisible \u201cstop sign\u201d to tell them when they\u2019ve reached their breeding grounds."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://courseshub.world/bird-monarch-migration/module3-godwit-long-flights",
"title": "Bird & Monarch Migration - Free Graduate-Level Course",
"birds": [
{
"species": "bar-tailed godwit",
"route": null,
"timing": "September",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# Module 3: Bar-Tailed Godwit \u2014 11 000 km Non-Stop",
"The bar-tailed godwit (*Limosa lapponica baueri*) performs the longest non-stop flight yet documented in any vertebrate: from the Alaskan Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta to the North Island of New Zealand, a distance of roughly 11 000 km, completed in 8\u201310 days of continuous flapping flight over the open Pacific."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"# Module 3: Bar-Tailed Godwit \u2014 11 000 km Non-Stop",
"In September, *baueri* departs the Alaskan estuarine staging grounds and heads south-southwest, crossing the entire Pacific without encountering land."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Hudsonian godwit",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# Module 3: Bar-Tailed Godwit \u2014 11 000 km Non-Stop",
"Landis et al. (2019, *Ibis*) have shown that the closely related *Limosa haemastica* (Hudsonian godwit) of the Atlantic flyway performs a shorter but still demanding 6 000 km hop from Hudson Bay to the Pampas."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Red Knot",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# Module 3: Bar-Tailed Godwit \u2014 11 000 km Non-Stop",
"A useful comparison is the Atlantic flyway of *Calidris canutus rufa*, the Red Knot subspecies breeding in the Canadian Arctic and wintering in Tierra del Fuego."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://medium.com/@PeckPerk/bird-migration-major-routes-and-flight-formations-explained-1c608083b8b4",
"title": "Bird Migration: Major Routes and Flight Formations explained",
"birds": [
{
"species": "Bar-tailed Godwit",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# Bird Migration: Major Routes and Flight Formations explained",
"## Flyways of Eurasia, Africa, and Australasia",
"Over 50 shorebird species depend on it, including the Bar-tailed Godwit, which is famous for non-stop journeys of over [11,000 kilometres](https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-25274483#:~:text=The%20bird%20world's%20long%2Ddistance,considered%20the%20world's%20greatest%20athlete%22) across the Pacific."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://birdlife.org/news/2023/07/03/51242",
"title": "Sea, where Common Terns Fly - BirdLife International",
"birds": [
{
"species": "Arctic Tern",
"route": null,
"timing": "Every year",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# Sea, where Common Terns Fly",
"I would also like to take this opportunity to talk about the [Arctic Tern](http://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/arctic-tern-sterna-paradisaea), which is a particularly extraordinary long-distance migrant."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"# Sea, where Common Terns Fly",
"Every year, Arctic Tern\u2019s migrate 90,000 km from pole to pole, travelling from as far north as Greenland to Antarctica in the south."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://audubon.org/news/lost-birds-rely-earths-magnetic-field-get-back-track",
"title": "Lost Birds Rely on Earth's Magnetic Field to Get Back on Track",
"birds": [
{
"species": "Eurasian Reed Warblers",
"route": null,
"timing": "fall migration",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# Lost Birds Rely on Earth\u2019s Magnetic Field to Get Back on Track",
"Problem was, these Eurasian Reed Warblers were somehow starting out in entirely the wrong place, in Neftekamsk, Russia\u2014or so they thought."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"# Lost Birds Rely on Earth\u2019s Magnetic Field to Get Back on Track",
"Using mist-nets, the scientists caught adult reed warblers in Austria at the onset of their fall migration and kept them in outdoor aviaries."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://raptors.cms.int/sites/default/files/document/mos2_event6_conservation_issues_madagascar_kofoky.pdf",
"title": "Pr\u00e9paration pour la participation de Madagascar",
"birds": [
{
"species": "Eleonora's Falcon",
"route": null,
"timing": "In October, it migrates to Madagascar and the islands along the African coast",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"Conservation Issues of Malagasy \nMigratory Birds of Prey (Raptors)",
"Madagascar Raptors and Migratory raptors\n\n(Cont.)",
"\uf09bFalco eleonorae (Eleonorae\u2019s Falcon) nests in the \n\nislands of the Mediterranean Sea, on the East of \nthe Canary Islands, on the West coast of \nMorocco, on the northeast coasts of Algeria and \nTunisia"
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"Conservation Issues of Malagasy \nMigratory Birds of Prey (Raptors)",
"Madagascar Raptors and Migratory raptors\n\n(Cont.)",
"In October, it migrates to Madagascar and the \nislands along the African coast"
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Sooty Falcon",
"route": null,
"timing": "the winter in the southeast of Africa, mainly in Madagascar",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"Conservation Issues of Malagasy \nMigratory Birds of Prey (Raptors)",
"Madagascar Raptors and Migratory raptors\n\n(Cont.)",
"\uf09bFalco concolor (Sooty Falcon)"
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"Conservation Issues of Malagasy \nMigratory Birds of Prey (Raptors)",
"Madagascar Raptors and Migratory raptors\n\n(Cont.)",
"the winter in the southeast of Africa, mainly in \nMadagascar"
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://birdlife.org/news/flymap/americas-flyway",
"title": "AMERICAS FLYWAY - BirdLife International",
"birds": [
{
"species": "Rufous Hummingbird",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# AMERICAS FLYWAY",
"#### **Hero Species**",
"The Rufous Hummingbird is a small but mighty migrant!"
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://news.wildlifesos.org/bird-migration-frequent-flyers-of-the-skies",
"title": "Bird Migration, Frequent Flyers Of The Skies",
"birds": [
{
"species": "Bar-tailed godwit",
"route": null,
"timing": "October",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"Let us hear the story of a little bird.",
"Wait, who is he?",
"A juvenile Bar-tailed godwit (*Limosa lapponica baueri*)."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"According to the data of the researchers who tracked him, the bird left Alaska on October 13, 2022 and landed on Ansons Bay in north-east Tasmania 11 days and one hour later!"
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Arctic Tern",
"route": null,
"timing": "summers in the Arctic Circle",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"However, there is another unique avian member that has to be included in the migration conversation.",
"Arctic Terns travel from the north to the south pole, literally flying from one end of the Earth to another, covering over 30,000 km (18,641 miles)."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"These birds hatch during summers in the Arctic Circle, the northernmost part of the Northern Hemisphere."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://environewsnigeria.com/new-atlas-maps-migratory-lifelines-of-vulnerable-bird-species-across-the-americas",
"title": "New atlas maps migratory lifelines of vulnerable bird species across the Americas",
"birds": [
{
"species": "Buff-breasted Sandpiper",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# New atlas maps migratory lifelines of vulnerable bird species across the Americas",
"Among species of migratory birds covered in the Atlas are some of the most iconic and ecologically important migrants of the hemisphere, including:",
"- Buff-breasted Sandpiper (*Calidris subruficollis*), a Vulnerable grassland shorebird whose population has suffered rapid declines due to habitat loss."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Semipalmated Sandpiper",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# New atlas maps migratory lifelines of vulnerable bird species across the Americas",
"Among species of migratory birds covered in the Atlas are some of the most iconic and ecologically important migrants of the hemisphere, including:",
"- Semipalmated Sandpiper (*Calidris pusilla*), a Near Threatened long\u2011distance migrant facing sustained but poorly understood declines."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Cerulean Warbler",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# New atlas maps migratory lifelines of vulnerable bird species across the Americas",
"Among species of migratory birds covered in the Atlas are some of the most iconic and ecologically important migrants of the hemisphere, including:",
"- Cerulean Warbler (*Setophaga cerulea*), a Near Threatened forest songbird whose breeding habitat continues to shrink and fragment."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Andean Flamingo",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# New atlas maps migratory lifelines of vulnerable bird species across the Americas",
"Among species of migratory birds covered in the Atlas are some of the most iconic and ecologically important migrants of the hemisphere, including:",
"- Andean Flamingo (*Phoenicoparrus andinus*), a Vulnerable high\u2011altitude species dependent on increasingly threatened Andean wetlands."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Hudsonian Godwit",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# New atlas maps migratory lifelines of vulnerable bird species across the Americas",
"Among species of migratory birds covered in the Atlas are some of the most iconic and ecologically important migrants of the hemisphere, including:",
"- Hudsonian Godwit (*Limosa haemastica*), a Vulnerable Arctic\u2011breeding shorebird reliant on a chain of sensitive stopover sites during its remarkable hemispheric migration."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://wildfowl.wwt.org.uk/index.php/wildfowl/article/view/2677",
"title": "Annual movements of Interior Canada Geese Branta canadensis interior marked in Greenland, revealed by recoveries and re-sightings during 1992\u20132018 | Stroud",
"birds": [
{
"species": "Interior Canada Goose",
"route": null,
"timing": "late September/October to March",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"Annual movements of Interior Canada Geese Branta canadensis interior marked in Greenland, revealed by recoveries and re-sightings during 1992\u20132018 Abstract Analysis of 1,360 resightings and 105 recoveries made in continental North America during 1992\u20132018 of 542 Interior Canada Geese Branta canadensis interior marked in central-west Greenland in summers 1992, 1997, 2008, 2009 and 2014 were used to describe their winter quarters and the autumn and spring migration routes."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"Results showed that the geese arrived simultaneously in Newfoundland and Labrador, northeast Maine and central Nova Scotia in late September/October, but resightings and recoveries from Connecticut in September suggest that many may skip autumn staging and travel directly to be near their ultimate wintering site following arrival in continental North America.",
"By March, the Greenland Canada Geese had returned northwards and in the second half of the month aggregated in large numbers in the lower Richelieu Valley in Quebec."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/grey-plover-pluvialis-squatarola",
"title": "Grey Plover Pluvialis squatarola Species Factsheet | BirdLife DataZone",
"birds": [
{
"species": "Grey Plover",
"route": null,
"timing": "It departs its breeding grounds from late-July to September (southward movements continuing into November) and returns from late-May to June (Hayman *et al.* 1986, del Hoyo *et al.* 1996).",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# Grey Plover",
"**Behaviour** This species is fully migratory (del Hoyo *et al.* 1996)."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"**Behaviour** This species is fully migratory (del Hoyo *et al.* 1996).",
"It departs its breeding grounds from late-July to September (southward movements continuing into November) and returns from late-May to June (Hayman *et al.* 1986, del Hoyo *et al.* 1996)."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6745660",
"title": "Hypotheses and tracking results about the longest migration: The case of the arctic tern",
"birds": [
{
"species": "arctic tern",
"route": null,
"timing": "15 July to 26 April",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"## Introduction",
"The arctic tern has a very special reputation among migratory birds since more than a 100\u00a0years, being appointed by Cooke (1915) as the \u201cworld's migration champion.\u201d"
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"Durations, distances, and travel speeds are schematically estimated for the main segments of the terns' annual migration cycle in Table 2.",
"Table 2",
"Durations, distances, and travel speeds for different segments of the annual migration circuit of arctic terns",
"|Segment | Mean dates | Duration (days) | Mean distance (km) | Min\u2010max distance (km) | Mean speed (km/day) |",
"|Total nonbreeding migration circuit | 15 July to 26 April | 285 | 50,900 | 45,330\u201359,520 | 179 |"
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://environment.einnews.com/article/902767963/b0NlWbp9TMD-WBeJ",
"title": "Atlas launched at COP15 shows migration routes of vulnerable birds",
"birds": [
{
"species": "saffron-cowled blackbird",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# Atlas launched at COP15 shows migration routes of vulnerable birds",
"One example of a bird cataloged by the atlas is the bird known as the saffron-cowled blackbird, which passes through southern Brazil, Uruguay, Argentina, and Paraguay on its journey."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://allaboutbirds.org/news/annual-changes-in-hummingbird-migration-revealed-by-birders-sightings",
"title": "Annual Changes in Hummingbird Migration Revealed by Birders' Sightings | All About Birds",
"birds": [
{
"species": "Calliope Hummingbird",
"route": null,
"timing": "twice a year",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# Annual Changes in Hummingbird Migration Revealed by Birders\u2019 Sightings",
"Maps revealed that North American hummingbirds, like the Calliope Hummingbird, migrate along different routes each year, possibly in response to food variability.",
"That\u2019s the human equivalent of what Calliope Hummingbirds do, by wing, twice a year, in their migrations between Washington and Mexico."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"# Annual Changes in Hummingbird Migration Revealed by Birders\u2019 Sightings",
"That\u2019s the human equivalent of what Calliope Hummingbirds do, by wing, twice a year, in their migrations between Washington and Mexico."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://audubon.org/news/how-protect-birds-fly-farthest",
"title": "How to Protect the Birds That Fly the Farthest",
"birds": [
{
"species": "Far Eastern Curlew",
"route": null,
"timing": "non-breeding season",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# How to Protect the Birds That Fly the Farthest",
"For example, the [Far Eastern Curlew](http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/speciesfactsheet.php?id=3014) is a big shorebird that flies down through Asia to spend its non-breeding season in Australia and New Zealand."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"# How to Protect the Birds That Fly the Farthest",
"For example, the [Far Eastern Curlew](http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/speciesfactsheet.php?id=3014) is a big shorebird that flies down through Asia to spend its non-breeding season in Australia and New Zealand."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Great Knot",
"route": null,
"timing": "winters",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# How to Protect the Birds That Fly the Farthest",
"Similarly, only 7 percent of the range of the [Great Knot](http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/speciesfactsheet.php?id=3040), a migratory shorebird that breeds in Russia and winters mainly in Australia, is covered in protected areas\u2014and almost [a hundred thousand Knots](http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/speciesfactsheet.php?id=3040) disappeared after a critical tidal flat stopover in South Korea was paved over thanks to development."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"# How to Protect the Birds That Fly the Farthest",
"Similarly, only 7 percent of the range of the [Great Knot](http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/speciesfactsheet.php?id=3040), a migratory shorebird that breeds in Russia and winters mainly in Australia, is covered in protected areas\u2014and almost [a hundred thousand Knots](http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/speciesfactsheet.php?id=3040) disappeared after a critical tidal flat stopover in South Korea was paved over thanks to development."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Prothonotary Warbler",
"route": null,
"timing": "winter",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# How to Protect the Birds That Fly the Farthest",
"Similarly, when Audubon Louisiana noticed that their Prothonotary Warbler population was declining more quickly than the bird\u2019s habitat was disappearing in the U.S., it \u201cgot us thinking that almost certainly there are threats outside of the U.S. that are contributing to the decline of the population,\" Erik Johnson, the director of Audubon Louisiana, [told ](https://www.audubon.org/news/new-research-details-warblers-mystery-treks)Audubon this summer."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"# How to Protect the Birds That Fly the Farthest",
"One thing that makes it even trickier to protect birds\u2019 full ranges is that scientists still don\u2019t know where many birds go for the winter."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://owenborville.org/longest-animal-migrations.html",
"title": "Longest Animal Migrations",
"birds": [
{
"species": "Arctic tern",
"route": null,
"timing": "summer, winter, and back again in the spring",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"Longest Animal Migrations in the World",
"Longest Bird Migrations",
"The **Arctic tern (bird)** is considered the animal with the longest migration in the world, traveling up to 71,000 kilometers (44,000 miles) each year between Greenland and Antarctica."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"Longest Animal Migrations in the World",
"Longest Bird Migrations",
"The tern has a black cap, forked tail, and breeds in the Arctic, sub-Arctic, and Atlantic regions in the summer, then migrates south to Antarctica for the winter, and back again in the spring."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Sooty shearwater",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"Longest Animal Migrations in the World",
"Longest Bird Migrations",
"The **Sooty shearwater** (bird) makes a similar journey to the Arctic tern, but is about 4,000 miles (6,440 kilometers) shorter."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Bar-tailed godwit",
"route": null,
"timing": "in nine days",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"Longest Animal Migrations in the World",
"Longest Bird Migrations",
"The** Bar-tailed godwit** (bird) flies 6,835 miles (10,997 kilometers) nonstop between New Zealand and China in nine days, the longest nonstop flight of any bird."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"Longest Animal Migrations in the World",
"Longest Bird Migrations",
"The** Bar-tailed godwit** (bird) flies 6,835 miles (10,997 kilometers) nonstop between New Zealand and China in nine days, the longest nonstop flight of any bird."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://birdfyi.com/es/guide/major-flyways-of-the-world",
"title": "Major Flyways of the World",
"birds": [
{
"species": "Bar-headed geese",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"Bar-headed geese cross the Himalayas at altitudes exceeding 7,000 meters -- one of the most extraordinary feats in bird migration.",
"# Major Flyways of the World",
"## The Central Asian Flyway",
"The least studied and most threatened flyway stretches from Siberia through Central Asia to the Indian subcontinent."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://birdlife.org/news/2024/11/28/red-footed-falcon-falco-vespertinus",
"title": "Red-footed Falcon (Falco vespertinus) - BirdLife International",
"birds": [
{
"species": "Red-footed Falcon",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"Among Europe\u2019s migratory raptors, the Red-footed Falcon (Falco vespertinus) stands out with its striking colours and unique migration patterns."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://allaboutbirds.org/guide/Swainsons_Hawk/overview",
"title": "Swainson's Hawk Overview, All About Birds, Cornell Lab of Ornithology",
"birds": [
{
"species": "Swainson's Hawk",
"route": null,
"timing": "April and September (for migration); fall (for passing south); spring",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# Swainson's Hawk",
"## Find This Bird",
"Your best bet for finding Swainson\u2019s Hawks is during summer in open country west of the Mississippi River."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"# Swainson's Hawk",
"## Find This Bird",
"Instead, look for large flocks of soaring raptors over open country within their range, especially in April and September.",
"At a few select migration spots including Hazel Bazemore Park (Corpus Christi, Texas) and a few sites in Middle America (Veracruz, Mexico; K\u00e8k\u00f6ldie, Costa Rica; and Panama City, Panama) you can reliably see very large numbers of them passing south in fall.",
"You can also see fairly large numbers in spring at the Santa Ana National Wildlife Refuge hawkwatch in south Texas."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://audubon.org/magazine/new-golden-age-observation-revealing-wonders-night-migration",
"title": "A New Golden Age of Observation Is Revealing the Wonders of Night Migration",
"birds": [
{
"species": "Bar-tailed Godwit",
"route": null,
"timing": "last fall",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"A New Golden Age of Observation Is Revealing the Wonders of Night Migration",
"Take BirdVox.",
"One example: a Bar-tailed Godwit\u2019s record-breaking 7,500-mile nonstop flight from Alaska to New Zealand last fall."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"A New Golden Age of Observation Is Revealing the Wonders of Night Migration",
"Take BirdVox.",
"One example: a Bar-tailed Godwit\u2019s record-breaking 7,500-mile nonstop flight from Alaska to New Zealand last fall."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://cms.int/sites/default/files/document/Siberian_Crane_CP_w_pop_e_0.pdf",
"title": "Microsoft Word - Part-3.doc",
"birds": [
{
"species": "Siberian Crane",
"route": null,
"timing": "late October or early November and remain until late February or early March",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"Conservation Plan for the Western Population \n\nof Siberian Cranes",
"The Western population of Siberian Cranes breeds in a wilderness area of the Tyumen \nRegion, Russian Federation."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"Conservation Plan for the Western Population \n\nof Siberian Cranes",
"The Siberian Cranes usually arrive on the wintering grounds in late \nOctober or early November and remain until late February or early March."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://birdwatchingdaily.com/news/science/young-godwit-makes-longest-known-nonstop-flight-ever",
"title": "Young godwit makes longest known nonstop flight ever - BirdWatching",
"birds": [
{
"species": "Bar-tailed Godwit",
"route": null,
"timing": "October",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# Young godwit makes longest known nonstop flight ever",
"A four-month-old Bar-tailed Godwit known as B6 set a new world record by completing a nonstop 11-day migration of 8,425 miles (13,558 km) from Alaska to Tasmania, Australia."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"# Young godwit makes longest known nonstop flight ever",
"After fatting up on the Kuskokwim Delta, B6 left Alaska on October 13 and arrived in Australia on October 24."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://rd.springer.com/article/10.1186/s40462-015-0029-6",
"title": "Mapping migratory flyways in Asia using dynamic Brownian bridge movement models",
"birds": null
},
{
"url": "https://academy.allaboutbirds.org/discussion/users/user1228288/replies",
"title": "Susan's Replies |",
"birds": null
},
{
"url": "https://cms.int/sites/default/files/document/I_5_Puffinus_mauretanicus_ESP_E_org_S.pdf",
"title": "I_5_Puffinus_mauretanicus_ESP_E_org_S.doc",
"birds": [
{
"species": "Balearic Shearwater",
"route": null,
"timing": "summer-autumn",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"English: Balearic Shearwater",
"PROPOSAL FOR THE INCLUSION OF SPECIES ON THE APPENDICES OF THE \nCONVENTION ON THE CONSERVATION OF MIGRATORY SPECIES OF WILD \nANIMALS",
"PROPOSAL: Inclusion of the Balearic Shearwater (Puffinus mauretanicus, Lowe, 1921) in \nAppendix I."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"Once the breeding season is finished, most of the birds leave the Mediterranean and cross the Straits \nof Gibraltar towards the Gulf of Biscay (summer-autumn) (Mouri\u00f1o et al, 2003), with some birds",
"PROPOSAL FOR THE INCLUSION OF SPECIES ON THE APPENDICES OF THE \nCONVENTION ON THE CONSERVATION OF MIGRATORY SPECIES OF WILD \nANIMALS",
"Migration"
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://birdlife.org/news/2024/07/30/new-world-heritage-sites-in-china-help-migratory-birds",
"title": "New World Heritage sites in China help migratory birds - BirdLife International",
"birds": [
{
"species": "Spoon-billed Sandpiper",
"route": null,
"timing": "every spring and autumn",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"Birds such as the Critically Endangered Spoon-billed Sandpiper and Siberian Crane, and Endangered Far Eastern Curlew stop in these Yellow Sea wetlands to rest and fuel up for their long journeys.",
"The UNESCO World Heritage Committee has designated 5 additional World Heritage sites along the coast of the Yellow Sea-Gulf of Bohai, helping migratory waterbirds across the continent."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"Every spring and autumn, millions of birds migrate along the EAAF from the northern reaches of Russia, across the continent of Asia, all the way down to Australia and New Zealand.",
"The UNESCO World Heritage Committee has designated 5 additional World Heritage sites along the coast of the Yellow Sea-Gulf of Bohai, helping migratory waterbirds across the continent."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Siberian Crane",
"route": null,
"timing": "every spring and autumn",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"Birds such as the Critically Endangered Spoon-billed Sandpiper and Siberian Crane, and Endangered Far Eastern Curlew stop in these Yellow Sea wetlands to rest and fuel up for their long journeys.",
"The UNESCO World Heritage Committee has designated 5 additional World Heritage sites along the coast of the Yellow Sea-Gulf of Bohai, helping migratory waterbirds across the continent."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"Every spring and autumn, millions of birds migrate along the EAAF from the northern reaches of Russia, across the continent of Asia, all the way down to Australia and New Zealand.",
"The UNESCO World Heritage Committee has designated 5 additional World Heritage sites along the coast of the Yellow Sea-Gulf of Bohai, helping migratory waterbirds across the continent."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Far Eastern Curlew",
"route": null,
"timing": "every spring and autumn",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"Birds such as the Critically Endangered Spoon-billed Sandpiper and Siberian Crane, and Endangered Far Eastern Curlew stop in these Yellow Sea wetlands to rest and fuel up for their long journeys.",
"The UNESCO World Heritage Committee has designated 5 additional World Heritage sites along the coast of the Yellow Sea-Gulf of Bohai, helping migratory waterbirds across the continent."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"Every spring and autumn, millions of birds migrate along the EAAF from the northern reaches of Russia, across the continent of Asia, all the way down to Australia and New Zealand.",
"The UNESCO World Heritage Committee has designated 5 additional World Heritage sites along the coast of the Yellow Sea-Gulf of Bohai, helping migratory waterbirds across the continent."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://birdcarecenter.blogspot.com/2026/08/the-longest-bird-migration-journeys.html",
"title": "The Longest Bird Migration Journeys",
"birds": [
{
"species": "Arctic Tern",
"route": null,
"timing": "each year",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# The Longest Bird Migration Journeys",
"## The Arctic Tern: The Ultimate Long-Distance Traveler",
"The Arctic Tern holds the record for the longest migration of any animal on the planet."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"# The Longest Bird Migration Journeys",
"## The Arctic Tern: The Ultimate Long-Distance Traveler",
"These small seabirds travel from their breeding grounds in the Arctic all the way to the Antarctic and back each year, covering a round-trip distance of approximately 44,000 to 55,000 miles (70,000 to 90,000 kilometers)."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Bar-Tailed Godwit",
"route": "Alaska to New Zealand",
"timing": null,
"distance_km": "11,000",
"distinction": "completed the longest non-stop flight recorded in any bird species",
"species_evidence": [
"# The Longest Bird Migration Journeys",
"## The Bar-Tailed Godwit: Non-Stop Flight Champion",
"The Bar-Tailed Godwit is renowned for completing the longest non-stop flight recorded in any bird species."
],
"route_evidence": [
"# The Longest Bird Migration Journeys",
"## The Bar-Tailed Godwit: Non-Stop Flight Champion",
"These shorebirds migrate from Alaska to New Zealand, covering roughly 7,000 miles (11,000 kilometers) in a single, uninterrupted flight lasting more than a week."
],
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": [
"# The Longest Bird Migration Journeys",
"## The Bar-Tailed Godwit: Non-Stop Flight Champion",
"These shorebirds migrate from Alaska to New Zealand, covering roughly 7,000 miles (11,000 kilometers) in a single, uninterrupted flight lasting more than a week."
],
"distinction_evidence": [
"# The Longest Bird Migration Journeys",
"## The Bar-Tailed Godwit: Non-Stop Flight Champion",
"The Bar-Tailed Godwit is renowned for completing the longest non-stop flight recorded in any bird species."
]
},
{
"species": "Sooty Shearwater",
"route": "New Zealand and Chile to the Northern Hemisphere, taking them past Japan, Alaska, and California before returning south",
"timing": "annually",
"distance_km": "64,000",
"distinction": "massive figure-eight migration pattern across the Pacific Ocean",
"species_evidence": [
"# The Longest Bird Migration Journeys",
"## The Sooty Shearwater: Figure-Eight Across the Pacific",
"Sooty Shearwaters are known for their massive figure-eight migration pattern across the Pacific Ocean."
],
"route_evidence": [
"# The Longest Bird Migration Journeys",
"## The Sooty Shearwater: Figure-Eight Across the Pacific",
"Breeding in New Zealand and Chile, these seabirds travel to the Northern Hemisphere in search of food, covering an estimated 40,000 miles (64,000 kilometers) annually.",
"Their route takes them past Japan, Alaska, and California before returning south."
],
"timing_evidence": [
"# The Longest Bird Migration Journeys",
"## The Sooty Shearwater: Figure-Eight Across the Pacific",
"Breeding in New Zealand and Chile, these seabirds travel to the Northern Hemisphere in search of food, covering an estimated 40,000 miles (64,000 kilometers) annually."
],
"distance_km_evidence": [
"# The Longest Bird Migration Journeys",
"## The Sooty Shearwater: Figure-Eight Across the Pacific",
"Breeding in New Zealand and Chile, these seabirds travel to the Northern Hemisphere in search of food, covering an estimated 40,000 miles (64,000 kilometers) annually."
],
"distinction_evidence": [
"# The Longest Bird Migration Journeys",
"## The Sooty Shearwater: Figure-Eight Across the Pacific",
"Sooty Shearwaters are known for their massive figure-eight migration pattern across the Pacific Ocean."
]
},
{
"species": "Pectoral Sandpiper",
"route": "Arctic tundra of Siberia and North America to South America",
"timing": "for the winter",
"distance_km": "30,000",
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# The Longest Bird Migration Journeys",
"## The Pectoral Sandpiper: Crossing Continents",
"The Pectoral Sandpiper breeds in the Arctic tundra of [Siberia ](https://www.blogger.com/blog/post/edit/6495921922492821221/7218436140177631698)and North America and migrates to South America for the winter."
],
"route_evidence": [
"# The Longest Bird Migration Journeys",
"## The Pectoral Sandpiper: Crossing Continents",
"The Pectoral Sandpiper breeds in the Arctic tundra of [Siberia ](https://www.blogger.com/blog/post/edit/6495921922492821221/7218436140177631698)and North America and migrates to South America for the winter."
],
"timing_evidence": [
"# The Longest Bird Migration Journeys",
"## The Pectoral Sandpiper: Crossing Continents",
"The Pectoral Sandpiper breeds in the Arctic tundra of [Siberia ](https://www.blogger.com/blog/post/edit/6495921922492821221/7218436140177631698)and North America and migrates to South America for the winter."
],
"distance_km_evidence": [
"# The Longest Bird Migration Journeys",
"## The Pectoral Sandpiper: Crossing Continents",
"This journey can span nearly 18,000 miles (30,000 kilometers) round trip, taking the bird across multiple continents and diverse habitats."
],
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Northern Wheatear",
"route": "Arctic regions of Canada, Greenland, and Siberia to sub-Saharan Africa",
"timing": "for the winter",
"distance_km": "14,500",
"distinction": "undertakes one of the most astonishing migrations relative to its size",
"species_evidence": [
"# The Longest Bird Migration Journeys",
"## The Northern Wheatear: A Small Bird's Big Journey",
"Despite weighing barely more than an ounce, the Northern Wheatear undertakes one of the most astonishing migrations relative to its size."
],
"route_evidence": [
"# The Longest Bird Migration Journeys",
"## The Northern Wheatear: A Small Bird's Big Journey",
"Breeding in the Arctic regions of Canada, Greenland, and Siberia, this small songbird travels to sub-Saharan Africa for the winter, covering distances of up to 9,000 miles (14,500 kilometers) one way."
],
"timing_evidence": [
"# The Longest Bird Migration Journeys",
"## The Northern Wheatear: A Small Bird's Big Journey",
"Breeding in the Arctic regions of Canada, Greenland, and Siberia, this small songbird travels to sub-Saharan Africa for the winter, covering distances of up to 9,000 miles (14,500 kilometers) one way."
],
"distance_km_evidence": [
"# The Longest Bird Migration Journeys",
"## The Northern Wheatear: A Small Bird's Big Journey",
"Breeding in the Arctic regions of Canada, Greenland, and Siberia, this small songbird travels to sub-Saharan Africa for the winter, covering distances of up to 9,000 miles (14,500 kilometers) one way."
],
"distinction_evidence": [
"# The Longest Bird Migration Journeys",
"## The Northern Wheatear: A Small Bird's Big Journey",
"Despite weighing barely more than an ounce, the Northern Wheatear undertakes one of the most astonishing migrations relative to its size."
]
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://janegoodall.org/news/international-migratory-bird-day-birds-of-a-feather-fly-together",
"title": "International Migratory Bird Day: Birds of a Feather, Fly Together!",
"birds": [
{
"species": "Arctic tern",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"## International Migratory Bird Day: Birds of a Feather, Fly Together!",
"The Arctic tern*,* *Sterna paradisaea* has the longest recorded migration of any bird on the planet \u2013 a round trip of roughly 22,000 miles, some 11,000 miles each way \u2013 from its breeding grounds in the Arctic and back to the Antarctic."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "godwit",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"## International Migratory Bird Day: Birds of a Feather, Fly Together!",
"The little shorebird, a female godwit, was recently found to have flown 7,145 miles (11,500 kilometers) *nonstop* from Alaska to New Zealand\u2014without taking a break for food or drink."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "red knot",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"## International Migratory Bird Day: Birds of a Feather, Fly Together!",
"Then there is the even smaller shorebird, the red knot, that travels to and from the very southernmost tip of South America all the way to the Arctic Circle!"
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Rufous Hummingbird",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"## International Migratory Bird Day: Birds of a Feather, Fly Together!",
"Hummingbirds \u2013 I was so surprised when I first heard about humming bird migrations \u2013 the Rufous Hummingbird, just over 3 inches long, migrates roughly 3,900 miles from Mexico to Alaska."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://focusingonwildlife.com/news/americas-flyways-atlas-maps-the-routes-of-89-at-risk-migratory-bird-species",
"title": "Americas flyways atlas maps the routes of 89 at-risk migratory bird species | Focusing on Wildlife",
"birds": [
{
"species": "cerulean warbler",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"Americas flyways atlas maps the routes of 89 at-risk migratory bird species",
"Lead Image: The cerulean warbler, a near-threatened species, breeds in North America and migrates thousands of miles to winter in the Andes Mountains of South America.",
"The atlas is made up of two appendices: Appendix I \u201ccomprises migratory species \u2026 assessed as being in danger of extinction throughout all or a significant portion of their range,\u201d according to the CMS, and it features five species: the Andean flamingo (*Phoenicoparrus andinus*), buff-breasted sandpiper (*Calidris subruficollis*), cerulean warbler (*Setophaga cerulea*), [saffron-cowled blackbird](https://focusingonwildlife.com/news/tag/saffron-cowled-blackbird/) (*Xanthopsar flavus*) and semipalmated sandpiper (*Calidris pusilla*)."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://academy.allaboutbirds.org/sample-lesson-hawk-and-raptor-identification",
"title": "Sample Lesson: Hawk and Raptor Identification | Bird Academy \u2022 The Cornell Lab",
"birds": [
{
"species": "Swainson\u2019s Hawk",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# Sample Lesson: Hawk and Raptor Identification",
"Explore this sample lesson on the **Swainson\u2019s Hawk** from **Be a Better Birder: Hawk and Raptor Identification**."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://audubon.org/magazine/ask-kenn-do-more-birds-migrate-through-eastern-united-states",
"title": "Ask Kenn: Do More Birds Migrate Through the Eastern United States?",
"birds": [
{
"species": "Buff-breasted Sandpiper",
"route": null,
"timing": "fall migration",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# Ask Kenn: Do More Birds Migrate Through the Eastern United States?",
"As a final point, birds that are truly long-distance migrants in the Americas have to shift eastward in fall migration, simply because South America is located farther east than North America.",
"**Consider, for example, the Buff-breasted Sandpiper**, which migrates from high Arctic breeding grounds to wintering areas in southern South America."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"# Ask Kenn: Do More Birds Migrate Through the Eastern United States?",
"As a final point, birds that are truly long-distance migrants in the Americas have to shift eastward in fall migration, simply because South America is located farther east than North America.",
"**Consider, for example, the Buff-breasted Sandpiper**, which migrates from high Arctic breeding grounds to wintering areas in southern South America."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://cms.int/sites/default/files/document/Doc_05_Overview_Report_unedited_draft_as_at_7Jun10_1.pdf",
"title": "OVERVIEW REPORT",
"birds": [
{
"species": "Siberian Crane",
"route": null,
"timing": "winter / spring and autumn migration",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"THE MEMORANDUM OF UNDERSTANDING \nCONCERNING CONSERVATION MEASURES \nFOR THE SIBERIAN CRANE (Grus leucogeranus)",
"The Siberian Crane (Grus leucogeranus) is listed as Critically Endangered in the \nIUCN Red List, regional and national Red Data Books and international agreements."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"Overview",
"The \nEastern Asian population spends the winter in China on Poyang Lake in the Lower Yangtze \nRiver Basin and breeds in the northeast Siberian tundra between the Yana and Kolyma Rivers."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://iflscience.com/bird-breaks-nonstop-journey-record-with-epic-flight-from-alaska-to-new-zealand-57476",
"title": "Bird Breaks Non-Stop Journey Record With Epic Flight From Alaska To New Zealand",
"birds": [
{
"species": "bar-tailed godwit",
"route": null,
"timing": "Each year, they breed in the upper reaches of the Northern Hemisphere before venturing on a colossal journey to the Southern Hemisphere for winter.",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"Bird Breaks Non-Stop Journey Record With Epic Flight From Alaska To New Zealand",
"The record was broken by a migratory bar-tailed godwit (Limosa lapponica). Dennis Jacobsen/Shutterstock.com",
"Bar-tailed godwits (*Limosa lapponica*) are a species of wading bird no stranger to epic migrations."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"Bird Breaks Non-Stop Journey Record With Epic Flight From Alaska To New Zealand",
"Bar-tailed godwits (*Limosa lapponica*) are a species of wading bird no stranger to epic migrations.",
"Each year, they breed in the upper reaches of the Northern Hemisphere before venturing on a colossal journey to the Southern Hemisphere for winter."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://sciencedirect.com/topics/agricultural-and-biological-sciences/flyway",
"title": "Flyway - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics",
"birds": [
{
"species": "bar-tailed godwit",
"route": null,
"timing": "autumn",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"Robert E. Gill Jr., a biologist with the US Geological Survey, and colleagues used satellite telemetry to track the autumn migration of nine bar-tailed godwits (*Limosa lapponica baueri*) from breeding areas in western Alaska to nonbreeding areas in New Zealand.",
"Migratory Routes"
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"Robert E. Gill Jr., a biologist with the US Geological Survey, and colleagues used satellite telemetry to track the autumn migration of nine bar-tailed godwits (*Limosa lapponica baueri*) from breeding areas in western Alaska to nonbreeding areas in New Zealand.",
"Migratory Routes"
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://audubon.org/magazine/winter-2018/how-many-birds-disappear-between-migration",
"title": "How Many Birds Disappear Between Migration Seasons? We Now Have a Clue.",
"birds": [
{
"species": "American Robin",
"route": null,
"timing": "spend the holidays",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"How Many Birds Disappear Between Migration Seasons? We Now Have a Clue.",
"An American Robin takes off from its summer home in Montreal, Canada, putting everything on the line to fly 1,600 miles to spend the holidays in West Palm Beach, Florida."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"How Many Birds Disappear Between Migration Seasons? We Now Have a Clue.",
"An American Robin takes off from its summer home in Montreal, Canada, putting everything on the line to fly 1,600 miles to spend the holidays in West Palm Beach, Florida."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Scarlet Tanager",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"How Many Birds Disappear Between Migration Seasons? We Now Have a Clue.",
"Even more grueling is the journey of a Scarlet Tanager that wings 2,700 miles from Dartmouth, Massachusetts, to Cali, Colombia."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://dailydoseinfo.com/editions/004",
"title": "The Long Way Round \u2014 Daily Dose No. 004",
"birds": [
{
"species": "Arctic tern",
"route": null,
"timing": "single year",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# The Long *Way* Round",
"The longest migration ever recorded for any animal: **one Arctic tern**, tagged on the Farne Islands, England, flew to the Weddell Sea off Antarctica and back in a single year. **Newcastle University, 2016.**"
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"# The Long *Way* Round",
"The longest migration ever recorded for any animal: **one Arctic tern**, tagged on the Farne Islands, England, flew to the Weddell Sea off Antarctica and back in a single year. **Newcastle University, 2016.**"
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Bar-tailed godwit",
"route": null,
"timing": "October 2022",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"04 \u00b7 No Landing",
"In October 2022 a five-month-old bar-tailed godwit, known only by the number on its satellite tag, left southwest Alaska and did not land again until it reached Ansons Bay, Tasmania."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"04 \u00b7 No Landing",
"In October 2022 a five-month-old bar-tailed godwit, known only by the number on its satellite tag, left southwest Alaska and did not land again until it reached Ansons Bay, Tasmania."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://academy.allaboutbirds.org/live-event/birds-of-the-world-amazing-migrations",
"title": "Birds of the World: Amazing Migrations | Bird Academy \u2022 The Cornell Lab",
"birds": [
{
"species": "Blackpoll Warbler",
"route": null,
"timing": "fall",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# Birds of the World: Amazing Migrations",
"So, Benjamin could you start us off with a small species that breeds in North America, the Blackpoll Warbler? What\u2019s really cool about this bird?",
"Most of them undertake a non-stop over-water flight, over the open Atlantic straight to North and South America."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"# Birds of the World: Amazing Migrations",
"So, Benjamin could you start us off with a small species that breeds in North America, the Blackpoll Warbler? What\u2019s really cool about this bird?",
"And then in the fall, they kind of drop off the Eastern seaboard, disappearing off of Massachusetts, New York, New Jersey."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Hudsonian Godwit",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# Birds of the World: Amazing Migrations",
"Let\u2019s take a look at another migrant. This one is a really super long distance migrant, the Hudsonian Godwit.",
"starting with the blues in Southern South America, where they spend the winter, all the way at the southern tip there, they can make flights that are nonstop, of potentially 10,000 kilometers."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Broad-winged Hawk",
"route": null,
"timing": "right about now",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# Birds of the World: Amazing Migrations",
"But the one species that we want to talk about next, is a daytime migrant and it can be seen migrating in the thousands. So let\u2019s talk about the Broad-winged Hawk",
"They\u2019re heading South now."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"# Birds of the World: Amazing Migrations",
"But the one species that we want to talk about next, is a daytime migrant and it can be seen migrating in the thousands. So let\u2019s talk about the Broad-winged Hawk",
"And right about now, you can see these corrugations."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://netapp.audubon.org/AudubonAdventures/docs/AA_Migratory_birds_FINAL.pdf",
"title": "AA_Migratory_birds.indd",
"birds": [
{
"species": "Rufous Hummingbird",
"route": null,
"timing": "annual journey south",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"Birds on the Move",
"It\u2019s a \nRufous Hummingbird, pausing \nto refuel on its annual journey \nsouth from Alaska to Mexico\u2014\na trip of almost 4,000 miles."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"Birds on the Move",
"It\u2019s a \nRufous Hummingbird, pausing \nto refuel on its annual journey \nsouth from Alaska to Mexico\u2014\na trip of almost 4,000 miles."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Whimbrel",
"route": null,
"timing": "2009 and 2010",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"HOPE'S LONG JOURNEY",
"This map shows the \nmigration journeys \nof a Whimbrel that \nscientists have \nnamed \u201cHope.\u201d"
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"HOPE'S LONG JOURNEY",
"Thanks \nto a tiny solar-powered transmitter \nattached to one of Hope\u2019s legs, \nscientists were able to track her \nmigration in 2009 and 2010."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Arctic Tern",
"route": null,
"timing": "one year",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"\u201cMi-greats!\u201d\nAmazing \nMigratory-\nBird Facts",
"Arctic Terns hold \nthe record for the \nlongest migration \namong birds, \ntraveling between \nthe Arctic tundra \nand Antarctica."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"\u201cMi-greats!\u201d\nAmazing \nMigratory-\nBird Facts",
"Arctic Terns hold \nthe record for the \nlongest migration \namong birds, \ntraveling between \nthe Arctic tundra \nand Antarctica.",
"The \nlongest trip was \nrecorded at almost \n60,000 miles in \none year."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Ruby-throated Hummingbird",
"route": null,
"timing": "about 20 hours",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"\u201cMi-greats!\u201d\nAmazing \nMigratory-\nBird Facts"
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"\u201cMi-greats!\u201d\nAmazing \nMigratory-\nBird Facts",
"Yet \nthis tiny bird can \nfly nearly 600 \nmiles nonstop \nacross the Gulf of \nMexico\u2014a journey \nof about 20 hours."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Swainson\u2019s Hawk",
"route": null,
"timing": "in the fall",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"\u201cMi-greats!\u201d\nAmazing \nMigratory-\nBird Facts",
"Millions of raptors \nmigrate to Central \nand South America \nin the fall.",
"This \nincludes as many \nas 845,000 \nSwainson\u2019s Hawks."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"\u201cMi-greats!\u201d\nAmazing \nMigratory-\nBird Facts",
"Millions of raptors \nmigrate to Central \nand South America \nin the fall."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Wood Thrush",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"LIFE CYCLE AND HABITAT",
"Wood Thrushes raise their young in the forests of the eastern United States."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://wwt.org.uk/discover-wetlands/wetland-wildlife/wildlife-by-month/august",
"title": "August",
"birds": null
},
{
"url": "https://bird-life.com/7-birds-that-migrate-farther-than-any-other-animal-on-earth-2-23892",
"title": "7 Birds That Migrate Farther Than Any Other Animal on Earth",
"birds": [
{
"species": "Arctic Tern",
"route": null,
"timing": "northern summer / southern summer annually",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"In this exploration of avian migration marvels, we\u2019ll discover seven birds whose migratory feats surpass all other animals on our planet, revealing the extraordinary capabilities that allow these winged travelers to conquer the greatest distances on Earth.",
"Topping the list of extreme migrants is the Arctic Tern (Sterna paradisaea), holder of the longest migration route of any animal on Earth."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"In this exploration of avian migration marvels, we\u2019ll discover seven birds whose migratory feats surpass all other animals on our planet, revealing the extraordinary capabilities that allow these winged travelers to conquer the greatest distances on Earth.",
"Arctic Terns breed in the Arctic during the northern summer, then fly to the Antarctic to enjoy the southern summer, effectively chasing an endless summer around the globe."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Bar-tailed Godwit",
"route": null,
"timing": "around 9 days of continuous flying",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"In this exploration of avian migration marvels, we\u2019ll discover seven birds whose migratory feats surpass all other animals on our planet, revealing the extraordinary capabilities that allow these winged travelers to conquer the greatest distances on Earth.",
"The Bar-tailed Godwit (Limosa lapponica) holds the record for the longest non-stop flight of any bird."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"In this exploration of avian migration marvels, we\u2019ll discover seven birds whose migratory feats surpass all other animals on our planet, revealing the extraordinary capabilities that allow these winged travelers to conquer the greatest distances on Earth.",
"This phenomenal feat, tracked by satellite, typically takes the birds around 9 days of continuous flying over open ocean."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Great Frigatebird",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"In this exploration of avian migration marvels, we\u2019ll discover seven birds whose migratory feats surpass all other animals on our planet, revealing the extraordinary capabilities that allow these winged travelers to conquer the greatest distances on Earth.",
"The Great Frigatebird (Fregata minor) demonstrates a different kind of migratory endurance, with the ability to stay aloft for up to two months without landing."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Rufous Hummingbird",
"route": null,
"timing": "up the Pacific Coast in spring and down the Rocky Mountains in fall",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"In this exploration of avian migration marvels, we\u2019ll discover seven birds whose migratory feats surpass all other animals on our planet, revealing the extraordinary capabilities that allow these winged travelers to conquer the greatest distances on Earth.",
"The Rufous Hummingbird (Selasphorus rufus) proves that size is no limitation when it comes to epic migrations."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"In this exploration of avian migration marvels, we\u2019ll discover seven birds whose migratory feats surpass all other animals on our planet, revealing the extraordinary capabilities that allow these winged travelers to conquer the greatest distances on Earth.",
"These birds follow a clockwise circuit up the Pacific Coast in spring and down the Rocky Mountains in fall, taking advantage of the sequential blooming of their favorite nectar flowers."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Sooty Shearwater",
"route": null,
"timing": "Southern Hemisphere\u2019s summer",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"In this exploration of avian migration marvels, we\u2019ll discover seven birds whose migratory feats surpass all other animals on our planet, revealing the extraordinary capabilities that allow these winged travelers to conquer the greatest distances on Earth.",
"The Sooty Shearwater (Ardenna grisea) undertakes one of the longest migrations of any bird, traveling in a figure-eight pattern across the Pacific Ocean that covers more than 40,000 miles annually."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"In this exploration of avian migration marvels, we\u2019ll discover seven birds whose migratory feats surpass all other animals on our planet, revealing the extraordinary capabilities that allow these winged travelers to conquer the greatest distances on Earth.",
"These medium-sized seabirds breed on islands near New Zealand, the Falklands, and Chile during the Southern Hemisphere\u2019s summer, then migrate to feeding grounds in the North Pacific off Japan, Alaska, and California."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Northern Wheatear",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"In this exploration of avian migration marvels, we\u2019ll discover seven birds whose migratory feats surpass all other animals on our planet, revealing the extraordinary capabilities that allow these winged travelers to conquer the greatest distances on Earth.",
"The Northern Wheatear (Oenanthe oenanthe) undertakes one of the most remarkable migrations relative to its size of any songbird in the world."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Red Knot",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"In this exploration of avian migration marvels, we\u2019ll discover seven birds whose migratory feats surpass all other animals on our planet, revealing the extraordinary capabilities that allow these winged travelers to conquer the greatest distances on Earth.",
"The Red Knot (Calidris canutus) completes one of the longest migrations of any shorebird, with some populations traveling over 9,000 miles each way between their Arctic breeding grounds and the southern tips of South America, Africa, or Australia."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://avianbliss.com/famous-bird-migration-corridors",
"title": "Famous Bird Migration Corridors: Routes, Flyways & Conservation",
"birds": [
{
"species": "Arctic Terns",
"route": null,
"timing": "annually",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# Famous Bird Migration Corridors: Routes, Flyways & Conservation (2026)",
"Migration corridors function as **ecological highways** maintaining genetic diversity and ecosystem services across fragmented landscapes, with species like Arctic Terns traveling 60,000+ miles annually and bar-tailed godwits completing nonstop flights exceeding 7,500 miles between Alaska and New Zealand.",
"### Which is the most famous migratory bird in the world?",
"Like Odysseus traversing ancient seas, the Arctic Tern claims fame through sheer endurance, traveling roughly **90,000 kilometers annually** from **[Arctic breeding grounds](https://avianbliss.com/surfbird/)** to Antarctic waters\u2014the longest migration of any bird species on Earth."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"# Famous Bird Migration Corridors: Routes, Flyways & Conservation (2026)",
"Migration corridors function as **ecological highways** maintaining genetic diversity and ecosystem services across fragmented landscapes, with species like Arctic Terns traveling 60,000+ miles annually and bar-tailed godwits completing nonstop flights exceeding 7,500 miles between Alaska and New Zealand."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "bar-tailed godwits",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# Famous Bird Migration Corridors: Routes, Flyways & Conservation (2026)",
"Migration corridors function as **ecological highways** maintaining genetic diversity and ecosystem services across fragmented landscapes, with species like Arctic Terns traveling 60,000+ miles annually and bar-tailed godwits completing nonstop flights exceeding 7,500 miles between Alaska and New Zealand."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://allaboutbirds.org/news/is-bird-migration-getting-more-dangerous",
"title": "Is Bird Migration Getting More Dangerous? | All About Birds",
"birds": [
{
"species": "Blackpoll Warbler",
"route": null,
"timing": "each spring",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"That\u2019s akin to what some Blackpoll Warblers face as they start off from Colombia each spring on the way north to breeding grounds in the boreal forest.",
"Disappearing stopover habitat, more skyscrapers, stronger storms\u2014the biannual flights for migratory birds are getting riskier.",
"### Migration: the Ultimate Journey"
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"That\u2019s akin to what some Blackpoll Warblers face as they start off from Colombia each spring on the way north to breeding grounds in the boreal forest.",
"Disappearing stopover habitat, more skyscrapers, stronger storms\u2014the biannual flights for migratory birds are getting riskier.",
"### Migration: the Ultimate Journey"
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://audubon.org/magazine/what-gruesome-stork-taught-us-about-bird-migration",
"title": "What This Gruesome Stork Taught Us About Bird Migration",
"birds": [
{
"species": "Common Crane",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"What This Gruesome Stork Taught Us About Bird Migration",
"As early as the fourth century BCE, Aristotle aptly [hypothesized](https://penelope.uchicago.edu/aristotle/histanimals8.html#:~:text=In%2520some%2520cases%2520they%2520migrate,the%2520Nile%2520has%2520its%2520source.) that \u201cbirds migrate from the steppes of Scythia to the marshlands south of Egypt,\u201d referring to the migration of Common Cranes from Iran."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "White Stork",
"route": null,
"timing": "summer",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"What This Gruesome Stork Taught Us About Bird Migration",
"In the spring of 1822, a White Stork caused a stir among the townspeople of Mecklenburg, Germany."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"What This Gruesome Stork Taught Us About Bird Migration",
"The species commonly ranges throughout Europe during the summer, but when this particular bird landed on the property of a local landowner, something about it stuck out: specifically, a 30-inch spear\u2014tip and all\u2014poking vertically straight through its neck."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/bird-designed-jet-fighter-sets-new-record-longest-nonstop-bird-migration-180976078",
"title": "Bird Flies 7,500 Miles, a New Record for Longest Nonstop Bird Migration",
"birds": [
{
"species": "bar-tailed godwit",
"route": null,
"timing": "march to winter",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# Bird Flies 7,500 Miles, a New Record for Longest Nonstop Bird Migration",
"Last month, scientists tracked a tireless bird\u2019s nonstop migration from Alaska to New Zealand.",
"That bird, a male bar-tailed godwit, set a new record for nonstop avian migration when it flew 7,500 miles over the Pacific Ocean without taking a single pitstop, reports Daniel Boffey for *[The Guardian](https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2020/oct/13/jet-fighter-godwit-breaks-world-record-for-non-stop-bird-flight)*."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"# Bird Flies 7,500 Miles, a New Record for Longest Nonstop Bird Migration",
"When they\u2019re ready for takeoff, they\u2019ll fly over the Aleutian Islands in Alaska and head south to spend a warm winter in New Zealand.",
"In March, the birds will leave the island and fly over Australia, along Asia\u2019s east coast, and through Russia before completing their migratory loop in Alaska."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://birdfyi.com/th/guide/major-flyways-of-the-world",
"title": "Major Flyways of the World",
"birds": [
{
"species": "Bar-headed geese",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# Major Flyways of the World",
"## The Central Asian Flyway",
"Bar-headed geese cross the Himalayas at altitudes exceeding 7,000 meters -- one of the most extraordinary feats in bird migration."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://wwt.org.uk/wetland-centres/slimbridge/wildlife/latest-sightings/arctic-sightings",
"title": "Arctic sightings",
"birds": [
{
"species": "Arctic Tern",
"route": null,
"timing": "winter / summer",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"Arctic Terns",
"The Arctic Tern is famous for this migration which is 19,000 km journey each way."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"Arctic Terns",
"Having spent the winter near Antarctica these birds are now on their way to spend the summer in the Arctic!"
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://briefpedia.org/articles/bar-tailed-godwit-the-master-of-non-stop-migration",
"title": "Bar-tailed Godwit: The Master of Non-stop Migration",
"birds": [
{
"species": "bar-tailed godwit",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# Bar-tailed Godwit: The Master of Non-stop Migration",
"The **bar-tailed godwit** (*[Limosa lapponica](/tag/Limosa%20lapponica)*) is a large, strongly migratory wader belonging to the family [Scolopacidae](/tag/Scolopacidae)."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://avianbliss.com/bird-migration-patterns-north-america",
"title": "Bird Migration Patterns North America: 4 Major Flyways Revealed",
"birds": [
{
"species": "Arctic Terns",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# Bird Migration Patterns North America: 4 Major Flyways Revealed (2026)",
"## Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)",
"You\u2019ll find **Arctic Terns** topping the charts, flying roughly 44,000 miles annually from Arctic to Antarctic."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://allaboutbirds.org/news/event/xtreme-hummingbird-xtravaganza",
"title": "Xtreme Hummingbird Xtravaganza | All About Birds",
"birds": [
{
"species": "Ruby-throated Hummingbird",
"route": null,
"timing": "in the fall",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# Xtreme Hummingbird Xtravaganza",
"Xtreme Hummingbird Xtravaganza (XHX) is a yearly event at [Gulf Coast Bird Observatory](https://www.gcbo.org/) that takes place during the peak of Ruby-throated Hummingbird migration in the fall.",
"Ruby-throated hummingbirds weigh, on average, about as much as a penny."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"# Xtreme Hummingbird Xtravaganza",
"Xtreme Hummingbird Xtravaganza (XHX) is a yearly event at [Gulf Coast Bird Observatory](https://www.gcbo.org/) that takes place during the peak of Ruby-throated Hummingbird migration in the fall."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://audubon.org/node/366450?nid=7371&site=rockies",
"title": "A New Golden Age of Observation Is Revealing the Wonders of Night Migration",
"birds": [
{
"species": "Bar-tailed Godwit",
"route": null,
"timing": "last fall",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"One example: a Bar-tailed Godwit\u2019s record-breaking 7,500-mile nonstop flight from Alaska to New Zealand last fall."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"One example: a Bar-tailed Godwit\u2019s record-breaking 7,500-mile nonstop flight from Alaska to New Zealand last fall."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2864269",
"title": "Extreme endurance migration: what is the limit to non-stop flight?",
"birds": [
{
"species": "Bar-tailed godwit",
"route": null,
"timing": "autumn",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"In the past year, Gill et al. [6] have provided direct evidence that a shorebird, the Alaskan bar-tailed godwit (__Limosa lapponica baueri__) (Figure 1), makes its eight-day, 11,000-km autumn migration from Alaska to New Zealand in one step, with no stopovers to rest or refuel.",
"Migratory birds have a history of challenging conventional wisdom about the limits of their endurance."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"In the past year, Gill et al. [6] have provided direct evidence that a shorebird, the Alaskan bar-tailed godwit (__Limosa lapponica baueri__) (Figure 1), makes its eight-day, 11,000-km autumn migration from Alaska to New Zealand in one step, with no stopovers to rest or refuel.",
"Migratory birds have a history of challenging conventional wisdom about the limits of their endurance."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "American golden plover",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"Non-stop flights are common among migratory shorebirds (also known as waders) and often involve trans-oceanic crossings, with examples being American golden plovers (__Pluvialis dominica__) flying 4,000 km between Nova Scotia and South America [7], ruddy turnstones (__Arenaria interpres__) flying 4,000 km between the Pribilof Islands and Hawaii [8], and red knots (__Calidris canutus__) flying 4,800 km between the Wadden Sea and their breeding area on Taymyr [9].",
"Migratory birds have a history of challenging conventional wisdom about the limits of their endurance."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://academy.allaboutbirds.org/live-event/exploring-bird-migration-your-questions-answered",
"title": "Exploring Bird Migration: Your Questions Answered | Bird Academy \u2022 The Cornell Lab",
"birds": [
{
"species": "blackpoll warbler",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"Exploring Bird Migration: Your Questions Answered",
"And some of them like the blackpoll warbler takes off from Maine and Nova Scotia and flies straight to South America."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://audubon.org/news/migrating-songbirds-are-all-around-you-heres-how-spot-them",
"title": "Migrating Songbirds Are All Around You. Here's How to Spot Them",
"birds": [
{
"species": "Blackburnian warbler",
"route": null,
"timing": "fall and spring",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# Migrating Songbirds Are All Around You. Here\u2019s How to Spot Them",
"A blackburnian warbler, for example, might fly from Maine to Ecuador in the fall, coming back in spring to the very same tree in Maine where it sang the year before."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"# Migrating Songbirds Are All Around You. Here\u2019s How to Spot Them",
"A blackburnian warbler, for example, might fly from Maine to Ecuador in the fall, coming back in spring to the very same tree in Maine where it sang the year before."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Swainson\u2019s thrush",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# Migrating Songbirds Are All Around You. Here\u2019s How to Spot Them",
"That brown bird under the hedge might not be one of the local city sparrows\u2014it might be a Swainson\u2019s thrush, just arrived from Panama."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Cape May warbler",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# Migrating Songbirds Are All Around You. Here\u2019s How to Spot Them",
"That yellowish bird in the tree might not be a local goldfinch\u2014it might be a Cape May warbler that has just flown in from Jamaica."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://wildfowl.wwt.org.uk/index.php/wildfowl/article/view/2587",
"title": "Delineation of Tundra Swan Cygnus c. columbianus populations in North America: geographic boundaries and interchange | Ely",
"birds": [
{
"species": "Tundra Swan",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"Delineation of Tundra Swan Cygnus c. columbianus populations in North America: geographic boundaries and interchange Craig R. Ely, William J.L. Sladen, Heather M. Wilson, Susan E. Savage, Kristine M. Sowl, Bill Henry, Mike Schwitters, James Snowdon Abstract North American Tundra Swans Cygnus c. columbianus are composed of two wellrecognised populations: an Eastern Population (EP) that breeds across northern Canada and north of the Brooks Range in Alaska, which migrates to the eastern seaboard of the United States, and a Western Population (WP) that breeds in coastal regions of Alaska south of the Brooks Range and migrates to western North America.",
"Delineation of Tundra Swan Cygnus c. columbianus populations in North America: geographic boundaries and interchange Craig R. Ely, William J.L. Sladen, Heather M. Wilson, Susan E. Savage, Kristine M. Sowl, Bill Henry, Mike Schwitters, James Snowdon"
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://birdwatchingdaily.com/news/science/five-bird-species-that-make-the-longest-migrations",
"title": "Five bird species that migrate great distances - BirdWatching",
"birds": [
{
"species": "Blackpoll Warbler",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# Five bird species that migrate great distances",
"Consider the **Blackpoll Warbler** that breeds in the boreal forests of Canada and winters in the Amazon basin of South America."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Arctic Tern",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# Five bird species that migrate great distances",
"The **Arctic Tern** is the world\u2019s champion long-distance migrant."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Sooty Shearwater",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# Five bird species that migrate great distances",
"Another distance champion is the abundant **Sooty Shearwater**."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Bar-tailed Godwit",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# Five bird species that migrate great distances",
"Electronic satellite transmitters were surgically implanted into 14 female **Bar-tailed Godwits** in New Zealand."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Common Swift",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# Five bird species that migrate great distances",
"Nine years after the godwit study, in 2016, Anders Hedenstr\u00f6m of Lund University in Switzerland reported in the journal *Current Biology* on a tracking study of 13 **Common Swifts** that breed in southern Sweden and winter either in western or central Africa."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://academy.allaboutbirds.org/discussion/topic/activities-different-seasons-different-birds/page/6",
"title": "Activities: Different Seasons, Different Birds | Bird Academy \u2022 The Cornell Lab",
"birds": [
{
"species": "Ruby-throated Hummingbird",
"route": null,
"timing": "April to September",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"The ruby-throated hummingbird is in our neighborhood from April to September and stretches its range all along the Atlantic coast into Canada."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"The ruby-throated hummingbird is in our neighborhood from April to September and stretches its range all along the Atlantic coast into Canada."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Rufous Hummingbird",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"The rufous hummingbird has a similar migrating pattern along the Pacific coast with the relative abundance closely mirroring the ruby-throated along lines of latitude."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Sandhill Crane",
"route": null,
"timing": "summers",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"The sandhill crane winters in tightly packed colonies in Texas and Florida and then spends its summers spread from the northern U.S. up through all of Canada to the Arctic circle."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"The sandhill crane winters in tightly packed colonies in Texas and Florida and then spends its summers spread from the northern U.S. up through all of Canada to the Arctic circle."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Yellow-bellied Flycatcher",
"route": null,
"timing": "summers",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"The yellow-bellied fly catcher, on the other hand, summers in a much tighter range concentrated in southeastern Canada."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"The yellow-bellied fly catcher, on the other hand, summers in a much tighter range concentrated in southeastern Canada."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Blackburnian Warbler",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"The blackburnian warbler, on the other hand, migrates great distances from the Andes to eastern Canada."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Scarlet Tanager",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"The scarlet tanager is also a great traveler, covering long distances from South America to eastern Canada, while the wester tanager keeps to the Pacific side of North America from Mexico in the winter to the American and Canadian west in the summer."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Western Tanager",
"route": null,
"timing": "Mexico in the winter to the American and Canadian west in the summer",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"The scarlet tanager is also a great traveler, covering long distances from South America to eastern Canada, while the wester tanager keeps to the Pacific side of North America from Mexico in the winter to the American and Canadian west in the summer."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"The scarlet tanager is also a great traveler, covering long distances from South America to eastern Canada, while the wester tanager keeps to the Pacific side of North America from Mexico in the winter to the American and Canadian west in the summer."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://audubon.org/magazine/unlocking-migrations-secrets",
"title": "Unlocking Migration's Secrets",
"birds": [
{
"species": "whimbrel",
"route": null,
"timing": "late summer and autumn / annual cycle",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# Unlocking Migration\u2019s Secrets",
"**Last August** a female whimbrel took off from the treeless tundra of Southampton Island, which guards the iceberg-choked entrance to Hudson Bay in the Canadian subarctic, and set a course southeast."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"# Unlocking Migration\u2019s Secrets",
"**Last August** a female whimbrel took off from the treeless tundra of Southampton Island, which guards the iceberg-choked entrance to Hudson Bay in the Canadian subarctic, and set a course southeast."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Arctic tern",
"route": null,
"timing": "single year",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# Unlocking Migration\u2019s Secrets",
"In 2007 a team of scientists including Iain Stenhouse affixed geolocators to Arctic terns nesting in Greenland and Iceland."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"# Unlocking Migration\u2019s Secrets",
"In 2007 a team of scientists including Iain Stenhouse affixed geolocators to Arctic terns nesting in Greenland and Iceland.",
"They found that some of the terns were traveling more than 47,000 miles in a single year\u2014nearly double the distance ornithologists thought they migrated."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Sabine's gull",
"route": null,
"timing": "over the last decade or so",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# Unlocking Migration\u2019s Secrets",
"In 2007 he and two colleagues used geolocators to track Sabine\u2019s gulls from their Arctic breeding grounds to wintering sites off southern Africa\u2014at almost 25,000 miles, the longest migration known for any gull."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"# Unlocking Migration\u2019s Secrets",
"In 2007 he and two colleagues used geolocators to track Sabine\u2019s gulls from their Arctic breeding grounds to wintering sites off southern Africa\u2014at almost 25,000 miles, the longest migration known for any gull."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://aussieanimals.com/wildlife/species/famous-migratory-birds",
"title": "10 Famous Migratory Birds That Will Make You Look Up",
"birds": [
{
"species": "Bar-tailed Godwit",
"route": null,
"timing": "arrives on Australian mudflats from September onwards, departing again in March and April",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"## **Some cross entire oceans without stopping. Others navigate by the stars. These ten migratory birds push the limits of what a living creature can do.**",
"## 1. Bar-tailed Godwit (*Limosa lapponica*)"
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"## **Some cross entire oceans without stopping. Others navigate by the stars. These ten migratory birds push the limits of what a living creature can do.**",
"## 1. Bar-tailed Godwit (*Limosa lapponica*)",
"Bar-tailed godwits arrive on Australian mudflats from September onwards, feeding intensively on intertidal invertebrates to rebuild condition."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Arctic Tern",
"route": null,
"timing": "northern summer in the northern hemisphere, then Antarctic summer in the southern ocean",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"## **Some cross entire oceans without stopping. Others navigate by the stars. These ten migratory birds push the limits of what a living creature can do.**",
"## 2. Arctic Tern (*Sterna paradisaea*)"
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"## **Some cross entire oceans without stopping. Others navigate by the stars. These ten migratory birds push the limits of what a living creature can do.**",
"## 2. Arctic Tern (*Sterna paradisaea*)",
"Arctic terns breed in the northern hemisphere during the northern summer, then migrate south to spend the Antarctic summer in the southern ocean \u2013 meaning they experience more hours of daylight than any other creature on Earth."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Curlew Sandpiper",
"route": null,
"timing": "northern winter",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"## **Some cross entire oceans without stopping. Others navigate by the stars. These ten migratory birds push the limits of what a living creature can do.**",
"## 3. Curlew Sandpiper (*Calidris ferruginea*)"
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"## **Some cross entire oceans without stopping. Others navigate by the stars. These ten migratory birds push the limits of what a living creature can do.**",
"## 3. Curlew Sandpiper (*Calidris ferruginea*)",
"*Curlew sandpipers are widespread around the Australian coast during the northern winter, from Queensland south to Victoria and across to Western Australia.*"
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Wandering Albatross",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"## **Some cross entire oceans without stopping. Others navigate by the stars. These ten migratory birds push the limits of what a living creature can do.**",
"## 4. Wandering Albatross (*Diomedea exulans*)"
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Eastern Curlew",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"## **Some cross entire oceans without stopping. Others navigate by the stars. These ten migratory birds push the limits of what a living creature can do.**",
"## 5. Eastern Curlew (*Numenius madagascariensis*)"
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Red Knot",
"route": null,
"timing": "non-breeding season",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"## **Some cross entire oceans without stopping. Others navigate by the stars. These ten migratory birds push the limits of what a living creature can do.**",
"## 6. Red Knot (*Calidris canutus*)"
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"## **Some cross entire oceans without stopping. Others navigate by the stars. These ten migratory birds push the limits of what a living creature can do.**",
"## 6. Red Knot (*Calidris canutus*)",
"Red knots are coastal obligates: during the non-breeding season, they use intertidal habitats almost exclusively."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Latham\u2019s Snipe",
"route": null,
"timing": "each year",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"## **Some cross entire oceans without stopping. Others navigate by the stars. These ten migratory birds push the limits of what a living creature can do.**",
"## 7. Latham\u2019s Snipe (*Gallinago hardwickii*)"
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"## **Some cross entire oceans without stopping. Others navigate by the stars. These ten migratory birds push the limits of what a living creature can do.**",
"## 7. Latham\u2019s Snipe (*Gallinago hardwickii*)",
"The only migratory shorebird species to breed in Japan, Latham\u2019s snipe is a cryptic, grassland-dependent bird that makes the journey to Australia each year and is often overlooked because it does not congregate on open mudflats."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Ruddy Turnstone",
"route": null,
"timing": "summer visitor",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"## **Some cross entire oceans without stopping. Others navigate by the stars. These ten migratory birds push the limits of what a living creature can do.**",
"## 8. Ruddy Turnstone (*Arenaria interpres*)"
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"## **Some cross entire oceans without stopping. Others navigate by the stars. These ten migratory birds push the limits of what a living creature can do.**",
"## 8. Ruddy Turnstone (*Arenaria interpres*)",
"In Australia it is a regular summer visitor to rocky shores, sandy beaches, and reefflats, using its short, chisel-like bill to flip stones, shells, and debris to expose the invertebrates beneath \u2013 the behaviour that gives the species its name."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Oriental Pratincole",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"## **Some cross entire oceans without stopping. Others navigate by the stars. These ten migratory birds push the limits of what a living creature can do.**",
"## 9. Oriental Pratincole (*Glareola maldivarum*)"
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Common Swift",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"## **Some cross entire oceans without stopping. Others navigate by the stars. These ten migratory birds push the limits of what a living creature can do.**",
"## 10. Common Swift (*Apus apus*)"
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://birdopedia.com/which-bird-migrates-nonstop-the-longest",
"title": "Which Bird Migrates Nonstop the Longest: Stunning Flight Records Revealed - Birds",
"birds": [
{
"species": "Bar-tailed Godwit",
"route": null,
"timing": "up to 11 days straight",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"Comparison Of Top Migratory Birds Several birds make long nonstop migrations.",
"Bird Nonstop Flight Distance Route",
"Bar-tailed Godwit 7,000+ miles Alaska to New Zealand"
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"Longest Known Migration The bird with the longest nonstop migration is the bar-tailed godwit.",
"This trip can last up to 11 days straight."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Great Snipe",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"Comparison Of Top Migratory Birds Several birds make long nonstop migrations.",
"Bird Nonstop Flight Distance Route",
"Great Snipe 4,000 miles Europe to Africa"
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Common Swift",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"Comparison Of Top Migratory Birds Several birds make long nonstop migrations.",
"Bird Nonstop Flight Distance Route",
"Common Swift 2,200 miles Europe to Africa"
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Grey-headed Albatross",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"Comparison Of Top Migratory Birds Several birds make long nonstop migrations.",
"Bird Nonstop Flight Distance Route",
"Grey-headed Albatross 2,000 miles South Atlantic Ocean"
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Arctic Tern",
"route": null,
"timing": "each year",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"Other Notable Long-distance Migrants Many birds travel thousands of miles during migration.",
"Arctic Tern\u2019s Polar Routes The Arctic Tern flies from the North Pole to the South Pole each year."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"Other Notable Long-distance Migrants Many birds travel thousands of miles during migration.",
"Arctic Tern\u2019s Polar Routes The Arctic Tern flies from the North Pole to the South Pole each year."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Sooty Shearwater",
"route": null,
"timing": "yearly",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"Other Notable Long-distance Migrants Many birds travel thousands of miles during migration.",
"Sooty Shearwater\u2019s Ocean Crossings Sooty Shearwaters travel across the oceans from New Zealand to the North Pacific."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"Other Notable Long-distance Migrants Many birds travel thousands of miles during migration.",
"Sooty Shearwater\u2019s Ocean Crossings Sooty Shearwaters travel across the oceans from New Zealand to the North Pacific.",
"They fly over 40,000 miles yearly."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Swallow",
"route": null,
"timing": "during winter",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"Other Notable Long-distance Migrants Many birds travel thousands of miles during migration.",
"Swallow\u2019s Seasonal Travels Swallows migrate between Europe and Africa."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"Other Notable Long-distance Migrants Many birds travel thousands of miles during migration.",
"Swallow\u2019s Seasonal Travels Swallows migrate between Europe and Africa.",
"They travel to warmer places during winter."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://birdfyi.com/fr/guide/major-flyways-of-the-world",
"title": "Major Flyways of the World",
"birds": [
{
"species": "Bar-headed geese",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# Major Flyways of the World",
"## The Central Asian Flyway",
"Bar-headed geese cross the Himalayas at altitudes exceeding 7,000 meters -- one of the most extraordinary feats in bird migration."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://audubon.org/news/do-you-know-other-way-birds-migrate",
"title": "Do You Know the Other Way Birds Migrate?",
"birds": null
},
{
"url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/70135114",
"title": "USGS Publications Warehouse",
"birds": [
{
"species": "bar-tailed godwit",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"Contrasting extreme long-distance migration patterns in bar-tailed godwits *Limosa lapponica*",
"Using this technology, we compared the migration performance of two subspecies of bar-tailed godwit *Limosa lapponica* travelling between non-breeding grounds in New Zealand (subspecies *baueri*) and northwest Australia (subspecies *menzbieri*) and breeding grounds in Alaska and eastern Russia, respectively."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "http://birds.cornell.edu/AllAboutBirds/studying/migration/origins",
"title": "The Basics of Bird Migration: How, Why, When, and Where | All About Birds",
"birds": [
{
"species": "Arctic Terns",
"route": null,
"timing": "in a single year",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"Some birds travel tremendous distances: Arctic Terns and Sooty Shearwaters fly more than 50,000 km (31,000 miles) in a single year."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"Some birds travel tremendous distances: Arctic Terns and Sooty Shearwaters fly more than 50,000 km (31,000 miles) in a single year."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Sooty Shearwaters",
"route": null,
"timing": "in a single year",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"Some birds travel tremendous distances: Arctic Terns and Sooty Shearwaters fly more than 50,000 km (31,000 miles) in a single year."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"Some birds travel tremendous distances: Arctic Terns and Sooty Shearwaters fly more than 50,000 km (31,000 miles) in a single year."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Bar-tailed Godwits",
"route": null,
"timing": "at the end of summer",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"Bar-tailed Godwits depart Alaska at the end of summer and fly nonstop for 8 days over the Pacific Ocean, landing in New Zealand."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"Bar-tailed Godwits depart Alaska at the end of summer and fly nonstop for 8 days over the Pacific Ocean, landing in New Zealand."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Blackpoll Warbler",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"In 2015, scientists documented [an additional flyway across the open Atlantic](https://www.allaboutbirds.org/news/a-new-flyway-fall-migrants-cross-the-atlantic-to-reach-south-america/), used by at least 9 species including birds as small as the Blackpoll Warbler."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://academy.allaboutbirds.org/discussion/topic/activities-local-bird-exploration/page/4",
"title": "Activities: Local Bird Exploration | Bird Academy \u2022 The Cornell Lab",
"birds": [
{
"species": "Yellow-Headed Blackbird",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"For Vancouver, Canada; I used Explore Birds in Merlin, Likely Birds filter, to select five bird species I had never heard of:",
"Yellow-Headed Blackbird \u2013 A striking bird, frequenting open habitats, with males having a head and breast of bright yellow and females having mottled or splotched, yellow on the head and breast."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://audubon.org/southwest/birds",
"title": "Birds of Arizona and New Mexico",
"birds": [
{
"species": "Western Yellow-billed Cuckoo",
"route": null,
"timing": "twice a year",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# Birds of Arizona and New Mexico",
"Learn about some of the most charismatic and iconic birds of the Southwest region.",
"The Western Yellow-billed Cuckoo, a distinct population segment of the Yellow-billed Cuckoo, is federally listed as a threatened species."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"# Birds of Arizona and New Mexico",
"Learn about some of the most charismatic and iconic birds of the Southwest region.",
"These dove-sized birds fly to and from Paraguay to the American West (some 5,000 miles!) twice a year looking for a mate."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://birdlife.org/news/2023/04/19/right-of-passage-help-us-save-the-buff-breasted-sandpiper",
"title": "Right of Passage: Help us save the Buff-breasted Sandpiper - BirdLife International",
"birds": [
{
"species": "Buff-breasted Sandpiper",
"route": null,
"timing": "In mid-April, that itch to return north and breed is overwhelming.",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# Right of Passage: Help us save the Buff-breasted Sandpiper",
"Unique among shorebirds, the prairie-loving, pampas-wintering Buff-breasted Sandpiper links habitats from the Arctic to southern South America through its epic migration."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"# Right of Passage: Help us save the Buff-breasted Sandpiper",
"In their winter quarters, Buff-breasted Sandpipers are spread out across a sizeable area of South America, with notable sites including Bah\u00eda Samboromb\u00f3n Reserve in northern Argentina, Laguna de Rocha in Uruguay and Lagoa do Peixe National Park in southern Brazil.",
"In mid-April, that itch to return north and breed is overwhelming."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://teara.govt.nz/en/bird-migration",
"title": "Te Ara Encyclopedia of New Zealand",
"birds": [
{
"species": "eastern bar-tailed godwit",
"route": null,
"timing": "fly back to Alaska (with a stopover in the Yellow Sea) to breed. The birds remain for about five months",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"Bird migration is the movement of birds from the place where they breed to another area, then back again in time to breed.",
"To escape the cold winter in Alaska, the eastern bar-tailed godwit flies 11,000 kilometres non-stop to New Zealand."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"Bird migration is the movement of birds from the place where they breed to another area, then back again in time to breed.",
"The birds remain for about five months, and then fly back to Alaska (with a stopover in the Yellow Sea) to breed."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "http://allbirdsoftheworld.wikia.com/wiki/Bird_migration",
"title": "Bird migration",
"birds": [
{
"species": "Bar-tailed Godwit",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"**Bird migration** is the regular seasonal journey undertaken by many species of [birds](/wiki/Bird). Bird",
"## Long-distance migration[]"
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Arctic Tern",
"route": null,
"timing": "northern winter",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"**Bird migration** is the regular seasonal journey undertaken by many species of [birds](/wiki/Bird). Bird",
"## Long-distance migration[]"
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"**Bird migration** is the regular seasonal journey undertaken by many species of [birds](/wiki/Bird). Bird",
"## Long-distance migration[]",
"Some, such as the [Black Guillemot](/wiki/Black_Guillemot) and some [gulls](/wiki/Gull), are quite sedentary; others, such as most [terns](/wiki/Tern) and [auks](/wiki/Auk) breeding in the temperate northern hemisphere, move varying distances south in the northern winter."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "http://allaboutbirds.org/guide/Swainsons_Hawk/overview",
"title": "Swainson's Hawk Overview, All About Birds, Cornell Lab of Ornithology",
"birds": [
{
"species": "Swainson's Hawks",
"route": null,
"timing": "fall",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"Basic Description A classic species of the open country of the Great Plains and the West, Swainson\u2019s Hawks soar on narrow wings or perch on fence posts and irrigation spouts."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"In fall, they take off for Argentine wintering grounds\u2014one of the longest migrations of any American raptor\u2014forming flocks of hundreds or thousands as they travel.",
"Basic Description A classic species of the open country of the Great Plains and the West, Swainson\u2019s Hawks soar on narrow wings or perch on fence posts and irrigation spouts."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://predatorfreenz.org/research/bar-tailed-godwits-longhaul-experts",
"title": "Bar-tailed godwits are longhaul experts",
"birds": [
{
"species": "bar-tailed godwit",
"route": null,
"timing": "northern migration from early March; arriving in New Zealand from early September",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"",
"Once bar-tailed godwits start on their migration, they\u2019re committed."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"Birds generally begin arriving in New Zealand from early September.",
"They begin departing on northern migration from early March, heading for refuelling sites around the Yellow Sea."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "k\u016baka",
"route": "from New Zealand to the Yellow Sea in China, then to Alaska; and from western Alaska to the Piako River near Thames, New Zealand",
"timing": "southern winter; September 2020; August 2007; early September; early March",
"distance_km": "9,575 km, 11,026 km, 7,000 kilometres, 11,680 km, 29,280 km, 12,200 km",
"distinction": "longest migration route of any bird in the world, and the longest journey without pausing to feed made by ANY animal",
"species_evidence": [
"K\u016baka rest up and feed in the Yellow Sea area for about 41 days before travelling on to Alaska, another 7,000 kilometres away, so the Yellow Sea is a key staging post on their journey.",
"Not only do k\u016baka make the longest non-stop flight of any bird species \u2013 it\u2019s also they longest journey without pausing to feed made by ANY animal."
],
"route_evidence": [
"To track the return journey, seven birds in New Zealand were tagged with surgically-implanted transmitters and tracked by satellite to the Yellow Sea in China, a distance of 9,575 km.",
"K\u016baka rest up and feed in the Yellow Sea area for about 41 days before travelling on to Alaska, another 7,000 kilometres away, so the Yellow Sea is a key staging post on their journey.",
"Then in August 2007 she departed on an eight-day non-stop flight from western Alaska to the Piako River near Thames, New Zealand, setting a new known flight record of 11,680 km."
],
"timing_evidence": [
"Then in August 2007 she departed on an eight-day non-stop flight from western Alaska to the Piako River near Thames, New Zealand, setting a new known flight record of 11,680 km.",
"In September 2020, a tagged male bird flew from Alaska to New Zealand in 11 days, a journey length estimated at 12,200 km.",
"They do not breed until their third or fourth year, so each southern winter there are hundreds of non-breeding birds remaining in New Zealand.",
"Birds generally begin arriving in New Zealand from early September.",
"They begin departing on northern migration from early March, heading for refuelling sites around the Yellow Sea."
],
"distance_km_evidence": [
"To track the return journey, seven birds in New Zealand were tagged with surgically-implanted transmitters and tracked by satellite to the Yellow Sea in China, a distance of 9,575 km.",
"The actual track flown by one bird was 11,026 km, taking nine days.",
"K\u016baka rest up and feed in the Yellow Sea area for about 41 days before travelling on to Alaska, another 7,000 kilometres away, so the Yellow Sea is a key staging post on their journey.",
"Then in August 2007 she departed on an eight-day non-stop flight from western Alaska to the Piako River near Thames, New Zealand, setting a new known flight record of 11,680 km.",
"In total, \u2018E7\u2019 made a 174 day round-trip journey of 29,280 km with 20 days of flying.",
"In September 2020, a tagged male bird flew from Alaska to New Zealand in 11 days, a journey length estimated at 12,200 km."
],
"distinction_evidence": [
"It\u2019s the longest migration route of any bird in the world.",
"Not only do k\u016baka make the longest non-stop flight of any bird species \u2013 it\u2019s also they longest journey without pausing to feed made by ANY animal."
]
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://migrationatlas.org/map-interpretation",
"title": "Bird Migration Atlas",
"birds": [
{
"species": "Barn Swallow",
"route": null,
"timing": "non-breeding season in Dec-Feb",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"Figure 1. In this example for Barn Swallow Hirundo rustica encountered in the North-west region in June, the lines and points for most corresponding 'destination' encounters in southern Africa are coloured in the purple spectrum, indicating Dec-Feb. Or in other words, breeding Barn Swallows from the North-west region spend the non-breeding season in southern Africa.",
"This map shows connectivity patterns in different geographic regions according to the months of the year."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"Figure 1. In this example for Barn Swallow Hirundo rustica encountered in the North-west region in June, the lines and points for most corresponding 'destination' encounters in southern Africa are coloured in the purple spectrum, indicating Dec-Feb. Or in other words, breeding Barn Swallows from the North-west region spend the non-breeding season in southern Africa.",
"This map shows connectivity patterns in different geographic regions according to the months of the year."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://wwt.org.uk/wetland-centres/martin-mere/news/first-cuckoo-arrives",
"title": "First Cuckoo Arrives",
"birds": [
{
"species": "cuckoo",
"route": null,
"timing": "south in late summer; north in late February",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"The sound of a cuckoo is probably the most recognised bird song in the country and it has been a delight to hear one calling over our reed bed in the last few days."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"Once fledged, the cuckoo will start its migration south.",
"PJ had started his journey north from the Congo in late February, made a non-stop Sahara crossing on the 4th April and arrived in Spain a few days later.",
"The sound of a cuckoo is probably the most recognised bird song in the country and it has been a delight to hear one calling over our reed bed in the last few days."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://birdfy.com/blogs/blogs/hummingbird-migration-map-2026",
"title": "2026 Complete Guide to Hummingbird Migration: Maps and Route Details",
"birds": [
{
"species": "Ruby-throated Hummingbird",
"route": null,
"timing": "Late winter/mid-March through mid-May (spring); late July through mid-October (fall)",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# 2026 Complete Guide to Hummingbird Migration: Maps and Route Details",
"The Ruby-throated Hummingbird (Archilochus colubris), the only breeding species in the East, regularly makes a nonstop flight of roughly 500 miles across the Gulf of Mexico\u2014a crossing that can take 18\u201322 hours and requires fat reserves approaching half its body weight."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"# 2026 Complete Guide to Hummingbird Migration: Maps and Route Details",
"Ruby-throated Hummingbirds begin crossing the Gulf of Mexico in mid-March, reaching the Gulf Coast first and southern Canada by mid-May; fall migration runs from late July through mid-October."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Rufous Hummingbird",
"route": null,
"timing": "Spring (reaching Washington and British Columbia by April) and south through the interior Rockies in late summer (August and September)",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# 2026 Complete Guide to Hummingbird Migration: Maps and Route Details",
"Western species such as the Rufous Hummingbird (Selasphorus rufus) travel even farther, completing a round-trip of more than 3,000 miles between Mexico and Alaska."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"# 2026 Complete Guide to Hummingbird Migration: Maps and Route Details",
"Rufous Hummingbirds follow an elliptical route: north along the coast in spring (reaching Washington and British Columbia by April) and south through the interior Rockies in late summer, timing their movement to sequential flower blooms."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Broad-tailed Hummingbird",
"route": null,
"timing": "March through May/June",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# 2026 Complete Guide to Hummingbird Migration: Maps and Route Details",
"Used primarily by the Broad-tailed Hummingbird (Selasphorus platycercus) and Calliope Hummingbird (Selasphorus calliope)."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"# 2026 Complete Guide to Hummingbird Migration: Maps and Route Details",
"These birds move north from western Mexico through Arizona and New Mexico in March, reach Colorado and Wyoming by April, and arrive in Montana and Alberta by May."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Calliope Hummingbird",
"route": null,
"timing": "March through May/June",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# 2026 Complete Guide to Hummingbird Migration: Maps and Route Details",
"Used primarily by the Broad-tailed Hummingbird (Selasphorus platycercus) and Calliope Hummingbird (Selasphorus calliope)."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"# 2026 Complete Guide to Hummingbird Migration: Maps and Route Details",
"These birds move north from western Mexico through Arizona and New Mexico in March, reach Colorado and Wyoming by April, and arrive in Montana and Alberta by May."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://academy.allaboutbirds.org/discussion/users/user607120/replies",
"title": "Alice's Replies |",
"birds": [
{
"species": "Reed Warbler",
"route": null,
"timing": "winter / February",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# Alice",
"## Forum Replies Created",
"Activity 2: Three local migrant birds are the Common Swift, Lapwing and Reed Warbler."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"# Alice",
"## Forum Replies Created",
"I didn't realize how the entire world population of Reed Warblers is concentrated in west Africa for the winter, in Mauretania, Senegal, and Gambia.",
"It was surprising too how in February some move to around Lake Victoria, to then move up through the Nile Valley to cross the eastern Mediterranean."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Common Swift",
"route": null,
"timing": "crossing the Sahara",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# Alice",
"## Forum Replies Created",
"Activity 2: Three local migrant birds are the Common Swift, Lapwing and Reed Warbler."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"# Alice",
"## Forum Replies Created",
"I guess the large areas showing no data on the animated range maps for some birds are because there are no eBird observations from those areas - such as for the Swifts crossing the Sahara."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Lapwing",
"route": null,
"timing": "winter",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# Alice",
"## Forum Replies Created",
"Activity 2: Three local migrant birds are the Common Swift, Lapwing and Reed Warbler."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"# Alice",
"## Forum Replies Created",
"It's interesting how the Lapwing's migration is east to west, from eastern Europe and China to spend the winter in north-western Europe."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://audubon.org/news/ask-kenn-do-more-birds-migrate-through-eastern-united-states",
"title": "Ask Kenn: Do More Birds Migrate Through the Eastern United States?",
"birds": [
{
"species": "Buff-breasted Sandpiper",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# Ask Kenn: Do More Birds Migrate Through the Eastern United States?",
"**Consider, for example, the Buff-breasted Sandpiper**, which migrates from high Arctic breeding grounds to wintering areas in southern South America."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://wwt.org.uk/discover-wetlands/wetland-wildlife/meet-the-family/swans-found-in-uk-wetlands/swan-news/the-bewicks-are-coming",
"title": "The Bewick's are coming!",
"birds": [
{
"species": "Bewick\u2019s swan",
"route": null,
"timing": "autumn and spring",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"News from Russia - the Bewick\u2019s swans are on their way!"
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"The first swans were seen leaving their summer arctic breeding grounds on 25 September (Andrey Stepanovich & Yulia Leonova).",
"Thousands of swans find respite here every spring and autumn with numbers fluctuating from year to year according to water levels.",
"News from Russia - the Bewick\u2019s swans are on their way!"
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://semanticscholar.org/paper/CROSSING-THE-ULTIMATE-ECOLOGICAL-BARRIER%3A-EVIDENCE-Gill-Piersma/6cab5e60af4c4fc4ff2a5f90d4dd799df11598b9",
"title": "[PDF] CROSSING THE ULTIMATE ECOLOGICAL BARRIER: EVIDENCE FOR AN 11 000-KM-LONG NONSTOP FLIGHT FROM ALASKA TO NEW ZEALAND AND EASTERN AUSTRALIA BY BAR-TAILED GODWITS | Semantic Scholar",
"birds": [
{
"species": "Bar-tailed Godwit",
"route": null,
"timing": "nonbreeding season",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"CROSSING THE ULTIMATE ECOLOGICAL BARRIER: EVIDENCE FOR AN 11 000-KM-LONG NONSTOP FLIGHT FROM ALASKA TO NEW ZEALAND AND EASTERN AUSTRALIA BY BAR-TAILED GODWITS @inproceedings{Gill2005CROSSINGTU, title={CROSSING THE ULTIMATE ECOLOGICAL BARRIER: EVIDENCE FOR AN 11 000-KM-LONG NONSTOP FLIGHT FROM ALASKA TO NEW ZEALAND AND EASTERN AUSTRALIA BY BAR-TAILED GODWITS}, author={Robert E. Gill and Theunis Piersma and Gary L. Hufford and Ren{\\'e} Servranckx and Adrian C. Riegen}, year={2005} }",
"Populations of the Bar-tailed Godwit (Limosa lapponica; Scolopacidae) embark on some of the longest migrations known among birds."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"CROSSING THE ULTIMATE ECOLOGICAL BARRIER: EVIDENCE FOR AN 11 000-KM-LONG NONSTOP FLIGHT FROM ALASKA TO NEW ZEALAND AND EASTERN AUSTRALIA BY BAR-TAILED GODWITS @inproceedings{Gill2005CROSSINGTU, title={CROSSING THE ULTIMATE ECOLOGICAL BARRIER: EVIDENCE FOR AN 11 000-KM-LONG NONSTOP FLIGHT FROM ALASKA TO NEW ZEALAND AND EASTERN AUSTRALIA BY BAR-TAILED GODWITS}, author={Robert E. Gill and Theunis Piersma and Gary L. Hufford and Ren{\\'e} Servranckx and Adrian C. Riegen}, year={2005} }",
"Populations of the Bar-tailed Godwit (Limosa lapponica; Scolopacidae) embark on some of the longest migrations known among birds.",
"The baueri race breeds in western Alaska and spends the nonbreeding season a hemisphere away in New Zealand and eastern Australia; the menzbieri race breeds in Siberia and migrates to western and northern Australia."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://allaboutbirds.org/news/giant-hummingbird-migration-odyssey-chile-peru-argentina",
"title": "The Heretofore Unknown Odyssey of the Giant Hummingbird | All About Birds",
"birds": [
{
"species": "Giant Hummingbird",
"route": null,
"timing": "three to five months",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# The Heretofore Unknown Odyssey of the Giant Hummingbird",
"In a technical tour-de-force, researchers found that South America\u2019s Giant Hummingbird is actually two species, one of which migrates half the length of the continent and ascends as high as 13,000 feet in a matter of weeks."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"# The Heretofore Unknown Odyssey of the Giant Hummingbird",
"In a technical tour-de-force, researchers found that South America\u2019s Giant Hummingbird is actually two species, one of which migrates half the length of the continent and ascends as high as 13,000 feet in a matter of weeks.",
"After three to five months, the birds reached their destinations in the high Andes of central Peru."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://audubon.org/south-carolina/news/beidler-forest-bahamas-new-tech-reveals-hemispheric-journey-of-secretive",
"title": "Beidler Forest to the Bahamas: New Tech Reveals Hemispheric Journey of Secretive Songbird",
"birds": null
},
{
"url": "https://birdlife.org/europe-and-central-asia/news/flying-start-%E2%80%93-new-hope-turtle-dove",
"title": "Flying Start \u2013 new hope for the Turtle-dove",
"birds": [
{
"species": "Turtle-dove",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"Joscelyne Ashpole from RSPB (BirdLife UK) explains why there is new hope for the Turtle-dove across its migratory flyways.",
"Flying Start \u2013 new hope for the Turtle-dove"
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://animalsaroundtheglobe.com/13-mysterious-bird-migrations-scientists-still-can-not-explain-3-329775",
"title": "13 Mysterious Bird Migrations Scientists Still Can Not Explain",
"birds": [
{
"species": "Bar-tailed Godwit",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"This article explores 13 perplexing bird migrations that continue to elude scientific explanation, showcasing how much we still have to learn about these remarkable creatures and their extraordinary navigational abilities.",
"The Trans-Pacific Marathon of the Bar-tailed Godwit",
"The Bar-tailed Godwit (Limosa lapponica) performs what might be the most physically demanding migration of any bird species."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Arctic Tern",
"route": null,
"timing": "annually",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"This article explores 13 perplexing bird migrations that continue to elude scientific explanation, showcasing how much we still have to learn about these remarkable creatures and their extraordinary navigational abilities.",
"The Vanishing Arctic Terns",
"Arctic Terns (Sterna paradisaea) are celebrated for having the longest migration of any animal, traveling from pole to pole annually and covering approximately 44,000 miles (70,800 kilometers) each year."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"This article explores 13 perplexing bird migrations that continue to elude scientific explanation, showcasing how much we still have to learn about these remarkable creatures and their extraordinary navigational abilities.",
"The Vanishing Arctic Terns",
"Arctic Terns (Sterna paradisaea) are celebrated for having the longest migration of any animal, traveling from pole to pole annually and covering approximately 44,000 miles (70,800 kilometers) each year."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "European Bee-eater",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"This article explores 13 perplexing bird migrations that continue to elude scientific explanation, showcasing how much we still have to learn about these remarkable creatures and their extraordinary navigational abilities.",
"The Baffling Detours of European Bee-eaters",
"European Bee-eaters (Merops apiaster) typically migrate between Europe and sub-Saharan Africa along well-established routes."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Kirtland\u2019s Warbler",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"This article explores 13 perplexing bird migrations that continue to elude scientific explanation, showcasing how much we still have to learn about these remarkable creatures and their extraordinary navigational abilities.",
"The Kirtland\u2019s Warbler\u2019s Oceanic Mystery",
"The endangered Kirtland\u2019s Warbler (Setophaga kirtlandii) breeds exclusively in young jack pine forests in Michigan and winters in the Bahamas."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Amur Falcon",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"This article explores 13 perplexing bird migrations that continue to elude scientific explanation, showcasing how much we still have to learn about these remarkable creatures and their extraordinary navigational abilities.",
"The Amur Falcon (Falco amurensis) embarks on one of the most remarkable migrations in the bird world, traveling from breeding grounds in Siberia and northern China to wintering areas in southern Africa\u2014a round trip of approximately 14,000 miles (22,500 kilometers)."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "White-throated Needletail",
"route": null,
"timing": "twice yearly",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"This article explores 13 perplexing bird migrations that continue to elude scientific explanation, showcasing how much we still have to learn about these remarkable creatures and their extraordinary navigational abilities.",
"The White-throated Needletail\u2019s Disappearing Act",
"The White-throated Needletail (Hirundapus caudacutus), one of the world\u2019s fastest birds in level flight, breeds in Siberia and winters in Australia, covering over 6,000 miles (9,700 kilometers) twice yearly."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"This article explores 13 perplexing bird migrations that continue to elude scientific explanation, showcasing how much we still have to learn about these remarkable creatures and their extraordinary navigational abilities.",
"The White-throated Needletail\u2019s Disappearing Act",
"The White-throated Needletail (Hirundapus caudacutus), one of the world\u2019s fastest birds in level flight, breeds in Siberia and winters in Australia, covering over 6,000 miles (9,700 kilometers) twice yearly."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Eurasian Woodcock",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"This article explores 13 perplexing bird migrations that continue to elude scientific explanation, showcasing how much we still have to learn about these remarkable creatures and their extraordinary navigational abilities.",
"The Inexplicable Detours of Eurasian Woodcock",
"The Eurasian Woodcock (Scolopax rusticola) typically follows straightforward migration routes between northern Europe and the Mediterranean region."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Red Knot",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"This article explores 13 perplexing bird migrations that continue to elude scientific explanation, showcasing how much we still have to learn about these remarkable creatures and their extraordinary navigational abilities.",
"The Red Knot\u2019s Sixth Sense",
"The Red Knot (Calidris canutus) undertakes one of the longest migrations of any shorebird, traveling from the Arctic to the southern tips of South America, Africa, and Australia\u2014distances exceeding 9,000 miles (14,500 kilometers)."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Great Reed Warbler",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"This article explores 13 perplexing bird migrations that continue to elude scientific explanation, showcasing how much we still have to learn about these remarkable creatures and their extraordinary navigational abilities.",
"The Great Reed Warbler\u2019s Midair Pauses",
"The Great Reed Warbler (Acrocephalus arundinaceus) migrates between Europe and sub-Saharan Africa, covering approximately 5,000 miles (8,000 kilometers) each way."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Fork-tailed Swift",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"This article explores 13 perplexing bird migrations that continue to elude scientific explanation, showcasing how much we still have to learn about these remarkable creatures and their extraordinary navigational abilities.",
"The Fork-tailed Swift\u2019s Aerial Enigma",
"The Fork-tailed Swift (Apus pacificus) is remarkable for potentially spending up to 10 months of the year continuously airborne, without ever landing."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Eastern Curlew",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"This article explores 13 perplexing bird migrations that continue to elude scientific explanation, showcasing how much we still have to learn about these remarkable creatures and their extraordinary navigational abilities.",
"The Eastern Curlew\u2019s Lunar Connection",
"The Eastern Curlew (Numenius madagascariensis), the largest migratory shorebird, travels between breeding grounds in Russia and wintering sites in Australia, a journey of approximately 7,000 miles (11,300 kilometers)."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Eleonora\u2019s Falcon",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"This article explores 13 perplexing bird migrations that continue to elude scientific explanation, showcasing how much we still have to learn about these remarkable creatures and their extraordinary navigational abilities.",
"The Eleonora\u2019s Falcon\u2019s Transoceanic Puzzle",
"Eleonora\u2019s Falcons (Falco eleonorae) undertake a remarkable migration between the Mediterranean region and Madagascar, traveling approximately 5,600 miles (9,000 kilometers) each way."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://birds.chat/articles/bird-migration-flyways-how-understanding-flight-patterns-transforms-birding",
"title": "Bird Migration Flyways: How Understanding Flight Patterns Transforms Birding",
"birds": [
{
"species": "Blackpoll Warbler",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# Bird Migration Flyways: How Understanding Flight Patterns Transforms Birding",
"The [Blackpoll Warbler](/species) weighs less than a AA battery, yet it flies nonstop from Nova Scotia to Venezuela\u2014a 2,300-mile journey over open ocean that would challenge any aircraft."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "American Golden-Plover",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# Bird Migration Flyways: How Understanding Flight Patterns Transforms Birding",
"The [American Golden-Plover](/species) makes an even more audacious flight, launching from the Canadian Arctic and not touching land again until it reaches the grasslands of Argentina."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Broad-winged Hawk",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# Bird Migration Flyways: How Understanding Flight Patterns Transforms Birding",
"## Why Raptor Migration Follows Different Patterns",
"At [Hawk Mountain, Pennsylvania](https://www.hawkmountain.org/), I've watched [Broad-winged Hawks](/species) spiral up in thermals until they're barely visible specks, then glide for miles before finding the next thermal column."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Yellow Warbler",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# Bird Migration Flyways: How Understanding Flight Patterns Transforms Birding",
"## Songbird Migration: The Broad Front Strategy",
"[Recent research from the Cornell Lab](https://www.allaboutbirds.org/news/flyways-for-flyweights-small-birds-capitalize-on-weather-patterns-during-epic-migrations/) shows that a [Yellow Warbler](/species) breeding in Alaska might take a completely different route than one breeding just 50 miles away."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://datazone.birdlife.org/articles/congregation-at-particular-sites-is-a-common-behaviour-in-many-bird-species",
"title": "Congregation at particular sites is a common behaviour in many bird species | BirdLife DataZone",
"birds": [
{
"species": "Red Knot",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"Bird species from a variety of families show congregatory behaviour at some stage of their life cycle.",
"For example, alarming declines in the Red Knot population *Calidris canutus rufa* from the 1980s to the 2000s appear to have been driven by over-harvesting of their food supply for human use at a key stopover site in Delaware Bay, USA (Baker *et al.* 2004)."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Lesser Spotted Eagle",
"route": null,
"timing": "twice a year",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"Bird species from a variety of families show congregatory behaviour at some stage of their life cycle.",
"The entire population of some species, such as Lesser Spotted Eagle *Clanga pomarina*, cross the area twice a year."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"Bird species from a variety of families show congregatory behaviour at some stage of their life cycle.",
"The entire population of some species, such as Lesser Spotted Eagle *Clanga pomarina*, cross the area twice a year."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://animalsaroundtheglobe.com/12-birds-that-migrate-the-farthest-4-327298",
"title": "12 Birds That Migrate the Farthest",
"birds": [
{
"species": "Arctic Tern",
"route": null,
"timing": "Each year",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"In this article, we\u2019ll explore 13 remarkable birds that undertake the longest migrations on the planet, examining their routes, adaptations, and the challenges they face during their epic journeys.",
"Arctic Tern The World\u2019s Distance Champion",
"When discussing long-distance avian migration, the Arctic Tern (Sterna paradisaea) invariably tops the list."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"In this article, we\u2019ll explore 13 remarkable birds that undertake the longest migrations on the planet, examining their routes, adaptations, and the challenges they face during their epic journeys.",
"Arctic Tern The World\u2019s Distance Champion",
"Each year, Arctic Terns travel from their breeding grounds in the Arctic to wintering areas in Antarctica and back\u2014a round trip of approximately 44,000 miles (70,800 kilometers)."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Bar-tailed Godwit",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"In this article, we\u2019ll explore 13 remarkable birds that undertake the longest migrations on the planet, examining their routes, adaptations, and the challenges they face during their epic journeys.",
"Bar-tailed Godwit Non-stop Flight Champion",
"The Bar-tailed Godwit (Limosa lapponica) demonstrates perhaps the most impressive single flight endurance of any bird."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Sooty Shearwater",
"route": null,
"timing": "annual",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"In this article, we\u2019ll explore 13 remarkable birds that undertake the longest migrations on the planet, examining their routes, adaptations, and the challenges they face during their epic journeys.",
"Sooty Shearwaters (Ardenna grisea) undertake one of the most impressive circular migration routes of any bird."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"In this article, we\u2019ll explore 13 remarkable birds that undertake the longest migrations on the planet, examining their routes, adaptations, and the challenges they face during their epic journeys.",
"Their annual migration spans approximately 40,000 miles (64,000 kilometers), nearly rivaling the Arctic Tern\u2019s journey."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Great Knot",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"In this article, we\u2019ll explore 13 remarkable birds that undertake the longest migrations on the planet, examining their routes, adaptations, and the challenges they face during their epic journeys.",
"Great Knot The Asian Long-distance Flyer",
"The Great Knot (Calidris tenuirostris) is a medium-sized shorebird that undertakes one of Asia\u2019s most impressive migrations."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Northern Wheatear",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"In this article, we\u2019ll explore 13 remarkable birds that undertake the longest migrations on the planet, examining their routes, adaptations, and the challenges they face during their epic journeys.",
"Northern Wheatear The Small Bird with a Big Journey",
"The Northern Wheatear (Oenanthe oenanthe) may look unassuming, but this small songbird undertakes one of the most impressive migrations relative to its size."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Ruddy Turnstone",
"route": null,
"timing": "annually",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"In this article, we\u2019ll explore 13 remarkable birds that undertake the longest migrations on the planet, examining their routes, adaptations, and the challenges they face during their epic journeys.",
"The Ruddy Turnstone (Arenaria interpres) is a stocky, brightly-patterned shorebird that migrates between Arctic breeding grounds and wintering areas that span coastlines across six continents."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"In this article, we\u2019ll explore 13 remarkable birds that undertake the longest migrations on the planet, examining their routes, adaptations, and the challenges they face during their epic journeys.",
"Some populations travel over 15,000 miles (24,000 kilometers) annually."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Red Knot",
"route": null,
"timing": "each spring",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"In this article, we\u2019ll explore 13 remarkable birds that undertake the longest migrations on the planet, examining their routes, adaptations, and the challenges they face during their epic journeys.",
"Red Knot The Hemispheric Traveler",
"The Red Knot (Calidris canutus) is a medium-sized shorebird with six recognized subspecies, each undertaking impressive long-distance migrations."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"In this article, we\u2019ll explore 13 remarkable birds that undertake the longest migrations on the planet, examining their routes, adaptations, and the challenges they face during their epic journeys.",
"Red Knot The Hemispheric Traveler",
"For example, rufa Red Knots famously congregate in massive numbers at Delaware Bay each spring to feast on horseshoe crab eggs, a rich food source that allows them to rapidly gain the weight needed for the final leg to their Arctic breeding grounds."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Hudsonian Godwit",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"In this article, we\u2019ll explore 13 remarkable birds that undertake the longest migrations on the planet, examining their routes, adaptations, and the challenges they face during their epic journeys.",
"Hudsonian Godwit The Hemispheric Marathon Flyer",
"The Hudsonian Godwit (Limosa haemastica) undertakes one of the longest non-stop flights of any bird in the Western Hemisphere."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Pectoral Sandpiper",
"route": null,
"timing": "annually",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"In this article, we\u2019ll explore 13 remarkable birds that undertake the longest migrations on the planet, examining their routes, adaptations, and the challenges they face during their epic journeys.",
"Pectoral Sandpiper The Intercontinental Breeding Champion",
"The Pectoral Sandpiper (Calidris melanotos) demonstrates an unusual migration pattern driven by its extraordinary breeding strategy."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"In this article, we\u2019ll explore 13 remarkable birds that undertake the longest migrations on the planet, examining their routes, adaptations, and the challenges they face during their epic journeys.",
"These medium-sized shorebirds breed across the Arctic tundra of North America and Siberia before wintering in South America and Australia\u2014a journey of up to 19,000 miles (30,000 kilometers) annually."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Eastern Curlew",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"In this article, we\u2019ll explore 13 remarkable birds that undertake the longest migrations on the planet, examining their routes, adaptations, and the challenges they face during their epic journeys.",
"Eastern Curlew Asia\u2019s Marathon Migrant",
"The Eastern Curlew (Numenius madagascariensis) is the largest migratory shorebird in the world and holds the record for the longest migration within the East Asian-Australasian Flyway."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Greater Snow Goose",
"route": null,
"timing": "twice-yearly",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"In this article, we\u2019ll explore 13 remarkable birds that undertake the longest migrations on the planet, examining their routes, adaptations, and the challenges they face during their epic journeys.",
"Greater Snow Goose The High Flyer",
"The Greater Snow Goose (Anser caerulescens atlanticus) undertakes a remarkable twice-yearly migration between its Arctic breeding grounds and wintering areas along the Atlantic coast of the United States."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"In this article, we\u2019ll explore 13 remarkable birds that undertake the longest migrations on the planet, examining their routes, adaptations, and the challenges they face during their epic journeys.",
"Greater Snow Goose The High Flyer",
"The Greater Snow Goose (Anser caerulescens atlanticus) undertakes a remarkable twice-yearly migration between its Arctic breeding grounds and wintering areas along the Atlantic coast of the United States."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Swainson\u2019s Hawk",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"In this article, we\u2019ll explore 13 remarkable birds that undertake the longest migrations on the planet, examining their routes, adaptations, and the challenges they face during their epic journeys.",
"Swainson\u2019s Hawk The Insect Hunter",
"The Swainson\u2019s Hawk (Buteo swainsoni) undertakes one of the longest migrations of any North American raptor."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://meridia.news/news/tiny-trackers-reveal-where-migratory-shorebirds-need-protection-across-africa-a41r",
"title": "Tiny Trackers Map 13,000 km Bird Migration Route",
"birds": [
{
"species": "curlew sandpiper",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"Named Victoria, Makgadikgadi, Welfere and Dwarskersbos, these tiny birds are showing scientists the secret highways they travel across the world.",
"The project, a collaboration between BirdLife South Africa, Wetlands International, and the Max Planck Institute for Biological Intelligence in Germany, focused on curlew sandpipers and gray plovers.",
"The data shows the curlew sandpipers use three main routes when they leave South Africa, one going straight up through central Africa, another heading east through the Free State province, and a third skirting Namibia's coast before cutting across southern and central Africa."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "gray plover",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"Named Victoria, Makgadikgadi, Welfere and Dwarskersbos, these tiny birds are showing scientists the secret highways they travel across the world.",
"The project, a collaboration between BirdLife South Africa, Wetlands International, and the Max Planck Institute for Biological Intelligence in Germany, focused on curlew sandpipers and gray plovers."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://allaboutbirds.org/guide/Swainsons_Hawk/lifehistory",
"title": "Swainson's Hawk Life History, All About Birds, Cornell Lab of Ornithology",
"birds": [
{
"species": "Swainson\u2019s Hawk",
"route": null,
"timing": "In late summer as migration nears",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"In late summer as migration nears, Swainson\u2019s Hawks \u201cflock up\u201d by the thousands to move to their South American wintering grounds.",
"## Behavior"
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"In late summer as migration nears, Swainson\u2019s Hawks \u201cflock up\u201d by the thousands to move to their South American wintering grounds.",
"## Behavior"
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://audubon.org/news/beidler-forest-bahamas-new-tech-reveals-hemispheric-journey-of-secretive-songbird",
"title": "Beidler Forest to the Bahamas: New Tech Reveals Hemispheric Journey of Secretive Songbird",
"birds": [
{
"species": "Swainson's Warbler",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# Beidler Forest to the Bahamas: New Tech Reveals Hemispheric Journey of Secretive Songbird",
"In recently published study, Audubon and partners give detailed look at Swainson\u2019s Warbler movements across continents.",
"The Swainson\u2019s Warbler is prized by birdwatchers and difficult for scientists to study because of the dense habitat it occupies across South Carolina and the southern U.S."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://wildlifesos.org/chronological-news/bird-migration-frequent-flyers-of-the-skies",
"title": "Bird Migration, Frequent Flyers Of The Skies - Wildlife SOS",
"birds": [
{
"species": "Bar-tailed godwit",
"route": null,
"timing": "October 13, 2022 to 11 days and one hour later",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"Let us hear the story of a little bird.",
"Wait, who is he?",
"A juvenile Bar-tailed godwit (Limosa lapponica baueri)."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"According to the data of the researchers who tracked him, the bird left Alaska on October 13, 2022 and landed on Ansons Bay in north-east Tasmania 11 days and one hour later!",
"Let us hear the story of a little bird."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Arctic Tern",
"route": "from the north to the south pole, between Greenland and Antarctica",
"timing": "summers in the Arctic Circle",
"distance_km": "30,000",
"distinction": "holds the record for the longest annual migration recorded by any animal",
"species_evidence": [
"Now However, there is another unique avian member that has to be included in the migration conversation.",
"Arctic Terns travel from the north to the south pole, literally flying from one end of the Earth to another, covering over 30,000 km (18,641 miles).",
"Let us hear the story of a little bird."
],
"route_evidence": [
"Arctic Terns travel from the north to the south pole, literally flying from one end of the Earth to another, covering over 30,000 km (18,641 miles).",
"According to National Geographic, new mini transmitters attached to these birds recently revealed that the bird does not travel in a straight line and instead follows serpentine routes between Greenland and Antarctica each year.",
"Let us hear the story of a little bird."
],
"timing_evidence": [
"These birds hatch during summers in the Arctic Circle, the northernmost part of the Northern Hemisphere.",
"Let us hear the story of a little bird."
],
"distance_km_evidence": [
"Arctic Terns travel from the north to the south pole, literally flying from one end of the Earth to another, covering over 30,000 km (18,641 miles).",
"Let us hear the story of a little bird."
],
"distinction_evidence": [
"Arctic terns hold the record for the longest annual migration recorded by any animal.",
"Let us hear the story of a little bird."
]
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://audubon.org/news/solving-riddle-one-worlds-heaviest-flying-birds",
"title": "Solving the Riddle of One of the World\u2019s Heaviest Flying Birds",
"birds": [
{
"species": "Asian great bustard",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# Solving the Riddle of One of the World\u2019s Heaviest Flying Birds",
"Mimi Kessler\u2019s studies reveal the surprising migration of the elusive Asian great bustard.",
"Turns out, their migrations cover more than 2,000 miles between their northern Mongolian breeding grounds and Chinese wintering grounds\u2014twice as long as previously thought, they report in the [*Journal of Avian Biology*](http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1600-048X.2013.00072.x/abstract)."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://wwt.org.uk/about-us/news/warming-climate-and-storms-see-bewicks-make-latest-arrival-since-1965",
"title": "Warming climate and storms see Bewick's make latest arrival since 1965",
"birds": [
{
"species": "Bewick's swan",
"route": null,
"timing": "every winter",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# Warming climate and storms see Bewick's make latest arrival since 1965",
"Today the first of this year\u2019s Bewick\u2019s swans have arrived at WWT Slimbridge, the latest they have arrived since 1965."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"# Warming climate and storms see Bewick's make latest arrival since 1965",
"Every winter they return to the UK to escape the arctic winters of Russia."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://newsbreak.com/animals-around-the-globe-312249899/4784664610593-13-birds-that-migrate-thousands-of-miles-without-rest",
"title": "13 Birds That Migrate Thousands of Miles Without Rest - NewsBreak",
"birds": [
{
"species": "Bar-tailed Godwit",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"Animals",
"## Bar-tailed Godwit The Long-Distance Champion",
"The Bar-tailed Godwit (Limosa lapponica) holds the record for the longest non-stop migration of any land bird."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Arctic Tern",
"route": null,
"timing": "annually",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"Animals",
"## Arctic Tern The Pole-to-Pole Traveler",
"The Arctic Tern (Sterna paradisaea) completes the longest migration of any bird in the world, traveling from the Arctic to the Antarctic and back annually\u2014a round trip of about 44,000 miles (70,000 kilometers)."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"Animals",
"## Arctic Tern The Pole-to-Pole Traveler",
"The Arctic Tern (Sterna paradisaea) completes the longest migration of any bird in the world, traveling from the Arctic to the Antarctic and back annually\u2014a round trip of about 44,000 miles (70,000 kilometers)."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Great Frigatebird",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"Animals",
"## Great Frigatebird Months in Flight",
"The Great Frigatebird (Fregata minor) showcases one of the most impressive continuous flight abilities in the avian world."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Swainson\u2019s Thrush",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"Animals",
"## Swainson\u2019s Thrush The Night Flyer",
"The Swainson\u2019s Thrush (Catharus ustulatus) undertakes one of the most impressive nocturnal migrations, traveling from North America to as far south as Argentina."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Whimbrel",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"Animals",
"The Whimbrel (Numenius phaeopus) demonstrates remarkable migration endurance and navigational ability, even in extreme weather."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Common Swift",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"Animals",
"## Common Swift Living on the Wing",
"The Common Swift (Apus apus) exemplifies life in perpetual flight, spending up to 10 months of the year airborne without ever landing."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Ruby-throated Hummingbird",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"Animals",
"## Ruby-throated Hummingbird: Tiny Long-Distance Flyer",
"The Ruby-throated Hummingbird (Archilochus colubris) performs one of the most improbable migrations in the avian world."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Barn Swallow",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"Animals",
"The Barn Swallow (Hirundo rustica) undertakes one of the most extensive migrations of any songbird, traveling between Northern Hemisphere breeding grounds and wintering areas in South America, Africa, and South Asia."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Northern Wheatear",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"Animals",
"## Northern Wheatear The Transcontinental Small Bird",
"The Northern Wheatear (Oenanthe oenanthe) accomplishes one of the most impressive migrations relative to body size of any bird."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Pectoral Sandpiper",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"Animals",
"## Pectoral Sandpiper The Arctic-to-Pampas Traveler",
"The Pectoral Sandpiper (Calidris melanotos) performs one of the most extensive north-south migrations of any shorebird."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Great Knot",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"Animals",
"## Great Knot The Asian Flyway Specialist",
"The Great Knot (Calidris tenuirostris) completes one of the most challenging migrations along the East Asian-Australasian Flyway."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Lesser Yellowlegs",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"Animals",
"## Lesser Yellowlegs The Americas Marathoner",
"The Lesser Yellowlegs (Tringa flavipes) undertakes an impressive migration between breeding grounds in the boreal forests of Canada and Alaska and wintering areas as far south as Argentina and Chile."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Red Knot",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"Animals",
"## Red Knot The Hemisphere Connector",
"The Red Knot (Calidris canutus) completes one of the longest migrations of any shorebird, with some subspecies traveling from the High Arctic to the southern tip of South America\u2014a distance of roughly 9,300 miles (15,000 kilometers) each way."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://nationalgeographic.com/magazine/graphics/bird-migration-interactive-maps",
"title": "Interactive Map: See How Birds Migrate Throughout the Western Hemisphere | National Geographic",
"birds": [
{
"species": "Wood Thrush",
"route": null,
"timing": "spring / northward movements following the green wave",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# Billions of Birds Migrate.Where Do They Go?",
"### Seven Species, Seven Strategies",
"## Wood Thrush"
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"# Billions of Birds Migrate.Where Do They Go?",
"### Seven Species, Seven Strategies",
"## Wood Thrush",
"As an insectivorous forest bird, its northward movements closely follow the green wave."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Western Tanager",
"route": null,
"timing": "winter / breeding season",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# Billions of Birds Migrate.Where Do They Go?",
"### Seven Species, Seven Strategies",
"## Western Tanager"
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"# Billions of Birds Migrate.Where Do They Go?",
"### Seven Species, Seven Strategies",
"## Western Tanager",
"These songbirds winter on the Pacific slope of Middle America, from western Mexico to the drier Pacific forests of Costa Rica."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "White-throated Sparrow",
"route": null,
"timing": "winter / summer",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# Billions of Birds Migrate.Where Do They Go?",
"### Seven Species, Seven Strategies",
"## White-throated Sparrow"
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"# Billions of Birds Migrate.Where Do They Go?",
"### Seven Species, Seven Strategies",
"## White-throated Sparrow",
"These birds can shift their diets from protein-rich insects in the summer months to seeds or fruits during the winter."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Magnolia Warbler",
"route": null,
"timing": "nocturnal",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# Billions of Birds Migrate.Where Do They Go?",
"### Seven Species, Seven Strategies",
"## Magnolia Warbler"
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"# Billions of Birds Migrate.Where Do They Go?",
"### Seven Species, Seven Strategies",
"## Magnolia Warbler",
"Like most small songbirds\u2014including the white-throated sparrow, western tanager, and wood thrush\u2014the magnolia warbler is primarily a nocturnal migrant."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Fork-tailed Flycatcher",
"route": null,
"timing": "austral summer",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# Billions of Birds Migrate.Where Do They Go?",
"### Seven Species, Seven Strategies",
"## Fork-tailed Flycatcher"
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"# Billions of Birds Migrate.Where Do They Go?",
"### Seven Species, Seven Strategies",
"## Fork-tailed Flycatcher",
"A creature of the Southern Hemisphere, the fork-tailed flycatcher heads south for the austral summer."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Broad-winged Hawk",
"route": null,
"timing": "day",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# Billions of Birds Migrate.Where Do They Go?",
"### Seven Species, Seven Strategies",
"## Broad-winged Hawk"
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"# Billions of Birds Migrate.Where Do They Go?",
"### Seven Species, Seven Strategies",
"## Broad-winged Hawk",
"Facing little risk of predation, these birds travel by day to take advantage of natural patterns of rising air."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Greater Yellowlegs",
"route": null,
"timing": "night",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# Billions of Birds Migrate.Where Do They Go?",
"### Seven Species, Seven Strategies",
"## Greater Yellowlegs"
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"# Billions of Birds Migrate.Where Do They Go?",
"### Seven Species, Seven Strategies",
"## Greater Yellowlegs",
"- Shore and Wading Bird",
"- 11.4 - 13 in",
"- Night"
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://allaboutbirds.org/news/new-migration-maps-help-birders-and-scientists-find-their-sister-cities",
"title": "New Migration Maps Help Birders and Scientists Find Their Sister Cities | All About Birds",
"birds": [
{
"species": "Cerulean Warbler",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"New Migration Maps Help Birders and Scientists Find Their Sister Cities",
"Because by looking at a new set of maps produced using eBird data\u2014called eBird Shared Stewardship Maps\u2014Heath-Acre can see that Missouri has a special connection with the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, as the winter home of Cerulean Warblers and other migratory songbirds that breed in the Show-Me State."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Black-throated Blue Warbler",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"Shared Stewardship Maps",
"For example, he found that Black-throated Blue Warblers that breed in New York State show a very strong migratory connection to overwintering grounds in Jamaica."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Rufous Hummingbird",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"Shared Stewardship Maps",
"### West coast: Linkages for 48 Breeding Species",
"**Rufous Hummingbirds connect the West Coast with Mexico City.**"
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Sierra Madre Sparrow",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"Shared Stewardship Maps",
"### West coast: Linkages for 48 Breeding Species",
"This area acts as a year-round refuge for the endemic, endangered Sierra Madre Sparrow, as well as an important overwintering area for Rufous Hummingbirds for 100 days of their nonbreeding season."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Spotted Sandpiper",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"Shared Stewardship Maps",
"### Midwest: Linkages for 84 Breeding Species",
"**Spotted Sandpipers Connect the Midwest with the Peruvian Coast.**",
"Their survey data was recently used to nominate and gain government protections for an area of mangroves in northern Peru that had been identified as an important area for Spotted Sandpipers and other shorebirds."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Rose-breasted Grosbeak",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"Shared Stewardship Maps",
"### Northeast: Linkages for 74 Breeding Species",
"**Rose-breasted Grosbeaks Connect the Northeast With the Ecuadorean Andes.**",
"Within the Choco Andino Biosphere region, the Mashpi Chocolate farm is regenerating forest that provides food and acts as nonbreeding-season habitat for migratory songbirds such as Rose-breasted Grosbeaks."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Wood Thrush",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"Setting the Stage for Collaboration",
"For example, when the Missouri Department of Conservation wanted to enhance the effectiveness of their conservation funding to turn around declining populations of long-distance migratory birds such as Wood Thrush (a state-designated Species of Greatest Conservation Need), they looked to Latin America\u2014via Southern Wings\u2014to partner up with the [Colombian conservation group SELVA](https://www.selva.org.co/en/home/)."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://mendeley.com/catalogue/4d690f0f-e2f9-3940-92d8-fa479030f2a1",
"title": "Crossing the Ultimate Ecological Barrier: Evidence for an 11 000-km-Long Nonstop Flight from Alaska to New Zealand and Eastern Australia by Bar-Tailed Godwits",
"birds": [
{
"species": "Bar-tailed Godwit",
"route": null,
"timing": "nonbreeding season / September to November period",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"Journal ArticleOPEN ACCESS Abstract Populations of the Bar-tailed Godwit (Limosa lapponica; Scolopacidae) embark on some of the longest migrations known among birds.",
"Crossing the Ultimate Ecological Barrier: Evidence for an 11 000-km-Long Nonstop Flight from Alaska to New Zealand and Eastern Australia by Bar-Tailed Godwits"
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"Journal ArticleOPEN ACCESS Abstract Populations of the Bar-tailed Godwit (Limosa lapponica; Scolopacidae) embark on some of the longest migrations known among birds.",
"The baueri race breeds in western Alaska and spends the nonbreeding season a hemisphere away in New Zealand and eastern Australia; the menzbieri race breeds in Siberia and migrates to western and northern Australia.",
"The use of a direct route across the Pacific is also supported by significantly more records of godwits reported from within a direct migration corridor than elsewhere in Oceania, and during the September to November period than at other times of the year.",
"Crossing the Ultimate Ecological Barrier: Evidence for an 11 000-km-Long Nonstop Flight from Alaska to New Zealand and Eastern Australia by Bar-Tailed Godwits"
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Hudsonian Godwit",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"Journal ArticleOPEN ACCESS Abstract Populations of the Bar-tailed Godwit (Limosa lapponica; Scolopacidae) embark on some of the longest migrations known among birds.",
"The annual but rare occurrence of Hudsonian Godwits (L. haemastica) in New Zealand and the absence of their records along the Asian mainland also support a direct flight and are best explained by Hudsonian Godwits accompanying Bar-tailed Godwits from known communal staging areas in Alaska.",
"Crossing the Ultimate Ecological Barrier: Evidence for an 11 000-km-Long Nonstop Flight from Alaska to New Zealand and Eastern Australia by Bar-Tailed Godwits"
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://birdfyi.com/ko/guide/major-flyways-of-the-world",
"title": "Major Flyways of the World",
"birds": [
{
"species": "Bar-headed geese",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# Major Flyways of the World",
"Bird migration follows broad routes connecting breeding grounds with wintering areas, forming aerial highways that span continents and hemispheres.",
"## The Central Asian Flyway",
"Bar-headed geese cross the Himalayas at altitudes exceeding 7,000 meters -- one of the most extraordinary feats in bird migration."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://netapp.audubon.org/AudubonAdventures/migration_essay.htm",
"title": "Birds on the Move Background Essay",
"birds": [
{
"species": "Pacific Brant",
"route": null,
"timing": "winter",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# Background for Teachers",
"An example is the Pacific Brant, which appears to be changing its migratory habits as a result of warmer temperatures and more food on its winter range."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"# Background for Teachers",
"An example is the Pacific Brant, which appears to be changing its migratory habits as a result of warmer temperatures and more food on its winter range.",
"About 30 percent of the Pacific Brant population now winters in Alaska instead of flying south to Mexico."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://wwt.org.uk/news-and-stories/blog/barmy-barnacle-geese",
"title": "Why do barnacle geese jump off cliffs? | Barnacle goose facts",
"birds": [
{
"species": "barnacle goose",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# Why do barnacle geese jump off cliffs? | Barnacle goose facts",
"The barnacle goose is one of the smaller and plumper goose species."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://cms.int/sites/default/files/document/Siberian_Crane_CP_c_pop_e_0.pdf",
"title": "Microsoft Word - Part-4.doc",
"birds": [
{
"species": "Siberian Crane",
"route": "southeast over the Russian Federation, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Afghanistan, and Pakistan, before arriving at their wintering grounds on the Gangetic floodplains of northwest India, originating from the riparian lowlands of the Kunovat River in western Siberia",
"timing": null,
"distance_km": "5000",
"distinction": "They traditionally migrated over a very long and dangerous route involving multiple countries and wintering in northwest India, but this central population has recently declined dramatically.",
"species_evidence": [
"Conservation Plan for the Central Population \n\nof Siberian Cranes",
"Introduction",
"The Central population of Siberian Cranes recently nested on the riparian lowlands of the \nKunovat River in western Siberia."
],
"route_evidence": [
"Conservation Plan for the Central Population \n\nof Siberian Cranes",
"Introduction",
"The Central population of Siberian Cranes recently nested on the riparian lowlands of the \nKunovat River in western Siberia.",
"They traditionally migrated 5,000 km southeast over the \nRussian Federation, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Afghanistan, and Pakistan, \nbefore arriving at their wintering grounds on the Gangetic floodplains of northwest India."
],
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": [
"Conservation Plan for the Central Population \n\nof Siberian Cranes",
"Introduction",
"They traditionally migrated 5,000 km southeast over the \nRussian Federation, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Afghanistan, and Pakistan, \nbefore arriving at their wintering grounds on the Gangetic floodplains of northwest India."
],
"distinction_evidence": [
"Conservation Plan for the Central Population \n\nof Siberian Cranes",
"Introduction",
"They traditionally migrated 5,000 km southeast over the \nRussian Federation, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Afghanistan, and Pakistan, \nbefore arriving at their wintering grounds on the Gangetic floodplains of northwest India."
]
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://quartzmountain.org/article/what-bird-travels-around-the-world",
"title": "Global Bird Travel: Which Species Circumnavigate the Globe?",
"birds": [
{
"species": "Arctic tern",
"route": null,
"timing": "Each year, breeding during the summer in these regions and migrating to the Antarctic coast for the southern summer. The southward migration typically begins in September and takes about three months to reach their Antarctic wintering grounds. They spend the Southern Hemisphere summer there, from December to March, before starting their return journey in April.",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"The Arctic tern holds the record for the longest bird migration, travelling between the Arctic and Antarctic regions each year.",
"## **The Arctic Tern is the world's champion long-distance migrant**"
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"The Arctic tern holds the record for the longest bird migration, travelling between the Arctic and Antarctic regions each year.",
"They breed during the summer in these regions and migrate to the Antarctic coast for the southern summer.",
"The southward migration typically begins in September and takes about three months to reach their Antarctic wintering grounds.",
"They spend the Southern Hemisphere summer there, from December to March, before starting their return journey in April.",
"## **The Arctic Tern is the world's champion long-distance migrant**"
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Sooty Shearwater",
"route": null,
"timing": "Annual journey, breeding in the Southern Hemisphere and migrating in vast numbers to the Northern Hemisphere.",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"Other long-distance migrators include the Sooty Shearwater, which travels a circular route spanning 40,000 miles from the Falkland Islands to the Arctic waters, and the Bar-tailed Godwit, which undertakes an impressive non-stop flight of 7,145 miles from Alaska to New Zealand.",
"## **Sooty Shearwater travels 40,000 miles a year**"
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"These seabirds undertake an annual journey of roughly 40,000 miles, making them some of the longest-distance migrants in the world.",
"Sooty Shearwaters breed in the Southern Hemisphere and migrate in vast numbers to the Northern Hemisphere.",
"## **Sooty Shearwater travels 40,000 miles a year**"
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Bar-tailed Godwit",
"route": null,
"timing": "Typically spends its summers in the Arctic, where it breeds and builds up energy reserves, and is ready for southward migration thereafter.",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"Other long-distance migrators include the Sooty Shearwater, which travels a circular route spanning 40,000 miles from the Falkland Islands to the Arctic waters, and the Bar-tailed Godwit, which undertakes an impressive non-stop flight of 7,145 miles from Alaska to New Zealand.",
"## **Bar-tailed Godwit holds the record for the longest non-stop flight**"
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"The bar-tailed godwit typically spends its summers in the Arctic, where it breeds and builds up energy reserves by feeding on mollusks, crustaceans, and worms.",
"By the time they are ready for their southward migration, these birds have doubled in size, with half of their weight consisting of fat.",
"## **Bar-tailed Godwit holds the record for the longest non-stop flight**"
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Pied Wheatear",
"route": null,
"timing": "In the winter, the pied wheatear migrates to Northeast Africa, passing through Southwest Asia.",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"However, the pied wheatear (Oenanthe pleschanka) is a bird that travels from Europe to China and has been found wintering in India and northeastern Africa.",
"## **Pied Wheatear travels from Europe to China, wintering in India and Africa**"
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"In the winter, the pied wheatear migrates to Northeast Africa, passing through Southwest Asia.",
"## **Pied Wheatear travels from Europe to China, wintering in India and Africa**"
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Pectoral Sandpiper",
"route": null,
"timing": "During their spring migration... In the fall, the species is found across the coast of North America... The adults typically migrate south about a month before the juveniles, with adults peaking in late August and young birds following in late September.",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"The Pectoral Sandpiper is a small migratory wader that travels long distances from its breeding grounds in Asia or western Alaska to its winter grounds in South America.",
"## **Pectoral Sandpiper travels from Asia or Alaska to South America**"
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"During their spring migration, these sandpipers travel through the Great Plains, with smaller numbers venturing east towards the Atlantic coast.",
"In the fall, the species is found across the coast of North America, although it is less common in the western regions.",
"The adults typically migrate south about a month before the juveniles, with adults peaking in late August and young birds following in late September.",
"## **Pectoral Sandpiper travels from Asia or Alaska to South America**"
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://movementecologyjournal.biomedcentral.com/track/pdf/10.1186/s40462-015-0029-6",
"title": "Mapping migratory flyways in Asia using dynamic Brownian bridge movement models",
"birds": [
{
"species": "northern shoveler",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"Mapping migratory flyways in Asia using dynamic\nBrownian bridge movement models",
"Results and discussion",
"Only one bird, a northern shoveler (Anas\nclypeata) marked in Bangladesh that traveled ~6,000 km to\neastern Siberia, crossed over from the CAF to the EAAF."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://birdlife.org/news/tag/flyways?page=3",
"title": "Tag: Flyways - Page 3",
"birds": [
{
"species": "White Stork",
"route": null,
"timing": "can take six weeks or so",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"With its graceful flight and noble presence, a hero species of the African-Eurasian flyway is the [White Stork](https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/white-stork-ciconia-ciconia), which features prominently in Indigenous and local narratives."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"A White Stork\u2019s average migration can take six weeks or so, flying up to 20,000km."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://audubon.org/magazine/pioneering-collaboration-will-open-new-window-bird-migration",
"title": "This Pioneering Collaboration Will Open a New Window Into Bird Migration",
"birds": [
{
"species": "Blackpoll Warbler",
"route": null,
"timing": "spring and fall",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# This Pioneering Collaboration Will Open a New Window Into Bird Migration",
"If the Migratory Bird Initiative had a mascot, it might well be the [Blackpoll Warbler](/news/the-blackpoll-warbler-tiny-bird-amazing-migrator).",
"The Audubon migration ecologist has spent years studying Blackpoll Warblers on their breeding grounds in remote boreal forests in the United States and Canada."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"# This Pioneering Collaboration Will Open a New Window Into Bird Migration",
"In spring males undergo a dramatic costume change, swapping out drab, nonbreeding plumage for striking black and white feathers, complete with the distinctive black crown for which the species is named.",
"Geolocators attached to Blackpoll Warblers on their breeding grounds show that, in fall, birds gather on the East Coast and then fly nonstop south over the open ocean."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Arctic Tern",
"route": null,
"timing": "seasonal",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# This Pioneering Collaboration Will Open a New Window Into Bird Migration",
"Their journeys are as short as a Clark\u2019s Nutcracker\u2019s jaunt, a few thousand feet down and up a mountain slope, and as long as an [Arctic Tern\u2019s](https://www.audubon.org/news/how-tern-broke-record-longest-known-migration) 25,000-mile trek from the Arctic to the Antarctic and back."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"# This Pioneering Collaboration Will Open a New Window Into Bird Migration",
"Their journeys are as short as a Clark\u2019s Nutcracker\u2019s jaunt, a few thousand feet down and up a mountain slope, and as long as an [Arctic Tern\u2019s](https://www.audubon.org/news/how-tern-broke-record-longest-known-migration) 25,000-mile trek from the Arctic to the Antarctic and back."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://wwt.org.uk/wetland-centres/martin-mere/news/the-journey-of-the-pink-footed-goose",
"title": "The Journey of the Pink-footed Goose",
"birds": [
{
"species": "pink-footed goose",
"route": null,
"timing": "autumn",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# The Journey of the Pink-footed Goose",
"Each autumn, the skies above WWT Martin Mere come alive as tens of thousands of pink-footed geese arrive at the reserve, filling the sky with their distinctive calls as they descend onto the mere to spend the night."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"# The Journey of the Pink-footed Goose",
"Each autumn, the skies above WWT Martin Mere come alive as tens of thousands of pink-footed geese arrive at the reserve, filling the sky with their distinctive calls as they descend onto the mere to spend the night."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://wiki.nsacct.org/article/what-animal-has-the-longest-migration-the-epic-journey-of-the-arctic-tern",
"title": "What Animal Has the Longest Migration? The Epic Journey of the Arctic Tern",
"birds": [
{
"species": "Arctic Tern",
"route": null,
"timing": "each year",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"What Animal Has the Longest Migration? The Epic Journey of the Arctic Tern",
"The animal with the longest migration on Earth is the Arctic tern, a seabird that routinely flies from its Arctic breeding grounds to the Antarctic and back each year.",
"| Species | Typical Route | One-Way Distance (km) | Round Trip Estimate (km) |",
"| Arctic Tern | Arctic breeding sites to Antarctic pack ice | 35,000\u201340,000 | 70,000\u201380,000+ |"
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"What Animal Has the Longest Migration? The Epic Journey of the Arctic Tern",
"The animal with the longest migration on Earth is the Arctic tern, a seabird that routinely flies from its Arctic breeding grounds to the Antarctic and back each year."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian%E2%80%93East_African_Flyway",
"title": "Asian\u2013East African Flyway",
"birds": [
{
"species": "Amur falcon",
"route": null,
"timing": "late November / winter / spring and summer",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"The Asian\u2013East African Flyway is a group of well-established routes by which many species of birds migrate annually between mid- Palearctic breeding grounds in Asia and non-breeding sites in eastern and southern Africa.",
"The Amur falcon breeds in northeastern Asia and overwinters in southern Africa, making a round-trip journey of 22,000 kilometres (14,000 mi)."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"The Asian\u2013East African Flyway is a group of well-established routes by which many species of birds migrate annually between mid- Palearctic breeding grounds in Asia and non-breeding sites in eastern and southern Africa.",
"In late November the falcons cross India and fly in great flocks 3,000 kilometres (1,900 mi) over the Indian Ocean to Somalia and Kenya."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://audubon.org/node/367001?section=search_results&site=ak",
"title": "Five Incredible Ways Birds Change Their Bodies for Spring and Fall Migration",
"birds": [
{
"species": "Ruby-throated Hummingbirds",
"route": null,
"timing": "twice a year",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"Ruby-throated Hummingbirds are best known for packing on the grams: Most double their body weight in fat, or more, before embarking on migrations.",
"Here are some of the incredible ways birds sculpt their bodies for their journeys."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"That fat accumulated before migration is burned in a steady release of energy, ideal for the 2,000-mile journey many Ruby-throated Hummingbirds make twice a year.",
"Here are some of the incredible ways birds sculpt their bodies for their journeys."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Bar-tailed Godwit",
"route": null,
"timing": "each fall",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"Take the Bar-tailed Godwit, one of the bird world\u2019s most intense migrators, flying 6,800 miles nonstop from Alaska to New Zealand each fall.",
"Here are some of the incredible ways birds sculpt their bodies for their journeys."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"Take the Bar-tailed Godwit, one of the bird world\u2019s most intense migrators, flying 6,800 miles nonstop from Alaska to New Zealand each fall.",
"Here are some of the incredible ways birds sculpt their bodies for their journeys."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Swainson\u2019s Thrushes",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"Swainson\u2019s Thrushes, which undertake 3,000-mile migrations from Central and South America to northern Canada and Alaska, enter a sleep-like state for about nine seconds at a time.",
"Here are some of the incredible ways birds sculpt their bodies for their journeys."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://avianbliss.com/bird-migration-facts-revealed",
"title": "Bird Migration Facts Revealed: Routes, Navigation, and Survival Secrets",
"birds": [
{
"species": "Arctic tern",
"route": null,
"timing": "yearly",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# Bird Migration Facts Revealed: Routes, Navigation, and Survival Secrets (2026)",
"Arctic Tern Pole-to-Pole Journeys",
"Arctic terns rack up **44,000 miles a year** chasing endless summer pole to pole, guided by a magnetic sense humans can only marvel at."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"# Bird Migration Facts Revealed: Routes, Navigation, and Survival Secrets (2026)",
"Arctic Tern Pole-to-Pole Journeys",
"Arctic terns rack up **44,000 miles a year** chasing endless summer pole to pole, guided by a magnetic sense humans can only marvel at."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Bar-tailed godwit",
"route": null,
"timing": "11 days",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# Bird Migration Facts Revealed: Routes, Navigation, and Survival Secrets (2026)",
"Bar-Tailed Godwit Nonstop Flights",
"A bar-tailed godwit once flew from Alaska to New Zealand without stopping once \u2014 11,000 kilometers, 11 days, no food, no rest."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"# Bird Migration Facts Revealed: Routes, Navigation, and Survival Secrets (2026)",
"Bar-Tailed Godwit Nonstop Flights",
"A bar-tailed godwit once flew from Alaska to New Zealand without stopping once \u2014 11,000 kilometers, 11 days, no food, no rest."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Red Knot",
"route": null,
"timing": "every year",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# Bird Migration Facts Revealed: Routes, Navigation, and Survival Secrets (2026)",
"Red Knot Hemispheric Migration",
"Red Knots travel roughly 12,000 to 14,000 kilometers round trip, breeding in the Arctic and wintering across South America."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"# Bird Migration Facts Revealed: Routes, Navigation, and Survival Secrets (2026)",
"Red Knot Hemispheric Migration",
"A shorebird weighing barely 150 grams links two hemispheres every year."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://library.kiwix.org/wikipedia_en_top_maxi/A/Bird_migration",
"title": "Bird migration",
"birds": [
{
"species": "Arctic tern",
"route": null,
"timing": "each year",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# Bird migration",
"The [Arctic tern](Arctic_tern) holds the long-distance migration record for birds, travelling between [Arctic](Arctic) breeding grounds and the [Antarctic](Antarctic) each year."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"# Bird migration",
"The [Arctic tern](Arctic_tern) holds the long-distance migration record for birds, travelling between [Arctic](Arctic) breeding grounds and the [Antarctic](Antarctic) each year."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Arctic tern",
"route": "moving from its Arctic breeding grounds to the Antarctic non-breeding areas",
"timing": "in just three months from fledging",
"distance_km": "22,000",
"distinction": "holds the long-distance migration record for birds, and sees more daylight than any other",
"species_evidence": [
"### In seabirds"
],
"route_evidence": [
"### In seabirds"
],
"timing_evidence": [
"### In seabirds"
],
"distance_km_evidence": [
"### In seabirds"
],
"distinction_evidence": [
"### In seabirds"
]
},
{
"species": "bar-tailed godwits",
"route": "from Alaska to their New Zealand non-breeding areas",
"timing": null,
"distance_km": "11,000",
"distinction": "longest known non-stop flight of any migrant",
"species_evidence": [
"### In waders",
"Some bar-tailed godwits *Limosa lapponica baueri* have the longest known non-stop flight of any migrant, flying 11,000 km from [Alaska](Alaska) to their [New Zealand](New_Zealand) non-breeding areas."
],
"route_evidence": [
"### In waders",
"Some bar-tailed godwits *Limosa lapponica baueri* have the longest known non-stop flight of any migrant, flying 11,000 km from [Alaska](Alaska) to their [New Zealand](New_Zealand) non-breeding areas."
],
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": [
"### In waders",
"Some bar-tailed godwits *Limosa lapponica baueri* have the longest known non-stop flight of any migrant, flying 11,000 km from [Alaska](Alaska) to their [New Zealand](New_Zealand) non-breeding areas."
],
"distinction_evidence": [
"### In waders",
"Some bar-tailed godwits *Limosa lapponica baueri* have the longest known non-stop flight of any migrant, flying 11,000 km from [Alaska](Alaska) to their [New Zealand](New_Zealand) non-breeding areas."
]
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/geb.70004",
"title": "Global Marine Flyways Identified for Long\u2010Distance Migrating Seabirds From Tracking Data",
"birds": null
},
{
"url": "https://this-amazing-world.com/bird-migration-navigation-magnetic-compass-eyes",
"title": "How Birds Navigate: The Magnetic Compass Inside Their Eyes",
"birds": [
{
"species": "Arctic tern",
"route": null,
"timing": "a year",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"How Birds Navigate: The Magnetic Compass Inside Their Eyes",
"- Arctic terns log roughly 70,000 to 80,000 km a year between Arctic breeding grounds and Antarctic feeding waters, the longest migration of any animal."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"How Birds Navigate: The Magnetic Compass Inside Their Eyes",
"- Arctic terns log roughly 70,000 to 80,000 km a year between Arctic breeding grounds and Antarctic feeding waters, the longest migration of any animal."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "bar-tailed godwit",
"route": null,
"timing": "October 2022",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"How Birds Navigate: The Magnetic Compass Inside Their Eyes",
"- A young bar-tailed godwit (satellite tag \u201cB6\u201d) flew 13,560 km non-stop from Alaska to Tasmania in 11 days and 1 hour in October 2022, a Guinness-verified record."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"How Birds Navigate: The Magnetic Compass Inside Their Eyes",
"- A young bar-tailed godwit (satellite tag \u201cB6\u201d) flew 13,560 km non-stop from Alaska to Tasmania in 11 days and 1 hour in October 2022, a Guinness-verified record."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "European robin",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"How Birds Navigate: The Magnetic Compass Inside Their Eyes",
"- Henrik Mouritsen and Peter Hore showed in a 2021 Nature paper that the European robin\u2019s cryptochrome 4 is magnetically sensitive in a test tube, more so than that of chickens or pigeons."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "indigo bunting",
"route": null,
"timing": "late-1960s",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"How Birds Navigate: The Magnetic Compass Inside Their Eyes",
"- Stephen Emlen\u2019s late-1960s indigo bunting experiments at Cornell proved birds learn the star compass as nestlings by watching the night sky rotate."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"How Birds Navigate: The Magnetic Compass Inside Their Eyes",
"- Stephen Emlen\u2019s late-1960s indigo bunting experiments at Cornell proved birds learn the star compass as nestlings by watching the night sky rotate."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Northern wheatear",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"How Birds Navigate: The Magnetic Compass Inside Their Eyes",
"Real migration records (verified)",
"- **Northern wheatear:** up to 14,500 km from sub-Arctic Canada to sub-Saharan Africa \u2014 a 25-gram songbird."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Common swift",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"How Birds Navigate: The Magnetic Compass Inside Their Eyes",
"Real migration records (verified)",
"- **Common swift:** ten months airborne without landing, eating, drinking, and sleeping on the wing."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://translatesciences.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/8_EastAsia_Australasia_NEW.pdf",
"title": "Microsoft Word - 8. East Asia - Australasia Factsheet.doc",
"birds": [
{
"species": "Bar-tailed Godwit",
"route": null,
"timing": "The birds began their northward migration in mid-March, typically completing the journey in two stages.",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"Bar-tailed Godwit",
"Recent research has found that the Bar-tailed Godwit Limosa lapponica undertakes one of the \navian world\u2019s most extraordinary migratory journeys."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"Bar-tailed Godwit",
"The birds began their northward migration in \nmid-March, typically completing the journey in \ntwo stages."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://allaboutbirds.org/news/dividing-via-migration-swainsons-thrush",
"title": "Dividing Via Migration: Swainson's Thrush | All About Birds",
"birds": [
{
"species": "Swainson's Thrush",
"route": null,
"timing": "springtime",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# Dividing Via Migration: Swainson\u2019s Thrush",
"Birders who never get to hear this species\u2019 haunting springtime song are likely to encounter the Swainson\u2019s Thrush during its migration to and from its tropical wintering sites in Central and South America."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"# Dividing Via Migration: Swainson\u2019s Thrush",
"Birders who never get to hear this species\u2019 haunting springtime song are likely to encounter the Swainson\u2019s Thrush during its migration to and from its tropical wintering sites in Central and South America."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://audubon.org/magazine/world-records-10-superstars-avian-world",
"title": "World Records: 10 Superstars of the Avian World",
"birds": [
{
"species": "Arctic Tern",
"route": null,
"timing": "each year",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# World Records: 10 Superstars of the Avian World",
"The Arctic Tern, a handsome orange-billed, white-feathered bird, migrates some 50,000 miles roundtrip each year, the longest journey of any bird\u2014and farther than that of any mammal."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"# World Records: 10 Superstars of the Avian World",
"The Arctic Tern, a handsome orange-billed, white-feathered bird, migrates some 50,000 miles roundtrip each year, the longest journey of any bird\u2014and farther than that of any mammal."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://wwt.org.uk/discover-wetlands/blog/explore-with-steve-backshall-wildlife-journeys",
"title": "Explore with Steve Backshall: Wildlife journeys",
"birds": [
{
"species": "bar-headed geese",
"route": null,
"timing": "every year",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# Explore with Steve Backshall: Wildlife journeys",
"## High there!",
"Every year, bar-headed geese migrate from their breeding grounds in Mongolia and Russia to their winter homes in South Asia, and they cross the Himalayas in the process, flying at heights of well over 7,000m."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"# Explore with Steve Backshall: Wildlife journeys",
"## High there!",
"Every year, bar-headed geese migrate from their breeding grounds in Mongolia and Russia to their winter homes in South Asia, and they cross the Himalayas in the process, flying at heights of well over 7,000m."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "arctic tern",
"route": null,
"timing": "one year",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# Explore with Steve Backshall: Wildlife journeys",
"## Tern the world about",
"Research has shown that this bird averages about 44,000 miles, crossing from the northern hemisphere to the southern and back again."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"# Explore with Steve Backshall: Wildlife journeys",
"## Tern the world about",
"Even then, you wouldn\u2019t cover the distance that the amazing arctic tern manages in just one year."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://geographyworlds.com/blog/why-do-birds-migrate",
"title": "Why Do Birds Migrate? Migration Patterns and Causes Explained",
"birds": [
{
"species": "Arctic Tern",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"## Famous Migration Champions",
"- **Arctic Tern:** The longest known migration. From Arctic breeding grounds to Antarctic non-breeding grounds and back \u2014 about 70,000-90,000 km annually. Lifetime distance: equivalent of three trips to the Moon."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Bar-tailed Godwit",
"route": null,
"timing": "8-9 days",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"## Famous Migration Champions",
"- **Bar-tailed Godwit:** Holds the record for longest non-stop flight \u2014 12,200 km from Alaska to [New Zealand](/blog/flag-of-new-zealand) without landing, in 8-9 days."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"## Famous Migration Champions",
"- **Bar-tailed Godwit:** Holds the record for longest non-stop flight \u2014 12,200 km from Alaska to [New Zealand](/blog/flag-of-new-zealand) without landing, in 8-9 days."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Sooty Shearwater",
"route": null,
"timing": "annually",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"## Famous Migration Champions",
"- **Sooty Shearwater:** Flies a figure-eight pattern across the Pacific, 64,000+ km annually."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"## Famous Migration Champions",
"- **Sooty Shearwater:** Flies a figure-eight pattern across the Pacific, 64,000+ km annually."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Northern Wheatear",
"route": null,
"timing": "each year",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"## Famous Migration Champions",
"- **Northern Wheatear:** Tiny bird (25g) that flies from Alaska to Africa each year."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"## Famous Migration Champions",
"- **Northern Wheatear:** Tiny bird (25g) that flies from Alaska to Africa each year."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Ruby-throated Hummingbird",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"## Famous Migration Champions",
"- **Ruby-throated Hummingbird:** 3-gram bird that crosses the Gulf of Mexico (1,000+ km) nonstop."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Pectoral Sandpiper",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"## Famous Migration Champions",
"- **Pectoral Sandpiper:** Breeds in Arctic, winters in southern South America."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://worldheritagesite.org/connections/bird-migrations",
"title": "Bird Migrations: UNESCO World Heritage Sites",
"birds": [
{
"species": "Bar-headed geese",
"route": null,
"timing": "summer",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"Bar-headed geese and brown-headed gulls migrate to the lakes in the Tajik NP during summer"
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"Bar-headed geese and brown-headed gulls migrate to the lakes in the Tajik NP during summer"
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "brown-headed gulls",
"route": null,
"timing": "summer",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"Bar-headed geese and brown-headed gulls migrate to the lakes in the Tajik NP during summer"
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"Bar-headed geese and brown-headed gulls migrate to the lakes in the Tajik NP during summer"
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "whooping cranes",
"route": null,
"timing": "every summer",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"The last remaining flock of migratory whooping cranes nests in a remote corner of the boreal forest every summer."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"The last remaining flock of migratory whooping cranes nests in a remote corner of the boreal forest every summer."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://academy.allaboutbirds.org/discussion/users/user470100/replies",
"title": "Jody's Replies |",
"birds": [
{
"species": "Rufus hummingbird",
"route": null,
"timing": "late July/early August",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"## Forum Replies Created",
"The Rufus are the bad boys of summer acting like little aztec warriors."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"## Forum Replies Created",
"I am now learning that when they arrive in late July/early August they are on their way back on the southern migration."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://people.com/pets/bar-tailed-godwit-bird-sets-world-record-for-continuous-flight",
"title": "Bar-Tailed Godwit Sets Record for Longest Bird Flight Going from Alaska to Australia in 11 Days",
"birds": [
{
"species": "Bar-tailed godwit",
"route": null,
"timing": "After taking off from Alaska on Oct. 13",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# Bar-Tailed Godwit Sets Record for Longest Bird Flight Going from Alaska to Australia in 11 Days",
"A bar-tailed godwit just broke a world record for marathon bird flight."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"# Bar-Tailed Godwit Sets Record for Longest Bird Flight Going from Alaska to Australia in 11 Days",
"After taking off from Alaska on Oct. 13, the young flier, who was most likely traveling in a flock, took a route west of Hawaii, *The Guardian* reported."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://birdsnap.com/blogs/news/the-red-sea-flyway-millions-of-birds-one-narrow-path",
"title": "The Red Sea Flyway: Millions of Birds, One Narrow Path",
"birds": [
{
"species": "Egyptian Vulture",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"Taking the Egyptian Vulture as an example:In one study, scientists fitted 45 Egyptian Vultures with satellite trackers and collected eight years of data, covering 75 complete migrations across Europe, Asia, and Africa.",
"According to this study, the migration bottlenecks for the Egyptian Vulture were identified in:"
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://newsbreak.com/animals-around-the-globe-312249899/4627341742658-13-birds-that-migrate-thousands-of-miles-without-rest",
"title": "13 Birds That Migrate Thousands of Miles Without Rest - NewsBreak",
"birds": [
{
"species": "Bar-tailed Godwit",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# 13 Birds That Migrate Thousands of Miles Without Rest",
"This article explores 13 remarkable avian species that have mastered the art of long-distance, non-stop migration, showcasing the extreme limits of avian endurance and the evolutionary adaptations that make such journeys possible.",
"## Bar-tailed Godwit The Long-Distance Champion",
"The Bar-tailed Godwit (Limosa lapponica) holds the record for the longest non-stop migration of any land bird."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Arctic Tern",
"route": null,
"timing": "annually",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# 13 Birds That Migrate Thousands of Miles Without Rest",
"This article explores 13 remarkable avian species that have mastered the art of long-distance, non-stop migration, showcasing the extreme limits of avian endurance and the evolutionary adaptations that make such journeys possible.",
"## Arctic Tern The Pole-to-Pole Traveler",
"The Arctic Tern (Sterna paradisaea) completes the longest migration of any bird in the world, traveling from the Arctic to the Antarctic and back annually\u2014a round trip of about 44,000 miles (70,000 kilometers)."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"# 13 Birds That Migrate Thousands of Miles Without Rest",
"This article explores 13 remarkable avian species that have mastered the art of long-distance, non-stop migration, showcasing the extreme limits of avian endurance and the evolutionary adaptations that make such journeys possible.",
"## Arctic Tern The Pole-to-Pole Traveler",
"The Arctic Tern (Sterna paradisaea) completes the longest migration of any bird in the world, traveling from the Arctic to the Antarctic and back annually\u2014a round trip of about 44,000 miles (70,000 kilometers)."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Great Frigatebird",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# 13 Birds That Migrate Thousands of Miles Without Rest",
"This article explores 13 remarkable avian species that have mastered the art of long-distance, non-stop migration, showcasing the extreme limits of avian endurance and the evolutionary adaptations that make such journeys possible.",
"## Great Frigatebird Months in Flight",
"The Great Frigatebird (Fregata minor) showcases one of the most impressive continuous flight abilities in the avian world."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Swainson\u2019s Thrush",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# 13 Birds That Migrate Thousands of Miles Without Rest",
"This article explores 13 remarkable avian species that have mastered the art of long-distance, non-stop migration, showcasing the extreme limits of avian endurance and the evolutionary adaptations that make such journeys possible.",
"## Swainson\u2019s Thrush The Night Flyer",
"The Swainson\u2019s Thrush (Catharus ustulatus) undertakes one of the most impressive nocturnal migrations, traveling from North America to as far south as Argentina."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Common Swift",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# 13 Birds That Migrate Thousands of Miles Without Rest",
"This article explores 13 remarkable avian species that have mastered the art of long-distance, non-stop migration, showcasing the extreme limits of avian endurance and the evolutionary adaptations that make such journeys possible.",
"## Common Swift Living on the Wing",
"The Common Swift (Apus apus) exemplifies life in perpetual flight, spending up to 10 months of the year airborne without ever landing."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Ruby-throated Hummingbird",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# 13 Birds That Migrate Thousands of Miles Without Rest",
"This article explores 13 remarkable avian species that have mastered the art of long-distance, non-stop migration, showcasing the extreme limits of avian endurance and the evolutionary adaptations that make such journeys possible.",
"Ruby-throated Hummingbird: Tiny Long-Distance Flyer",
"The Ruby-throated Hummingbird (Archilochus colubris) performs one of the most improbable migrations in the avian world."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Barn Swallow",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# 13 Birds That Migrate Thousands of Miles Without Rest",
"This article explores 13 remarkable avian species that have mastered the art of long-distance, non-stop migration, showcasing the extreme limits of avian endurance and the evolutionary adaptations that make such journeys possible.",
"The Barn Swallow (Hirundo rustica) undertakes one of the most extensive migrations of any songbird, traveling between Northern Hemisphere breeding grounds and wintering areas in South America, Africa, and South Asia."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Northern Wheatear",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# 13 Birds That Migrate Thousands of Miles Without Rest",
"This article explores 13 remarkable avian species that have mastered the art of long-distance, non-stop migration, showcasing the extreme limits of avian endurance and the evolutionary adaptations that make such journeys possible.",
"## Northern Wheatear The Transcontinental Small Bird",
"The Northern Wheatear (Oenanthe oenanthe) accomplishes one of the most impressive migrations relative to body size of any bird."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Pectoral Sandpiper",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# 13 Birds That Migrate Thousands of Miles Without Rest",
"This article explores 13 remarkable avian species that have mastered the art of long-distance, non-stop migration, showcasing the extreme limits of avian endurance and the evolutionary adaptations that make such journeys possible.",
"## Pectoral Sandpiper The Arctic-to-Pampas Traveler",
"The Pectoral Sandpiper (Calidris melanotos) performs one of the most extensive north-south migrations of any shorebird."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Great Knot",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# 13 Birds That Migrate Thousands of Miles Without Rest",
"This article explores 13 remarkable avian species that have mastered the art of long-distance, non-stop migration, showcasing the extreme limits of avian endurance and the evolutionary adaptations that make such journeys possible.",
"## Great Knot The Asian Flyway Specialist",
"The Great Knot (Calidris tenuirostris) completes one of the most challenging migrations along the East Asian-Australasian Flyway."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Lesser Yellowlegs",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# 13 Birds That Migrate Thousands of Miles Without Rest",
"This article explores 13 remarkable avian species that have mastered the art of long-distance, non-stop migration, showcasing the extreme limits of avian endurance and the evolutionary adaptations that make such journeys possible.",
"## Lesser Yellowlegs The Americas Marathoner",
"The Lesser Yellowlegs (Tringa flavipes) undertakes an impressive migration between breeding grounds in the boreal forests of Canada and Alaska and wintering areas as far south as Argentina and Chile."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Red Knot",
"route": null,
"timing": "annual",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# 13 Birds That Migrate Thousands of Miles Without Rest",
"This article explores 13 remarkable avian species that have mastered the art of long-distance, non-stop migration, showcasing the extreme limits of avian endurance and the evolutionary adaptations that make such journeys possible.",
"## Red Knot The Hemisphere Connector",
"The Red Knot (Calidris canutus) completes one of the longest migrations of any shorebird, with some subspecies traveling from the High Arctic to the southern tip of South America\u2014a distance of roughly 9,300 miles (15,000 kilometers) each way."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"# 13 Birds That Migrate Thousands of Miles Without Rest",
"This article explores 13 remarkable avian species that have mastered the art of long-distance, non-stop migration, showcasing the extreme limits of avian endurance and the evolutionary adaptations that make such journeys possible.",
"## Red Knot The Hemisphere Connector",
"The rufa subspecies makes an annual non-stop flight of approximately 1,900 miles (3,000 kilometers) from Canada\u2019s Hudson Bay to South America."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://audubon.org/news/storks-are-skipping-migration-stay-home-and-eat-garbage",
"title": "Storks Are Skipping Migration to Stay Home and Eat Garbage",
"birds": [
{
"species": "White Stork",
"route": null,
"timing": "winter",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# Storks Are Skipping Migration to Stay Home and Eat Garbage",
"That\u2019s the conundrum facing the White Stork, a gorgeous white bird that typically trades in its summer digs in Europe for winters in southern Africa."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"# Storks Are Skipping Migration to Stay Home and Eat Garbage",
"That\u2019s the conundrum facing the White Stork, a gorgeous white bird that typically trades in its summer digs in Europe for winters in southern Africa."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://audubon.org/news/astonishing-stories-animal-migrations",
"title": "Astonishing Stories of Animal Migrations",
"birds": [
{
"species": "Northern Wheatear",
"route": null,
"timing": "winter",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# Astonishing Stories of Animal Migrations",
"**Northern Wheatear**",
"On a pound-for-pound basis, the Northern Wheatear is a true champion, being the only songbird to breed in the North American Arctic and winter in sub-Saharan Africa."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"# Astonishing Stories of Animal Migrations",
"**Northern Wheatear**",
"On a pound-for-pound basis, the Northern Wheatear is a true champion, being the only songbird to breed in the North American Arctic and winter in sub-Saharan Africa."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/70176098",
"title": "Evidence for an 11,000-km-long non-stop flight from Alaska to New Zealand and Eastern Australia by Bar-tailed Godwits",
"birds": [
{
"species": "Bar-tailed Godwit",
"route": null,
"timing": "September to November",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"Crossing the ultimate ecological barrier: Evidence for an 11,000-km-long non-stop flight from Alaska to New Zealand and Eastern Australia by Bar-tailed Godwits",
"Abstract",
"Populations of the Bar-tailed Godwit (*Limosa lapponica*; Scolopacidae) embark on some of the longest migrations known among birds."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"Crossing the ultimate ecological barrier: Evidence for an 11,000-km-long non-stop flight from Alaska to New Zealand and Eastern Australia by Bar-tailed Godwits",
"Abstract",
"The use of a direct route across the Pacific is also supported by significantly more records of godwits reported from within a direct migration corridor than elsewhere in Oceania, and during the September to November period than at other times of the year."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Bar-tailed Godwit",
"route": "from western Alaska to New Zealand and eastern Australia",
"timing": null,
"distance_km": "11000",
"distinction": "non-stop flight across the Pacific, representing some of the longest migrations known among birds",
"species_evidence": [
"Crossing the ultimate ecological barrier: Evidence for an 11,000-km-long non-stop flight from Alaska to New Zealand and Eastern Australia by Bar-tailed Godwits",
"Abstract",
"Populations of the Bar-tailed Godwit (*Limosa lapponica*; Scolopacidae) embark on some of the longest migrations known among birds."
],
"route_evidence": [
"Crossing the ultimate ecological barrier: Evidence for an 11,000-km-long non-stop flight from Alaska to New Zealand and Eastern Australia by Bar-tailed Godwits",
"Abstract",
"The *baueri* race breeds in western Alaska and spends the nonbreeding season a hemisphere away in New Zealand and eastern Australia; the *menzbieri* race breeds in Siberia and migrates to western and northern Australia."
],
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": [
"Crossing the ultimate ecological barrier: Evidence for an 11,000-km-long non-stop flight from Alaska to New Zealand and Eastern Australia by Bar-tailed Godwits",
"Abstract",
"Two questions have particular ecological importance: (1) do Alaska godwits migrate directly across the Pacific, a distance of 11 000 km? and (2) are they capable of doing this in a single flight without stopping to rest or refuel?"
],
"distinction_evidence": [
"Crossing the ultimate ecological barrier: Evidence for an 11,000-km-long non-stop flight from Alaska to New Zealand and Eastern Australia by Bar-tailed Godwits",
"Abstract",
"Populations of the Bar-tailed Godwit (*Limosa lapponica*; Scolopacidae) embark on some of the longest migrations known among birds.",
"Two questions have particular ecological importance: (1) do Alaska godwits migrate directly across the Pacific, a distance of 11 000 km? and (2) are they capable of doing this in a single flight without stopping to rest or refuel?"
]
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://avianbliss.com/best-bird-migration-routes",
"title": "Best Bird Migration Routes: Flyways, Conservation, and Migration Patterns",
"birds": [
{
"species": "Arctic Tern",
"route": null,
"timing": "Spring",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# Best Bird Migration Routes: Flyways, Conservation, and Migration Patterns (2026)",
"## Migratory Bird Species",
"You\u2019ll find amazing birds like **Arctic Terns** that fly over 44,000 miles each year, making the longest migration of any animal on Earth."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"# Best Bird Migration Routes: Flyways, Conservation, and Migration Patterns (2026)",
"### Arctic Tern Migration",
"3. Spring migration averages 472 miles daily"
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Arctic Tern",
"route": null,
"timing": "yearly",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# Best Bird Migration Routes: Flyways, Conservation, and Migration Patterns (2026)",
"### Arctic Tern Migration",
" You\u2019ll be amazed by the **Arctic Tern**, nature\u2019s ultimate marathoner, covering an astounding 59,650 miles in its yearly migration from England to Antarctica."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"# Best Bird Migration Routes: Flyways, Conservation, and Migration Patterns (2026)",
"### Arctic Tern Migration",
" You\u2019ll be amazed by the **Arctic Tern**, nature\u2019s ultimate marathoner, covering an astounding 59,650 miles in its yearly migration from England to Antarctica."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Rufous Hummingbird",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# Best Bird Migration Routes: Flyways, Conservation, and Migration Patterns (2026)",
"## Migratory Bird Species",
"From tiny **Rufous Hummingbirds** traveling 3,000 miles to Scarlet Tanagers crossing continents, these remarkable creatures show us just how far wings can take you."
],
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"timing_evidence": null,
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},
{
"species": "Rufous Hummingbird",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# Best Bird Migration Routes: Flyways, Conservation, and Migration Patterns (2026)",
"### Rufous Hummingbird Journey",
"Your **Rufous Hummingbird** follows a unique loop pattern, traveling north along the Pacific Flyway and south through the Rockies."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://audubon.org/new-york/news/spring-migration-faqs",
"title": "Spring Migration FAQs",
"birds": [
{
"species": "Arctic Tern",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# Spring Migration FAQs",
"Below, we\u2019ve compiled some of the most frequently asked questions having to do with migratory birds, their journeys, and ways we can welcome them back.",
"One of the most impressive migrants is the Arctic Tern."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://wwt.org.uk/discover-wetlands/blog/diary-of-a-swan-spotter",
"title": "Diary of a swan spotter",
"birds": [
{
"species": "Bewick\u2019s swan",
"route": null,
"timing": "spring and winter",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# Diary of a swan spotter",
"Volunteer swan spotter extraordinaire, Wim Tijsen, talks Bewick\u2019s, climate change and why the calls of the swans\u2019 post migration reunions are forever etched into his memory.",
"As spring arrives across northern Europe, it\u2019s coaxing the Bewick\u2019s swans ever eastwards towards their summer breeding grounds in the Russian arctic."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"# Diary of a swan spotter",
"Volunteer swan spotter extraordinaire, Wim Tijsen, talks Bewick\u2019s, climate change and why the calls of the swans\u2019 post migration reunions are forever etched into his memory.",
"As spring arrives across northern Europe, it\u2019s coaxing the Bewick\u2019s swans ever eastwards towards their summer breeding grounds in the Russian arctic."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://animalsaroundtheglobe.com/13-mysterious-bird-migrations-scientists-still-can-not-explain-5-329775",
"title": "13 Mysterious Bird Migrations Scientists Still Can Not Explain",
"birds": [
{
"species": "Bar-tailed Godwit",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# 13 Mysterious Bird Migrations Scientists Still Can Not Explain",
"The Bar-tailed Godwit (Limosa lapponica) performs what might be the most physically demanding migration of any bird species.",
"## The Trans-Pacific Marathon of the Bar-tailed Godwit"
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Arctic Tern",
"route": null,
"timing": "annually",
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"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# 13 Mysterious Bird Migrations Scientists Still Can Not Explain",
"Arctic Terns (Sterna paradisaea) are celebrated for having the longest migration of any animal, traveling from pole to pole annually and covering approximately 44,000 miles (70,800 kilometers) each year.",
"## The Vanishing Arctic Terns"
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"# 13 Mysterious Bird Migrations Scientists Still Can Not Explain",
"Arctic Terns (Sterna paradisaea) are celebrated for having the longest migration of any animal, traveling from pole to pole annually and covering approximately 44,000 miles (70,800 kilometers) each year.",
"## The Vanishing Arctic Terns"
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "European Bee-eater",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# 13 Mysterious Bird Migrations Scientists Still Can Not Explain",
"European Bee-eaters (Merops apiaster) typically migrate between Europe and sub-Saharan Africa along well-established routes.",
"## The Baffling Detours of European Bee-eaters"
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Kirtland\u2019s Warbler",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# 13 Mysterious Bird Migrations Scientists Still Can Not Explain",
"The endangered Kirtland\u2019s Warbler (Setophaga kirtlandii) breeds exclusively in young jack pine forests in Michigan and winters in the Bahamas.",
"## The Kirtland\u2019s Warbler\u2019s Oceanic Mystery"
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Amur Falcon",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# 13 Mysterious Bird Migrations Scientists Still Can Not Explain",
"The Amur Falcon (Falco amurensis) embarks on one of the most remarkable migrations in the bird world, traveling from breeding grounds in Siberia and northern China to wintering areas in southern Africa\u2014a round trip of approximately 14,000 miles (22,500 kilometers)."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "White-throated Needletail",
"route": null,
"timing": "twice yearly",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# 13 Mysterious Bird Migrations Scientists Still Can Not Explain",
"The White-throated Needletail (Hirundapus caudacutus), one of the world\u2019s fastest birds in level flight, breeds in Siberia and winters in Australia, covering over 6,000 miles (9,700 kilometers) twice yearly.",
"## The White-throated Needletail\u2019s Disappearing Act"
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"# 13 Mysterious Bird Migrations Scientists Still Can Not Explain",
"The White-throated Needletail (Hirundapus caudacutus), one of the world\u2019s fastest birds in level flight, breeds in Siberia and winters in Australia, covering over 6,000 miles (9,700 kilometers) twice yearly.",
"## The White-throated Needletail\u2019s Disappearing Act"
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Eurasian Woodcock",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# 13 Mysterious Bird Migrations Scientists Still Can Not Explain",
"The Eurasian Woodcock (Scolopax rusticola) typically follows straightforward migration routes between northern Europe and the Mediterranean region.",
"## The Inexplicable Detours of Eurasian Woodcock"
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Red Knot",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# 13 Mysterious Bird Migrations Scientists Still Can Not Explain",
"The Red Knot (Calidris canutus) undertakes one of the longest migrations of any shorebird, traveling from the Arctic to the southern tips of South America, Africa, and Australia\u2014distances exceeding 9,000 miles (14,500 kilometers).",
"## The Red Knot\u2019s Sixth Sense"
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Great Reed Warbler",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# 13 Mysterious Bird Migrations Scientists Still Can Not Explain",
"The Great Reed Warbler (Acrocephalus arundinaceus) migrates between Europe and sub-Saharan Africa, covering approximately 5,000 miles (8,000 kilometers) each way.",
"## The Great Reed Warbler\u2019s Midair Pauses"
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
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},
{
"species": "Fork-tailed Swift",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
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"distinction": null,
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"# 13 Mysterious Bird Migrations Scientists Still Can Not Explain",
"The Fork-tailed Swift (Apus pacificus) is remarkable for potentially spending up to 10 months of the year continuously airborne, without ever landing.",
"## The Fork-tailed Swift\u2019s Aerial Enigma"
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
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},
{
"species": "Eastern Curlew",
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"timing": null,
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"distinction": null,
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"# 13 Mysterious Bird Migrations Scientists Still Can Not Explain",
"The Eastern Curlew (Numenius madagascariensis), the largest migratory shorebird, travels between breeding grounds in Russia and wintering sites in Australia, a journey of approximately 7,000 miles (11,300 kilometers).",
"## The Eastern Curlew\u2019s Lunar Connection"
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Eleonora\u2019s Falcon",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
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"distinction": null,
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"# 13 Mysterious Bird Migrations Scientists Still Can Not Explain",
"Eleonora\u2019s Falcons (Falco eleonorae) undertake a remarkable migration between the Mediterranean region and Madagascar, traveling approximately 5,600 miles (9,000 kilometers) each way.",
"## The Eleonora\u2019s Falcon\u2019s Transoceanic Puzzle"
],
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"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://grokipedia.com/page/Flyway",
"title": "Flyway",
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{
"species": "northern wheatear",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
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"distinction": null,
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"# Flyway",
"Routes frequently retain \"suboptimal\" circuitousness, as in the northern wheatear's 15,000 km Alaska-to-sub-Saharan loop despite nearer Asian options, due to phylogenetic inertia locking in ancestral wintering grounds; such lability permits rapid distance adjustments but resists wholesale redirection absent strong selective overrides like habitat loss."
],
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}
]
},
{
"url": "https://allaboutbirds.org/news/in-south-america-bird-migration-is-slow-and-steady",
"title": "In South America, Bird Migration Is Slow and Steady | All About Birds",
"birds": [
{
"species": "Blackburnian Warbler",
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"timing": null,
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"distinction": null,
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"# In South America, Bird Migration Is Slow and Steady",
"Some, like the Blackburnian Warbler, migrate hundreds of miles farther through the Andes Mountains."
],
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},
{
"species": "Scarlet Tanager",
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"# In South America, Bird Migration Is Slow and Steady",
"Some head into the Amazon River basin, like the Scarlet Tanager."
],
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},
{
"species": "Summer Tanager",
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"timing": "September",
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"# In South America, Bird Migration Is Slow and Steady",
"He says one of his favorite birding moments every September \u201cis when I can spot my first Blackburnian Warbler and hear the call of Summer Tanager in the shaded coffee plantation.\u201d"
],
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"# In South America, Bird Migration Is Slow and Steady",
"He says one of his favorite birding moments every September \u201cis when I can spot my first Blackburnian Warbler and hear the call of Summer Tanager in the shaded coffee plantation.\u201d"
],
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}
]
},
{
"url": "https://wwt.org.uk/news-and-stories/blog/diary-of-a-swan-spotter",
"title": "Diary of a swan spotter",
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{
"species": "Bewick's swan",
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"timing": "spring and winter",
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"Volunteer swan spotter extraordinaire, Wim Tijsen, talks Bewick\u2019s, climate change and why the calls of the swans\u2019 post migration reunions are forever etched into his memory.",
"As spring arrives across northern Europe, it\u2019s coaxing the Bewick\u2019s swans ever eastwards towards their summer breeding grounds in the Russian arctic."
],
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"As spring arrives across northern Europe, it\u2019s coaxing the Bewick\u2019s swans ever eastwards towards their summer breeding grounds in the Russian arctic.",
"It\u2019s easy to predict the day the swans will first start arriving."
],
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}
]
},
{
"url": "https://animalsaroundtheglobe.com/13-birds-that-migrate-thousands-of-miles-without-rest-7-333153",
"title": "13 Birds That Migrate Thousands of Miles Without Rest",
"birds": [
{
"species": "Bar-tailed Godwit",
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"This article explores 13 remarkable avian species that have mastered the art of long-distance, non-stop migration, showcasing the extreme limits of avian endurance and the evolutionary adaptations that make such journeys possible.",
"## Bar-tailed Godwit The Long-Distance Champion",
"The Bar-tailed Godwit (Limosa lapponica) holds the record for the longest non-stop migration of any land bird."
],
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},
{
"species": "Arctic Tern",
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"distinction": null,
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"This article explores 13 remarkable avian species that have mastered the art of long-distance, non-stop migration, showcasing the extreme limits of avian endurance and the evolutionary adaptations that make such journeys possible.",
"## Arctic Tern The Pole-to-Pole Traveler",
"The Arctic Tern (Sterna paradisaea) completes the longest migration of any bird in the world, traveling from the Arctic to the Antarctic and back annually\u2014a round trip of about 44,000 miles (70,000 kilometers)."
],
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"This article explores 13 remarkable avian species that have mastered the art of long-distance, non-stop migration, showcasing the extreme limits of avian endurance and the evolutionary adaptations that make such journeys possible.",
"## Arctic Tern The Pole-to-Pole Traveler",
"The Arctic Tern (Sterna paradisaea) completes the longest migration of any bird in the world, traveling from the Arctic to the Antarctic and back annually\u2014a round trip of about 44,000 miles (70,000 kilometers)."
],
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},
{
"species": "Great Frigatebird",
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"This article explores 13 remarkable avian species that have mastered the art of long-distance, non-stop migration, showcasing the extreme limits of avian endurance and the evolutionary adaptations that make such journeys possible.",
"## Great Frigatebird Months in Flight",
"The Great Frigatebird (Fregata minor) showcases one of the most impressive continuous flight abilities in the avian world."
],
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},
{
"species": "Swainson\u2019s Thrush",
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"This article explores 13 remarkable avian species that have mastered the art of long-distance, non-stop migration, showcasing the extreme limits of avian endurance and the evolutionary adaptations that make such journeys possible.",
"## Swainson\u2019s Thrush The Night Flyer",
"The Swainson\u2019s Thrush (Catharus ustulatus) undertakes one of the most impressive nocturnal migrations, traveling from North America to as far south as Argentina."
],
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"This article explores 13 remarkable avian species that have mastered the art of long-distance, non-stop migration, showcasing the extreme limits of avian endurance and the evolutionary adaptations that make such journeys possible.",
"## Swainson\u2019s Thrush The Night Flyer",
"Unlike some long-distance migrants, Swainson\u2019s Thrushes travel primarily at night, using stars for navigation while taking advantage of cooler temperatures and fewer predators."
],
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},
{
"species": "Whimbrel",
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"This article explores 13 remarkable avian species that have mastered the art of long-distance, non-stop migration, showcasing the extreme limits of avian endurance and the evolutionary adaptations that make such journeys possible.",
"The Whimbrel (Numenius phaeopus) demonstrates remarkable migration endurance and navigational ability, even in extreme weather."
],
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},
{
"species": "Common Swift",
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"timing": "up to 10 months of the year",
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"This article explores 13 remarkable avian species that have mastered the art of long-distance, non-stop migration, showcasing the extreme limits of avian endurance and the evolutionary adaptations that make such journeys possible.",
"## Common Swift Living on the Wing",
"The Common Swift (Apus apus) exemplifies life in perpetual flight, spending up to 10 months of the year airborne without ever landing."
],
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"This article explores 13 remarkable avian species that have mastered the art of long-distance, non-stop migration, showcasing the extreme limits of avian endurance and the evolutionary adaptations that make such journeys possible.",
"## Common Swift Living on the Wing",
"The Common Swift (Apus apus) exemplifies life in perpetual flight, spending up to 10 months of the year airborne without ever landing."
],
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},
{
"species": "Ruby-throated Hummingbird",
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"This article explores 13 remarkable avian species that have mastered the art of long-distance, non-stop migration, showcasing the extreme limits of avian endurance and the evolutionary adaptations that make such journeys possible.",
"Ruby-throated Hummingbird: Tiny Long-Distance Flyer",
"The Ruby-throated Hummingbird (Archilochus colubris) performs one of the most improbable migrations in the avian world."
],
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},
{
"species": "Barn Swallow",
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"This article explores 13 remarkable avian species that have mastered the art of long-distance, non-stop migration, showcasing the extreme limits of avian endurance and the evolutionary adaptations that make such journeys possible.",
"The Barn Swallow (Hirundo rustica) undertakes one of the most extensive migrations of any songbird, traveling between Northern Hemisphere breeding grounds and wintering areas in South America, Africa, and South Asia."
],
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},
{
"species": "Northern Wheatear",
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"This article explores 13 remarkable avian species that have mastered the art of long-distance, non-stop migration, showcasing the extreme limits of avian endurance and the evolutionary adaptations that make such journeys possible.",
"## Northern Wheatear The Transcontinental Small Bird",
"The Northern Wheatear (Oenanthe oenanthe) accomplishes one of the most impressive migrations relative to body size of any bird."
],
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},
{
"species": "Pectoral Sandpiper",
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"This article explores 13 remarkable avian species that have mastered the art of long-distance, non-stop migration, showcasing the extreme limits of avian endurance and the evolutionary adaptations that make such journeys possible.",
"## Pectoral Sandpiper The Arctic-to-Pampas Traveler",
"The Pectoral Sandpiper (Calidris melanotos) performs one of the most extensive north-south migrations of any shorebird."
],
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},
{
"species": "Great Knot",
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"This article explores 13 remarkable avian species that have mastered the art of long-distance, non-stop migration, showcasing the extreme limits of avian endurance and the evolutionary adaptations that make such journeys possible.",
"## Great Knot The Asian Flyway Specialist",
"The Great Knot (Calidris tenuirostris) completes one of the most challenging migrations along the East Asian-Australasian Flyway."
],
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"timing_evidence": null,
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},
{
"species": "Lesser Yellowlegs",
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"distinction": null,
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"This article explores 13 remarkable avian species that have mastered the art of long-distance, non-stop migration, showcasing the extreme limits of avian endurance and the evolutionary adaptations that make such journeys possible.",
"## Lesser Yellowlegs The Americas Marathoner",
"The Lesser Yellowlegs (Tringa flavipes) undertakes an impressive migration between breeding grounds in the boreal forests of Canada and Alaska and wintering areas as far south as Argentina and Chile."
],
"route_evidence": null,
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},
{
"species": "Red Knot",
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"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"This article explores 13 remarkable avian species that have mastered the art of long-distance, non-stop migration, showcasing the extreme limits of avian endurance and the evolutionary adaptations that make such journeys possible.",
"## Red Knot The Hemisphere Connector",
"The Red Knot (Calidris canutus) completes one of the longest migrations of any shorebird, with some subspecies traveling from the High Arctic to the southern tip of South America\u2014a distance of roughly 9,300 miles (15,000 kilometers) each way."
],
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}
]
},
{
"url": "https://academy.allaboutbirds.org/discussion/topic/activities-different-seasons-different-birds/page/5",
"title": "Activities: Different Seasons, Different Birds | Bird Academy \u2022 The Cornell Lab",
"birds": [
{
"species": "Blackburnian Warbler",
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"timing": "breeding season",
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"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"Activity 1: Northern Cardinal doesn\u2019t migrate that much throughout the year-stays primarily in the U.S. and a few areas in Mexico year round.",
"Blackburnian Warbler travels great distances- wintering primarily in South America and parts of Central America, and migrating to northern U.S. and Canada for breeding season."
],
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"timing_evidence": [
"Activity 1: Northern Cardinal doesn\u2019t migrate that much throughout the year-stays primarily in the U.S. and a few areas in Mexico year round.",
"Blackburnian Warbler travels great distances- wintering primarily in South America and parts of Central America, and migrating to northern U.S. and Canada for breeding season."
],
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},
{
"species": "Scarlet Tanager",
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"species_evidence": [
"Activity 1: Northern Cardinal doesn\u2019t migrate that much throughout the year-stays primarily in the U.S. and a few areas in Mexico year round.",
"Scarlet Tanager winters in South America and migrates to central and eastern U.S. and parts of Canada during breeding season."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"Activity 1: Northern Cardinal doesn\u2019t migrate that much throughout the year-stays primarily in the U.S. and a few areas in Mexico year round.",
"Scarlet Tanager winters in South America and migrates to central and eastern U.S. and parts of Canada during breeding season."
],
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},
{
"species": "Western Tanager",
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"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"Activity 1: Northern Cardinal doesn\u2019t migrate that much throughout the year-stays primarily in the U.S. and a few areas in Mexico year round.",
"Western Tanager winters along the coasts of Central America and Mexico and migrates to western U.S. and Canada during breeding season."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"Activity 1: Northern Cardinal doesn\u2019t migrate that much throughout the year-stays primarily in the U.S. and a few areas in Mexico year round.",
"Western Tanager winters along the coasts of Central America and Mexico and migrates to western U.S. and Canada during breeding season."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Ruby-throated Hummingbird",
"route": null,
"timing": "breeding season",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"Activity 1: Northern Cardinal doesn\u2019t migrate that much throughout the year-stays primarily in the U.S. and a few areas in Mexico year round.",
"Ruby-throated Hummingbird winters in Mexico and Central America and migrates to central and eastern U.S. and parts of Canada during breeding season-very spread out in those areas."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"Activity 1: Northern Cardinal doesn\u2019t migrate that much throughout the year-stays primarily in the U.S. and a few areas in Mexico year round.",
"Ruby-throated Hummingbird winters in Mexico and Central America and migrates to central and eastern U.S. and parts of Canada during breeding season-very spread out in those areas."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Rufous Hummingbird",
"route": null,
"timing": "for spring, then spreads out southward into western U.S. in summer",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"Activity 1: Northern Cardinal doesn\u2019t migrate that much throughout the year-stays primarily in the U.S. and a few areas in Mexico year round.",
"Rufous Hummingbird winters in Mexico and migrates to coastal areas of western U.S. and Canada for spring, then spreads out southward into western U.S. in summer- perhaps following the food/flower supply."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"Activity 1: Northern Cardinal doesn\u2019t migrate that much throughout the year-stays primarily in the U.S. and a few areas in Mexico year round.",
"Rufous Hummingbird winters in Mexico and migrates to coastal areas of western U.S. and Canada for spring, then spreads out southward into western U.S. in summer- perhaps following the food/flower supply."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Yellow-bellied flycatcher",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"Activity 1: Northern Cardinal doesn\u2019t migrate that much throughout the year-stays primarily in the U.S. and a few areas in Mexico year round.",
"Yellow-bellied flycatcher winters in southern Mexico and Central America, and migrates to far northern portions of western, central and eastern Canada as well as New England."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Sandhill Crane",
"route": null,
"timing": "summer",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"Activity 1: Northern Cardinal doesn\u2019t migrate that much throughout the year-stays primarily in the U.S. and a few areas in Mexico year round.",
"Sandhill Crane breaks up into different groups that winter in southern U.S., Mexico, and Florida; they summer in various parts of northern Canada and the U.S.-some birds remain in Florida all year round."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"Activity 1: Northern Cardinal doesn\u2019t migrate that much throughout the year-stays primarily in the U.S. and a few areas in Mexico year round.",
"Sandhill Crane breaks up into different groups that winter in southern U.S., Mexico, and Florida; they summer in various parts of northern Canada and the U.S.-some birds remain in Florida all year round."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/spotted-greenshank-tringa-guttifer",
"title": "Spotted Greenshank Tringa guttifer Species Factsheet | BirdLife DataZone",
"birds": [
{
"species": "Spotted Greenshank",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# Spotted Greenshank",
"### Range description",
"The species otherwise breeds along the Tatar Strait and bays along the Okhotsk coastline (see Maleko *et al*. 2021 for detailed review).**** The species migrates along the Russian coastline, through the Korean Peninsula and (locally) in **Japan**."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://birdsnways.com/migratory-marvels-the-most-incredible-bird-migration-routes",
"title": "Migratory Marvels: The Most Incredible Bird Migration Routes - Birds'n'Ways",
"birds": [
{
"species": "Arctic Tern",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# Migratory Marvels: The Most Incredible Bird Migration Routes",
"In this post, we\u2019ll take you on a virtual journey to explore the seven most incredible bird migration routes in the world.",
"## 1. **Arctic Tern: The Ultimate World Traveler**"
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Bar-tailed Godwit",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# Migratory Marvels: The Most Incredible Bird Migration Routes",
"In this post, we\u2019ll take you on a virtual journey to explore the seven most incredible bird migration routes in the world.",
"## 2. **Bar-tailed Godwit: Nonstop Flight Champion**"
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Pacific Golden Plover",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# Migratory Marvels: The Most Incredible Bird Migration Routes",
"In this post, we\u2019ll take you on a virtual journey to explore the seven most incredible bird migration routes in the world.",
"## 4. **Pacific Golden Plover: Navigating the Pacific**"
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Swainson\u2019s Hawk",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# Migratory Marvels: The Most Incredible Bird Migration Routes",
"In this post, we\u2019ll take you on a virtual journey to explore the seven most incredible bird migration routes in the world.",
"## 5. **Swainson\u2019s Hawk: The Great American Journey**"
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Sooty Shearwater",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# Migratory Marvels: The Most Incredible Bird Migration Routes",
"In this post, we\u2019ll take you on a virtual journey to explore the seven most incredible bird migration routes in the world.",
"## 6. **Sooty Shearwater: Circumnavigator of the Pacific**"
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Ruby-throated Hummingbird",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# Migratory Marvels: The Most Incredible Bird Migration Routes",
"In this post, we\u2019ll take you on a virtual journey to explore the seven most incredible bird migration routes in the world.",
"## 7. **Ruby-throated Hummingbird: The Tiny Powerhouse**"
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/lesser-white-fronted-goose-anser-erythropus",
"title": "Lesser White-fronted Goose Anser erythropus Species Factsheet | BirdLife DataZone",
"birds": [
{
"species": "Lesser White-fronted Goose",
"route": null,
"timing": "The species departs from its breeding grounds in northern Scandinavia and Arctic Russia in late August to early September. The return passage to the breeding grounds begins in February, with the species arriving from early May to late June",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# Lesser White-fronted Goose",
"Anser erythropus",
"###### Anatidae (Ducks, Geese, Swans)"
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"# Lesser White-fronted Goose",
"### Habitat and ecology",
"The species departs from its breeding grounds in northern Scandinavia and Arctic Russia in late August to early September.",
"The return passage to the breeding grounds begins in February, with the species arriving from early May**** to late June (Madsen 1996, Snow and Perrins 1998)."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-048x.2011.05473.x",
"title": "Contrasting extreme long\u2010distance migration patterns in bar\u2010tailed godwits __Limosa lapponica__",
"birds": [
{
"species": "bar-tailed godwit",
"route": null,
"timing": "Twelve baueri godwits departed New Zealand from 15 March -2 April and migrated along a ca 550-to 1000-kmwide corridor, passing between the eastern islands of Papua Most birds staged in eastern Asia for 41.2 d (Table 3); one staged for 62 d and departed Asia unusually late (8 June, 15 d later than all others; this is not included in Table 3).",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"Bar-tailed godwits Limosa lapponica represent an extreme among shorebird migrants.",
"Here we describe the timing, routes, fl ight lengths, and fl ight durations of the entire migratory paths of the two subspecies of bar-tailed godwits inhabiting the Pacifi c Basin."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"Twelve baueri godwits departed New Zealand from 15 March -2 April and migrated along a ca 550-to 1000-kmwide corridor, passing between the eastern islands of Papua Most birds staged in eastern Asia for 41.2 d (Table 3); one staged for 62 d and departed Asia unusually late (8 June, 15 d later than all others; this is not included in Table 3).",
"Here we describe the timing, routes, fl ight lengths, and fl ight durations of the entire migratory paths of the two subspecies of bar-tailed godwits inhabiting the Pacifi c Basin."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://audubon.org/news/these-masters-sky-can-fly-hours-or-days-while-barely-flapping",
"title": "These Masters of the Sky Can Fly for Hours (or Days) While Barely Flapping",
"birds": [
{
"species": "American White Pelicans",
"route": null,
"timing": "spring and autumn",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"These Masters of the Sky Can Fly for Hours (or Days) While Barely Flapping",
"### American White Pelicans",
"American White Pelicans have a trick under their wing that sets them apart from other birds on this list**:** miniature tornados."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"These Masters of the Sky Can Fly for Hours (or Days) While Barely Flapping",
"### American White Pelicans",
"While they rely on updrafts and thermals**** during their spring migration from their wintering sites in Alabama, Louisiana, and Mississippi to their breeding sites in the Northern Great Plains, they tend to be carried by a tailwind during the autumn, when air currents are weaker."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "White Storks",
"route": null,
"timing": "winter",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"These Masters of the Sky Can Fly for Hours (or Days) While Barely Flapping",
"### White Storks",
"White Storks spend more time flapping than the other birds on this list: It takes up about 17 percent of their flight time, which is still significantly less than most bird species."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"These Masters of the Sky Can Fly for Hours (or Days) While Barely Flapping",
"### White Storks",
"The leaders, on the other hand, were able to fly more than 2,485 miles (4,000 kilometers), wintering in northern Africa instead."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/science/millions-of-birds-follow-a-9000-kilometre-invisible-highway-every-year-crossing-mountains-deserts-and-oceans-without-a-map/articleshow/132728130.cms",
"title": "Millions of birds follow a 9,000-kilometre invisible highway every year, crossing mountains, deserts and oceans without a map",
"birds": [
{
"species": "bar-headed goose",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# Millions of birds follow a 9,000-kilometre invisible highway every year, crossing mountains, deserts and oceans without a map",
"## Home to some of the world's highest bird migrations",
"One of the flyway's most remarkable features is that it includes the migration route of the bar-headed goose, a bird famous for flying over the Himalayas, where it has been recorded at altitudes exceeding 7,000 metres."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://audubon.org/magazine/how-birds-brave-extremes-all-day-every-day",
"title": "How Birds Brave the Extremes, All Day, Every Day",
"birds": [
{
"species": "Bar-Headed Goose",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"How do these Bar-Headed Geese fly over the Himalayas?",
"# How Birds Brave the Extremes, All Day, Every Day",
"A new book reveals the strange and wondrous adaptations birds rely on to get by."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Arctic Tern",
"route": null,
"timing": "eight months of the year",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"How do Arctic Terns fly all that way, spending eight months of the year migrating back and forth?",
"# How Birds Brave the Extremes, All Day, Every Day",
"A new book reveals the strange and wondrous adaptations birds rely on to get by."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"How do Arctic Terns fly all that way, spending eight months of the year migrating back and forth?",
"# How Birds Brave the Extremes, All Day, Every Day",
"A new book reveals the strange and wondrous adaptations birds rely on to get by."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://iosea-turtles.cms.int/sites/default/files/document/1_2_falco_vespertinus_e.pdf",
"title": "I_2_Falco_vespertinus_RedFooted_Falcon_E",
"birds": [
{
"species": "Red-footed Falcon",
"route": null,
"timing": "Pre-nuptial (spring) migration takes place between March and June, reaching Europe mainly in April/May up until the first half of June. Post-nuptial (autumn) migration takes place between August and late October.",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"PROPOSAL FOR INCLUSION OF SPECIES ON THE APPENDICES OF THE \nCONVENTION ON THE CONSERVATION OF MIGRATORY SPECIES OF \nWILD ANIMALS",
"1.5 \nCommon name(s) : \nRed-footed Falcon, Faucon kobez, Cern\u00edcalo Patirrojo, Falco \ncuculo, Rotfu\u00dffalke, K\u00e9k v\u00e9rcse",
"Red-footed Falcons are obligate trans-equatorial migrants, all individuals leave breeding \ngrounds for Southern Africa."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"2.4 \nMigrations",
"Pre-nuptial \n(spring) migration takes place between March and June, reaching Europe mainly in April/May \nup until the first half of June.",
"Post-nuptial (autumn) migration takes place between August \nand late October."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://juneauempire.com/2018/12/28/long-distance-migrations-how-birds-fly-thousands-of-miles",
"title": "Long-distance migrations: How birds fly thousands of miles - Juneau Empire",
"birds": [
{
"species": "Arctic tern",
"route": null,
"timing": "every year",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"## Long-distance migrations: How birds fly thousands of miles",
"The Arctic terns that nest near the Mendenhall Glacier (and around the whole Arctic) are champion long-distance migrants \u2014 they are said to have the longest regular migration of any bird species."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"## Long-distance migrations: How birds fly thousands of miles",
"They do this gigantic circuit every year."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Short-tailed shearwater",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"## Long-distance migrations: How birds fly thousands of miles",
"Short-tailed shearwaters do quite well, too, flying up to the Bering and Chukchi seas (to feed during our summers) from their nesting areas around southern Australia."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Bar-tailed godwit",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"## Long-distance migrations: How birds fly thousands of miles",
"Bar-tailed godwits are even more remarkable!"
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://birdfact.com/bird-behavior/migration/migratory-routes-and-patterns",
"title": "migratory routes and patterns",
"birds": null
},
{
"url": "https://audubon.org/news/a-tale-two-migration-routes-how-prothonotary-warblers-make-their-way-home",
"title": "A Tale of Two Migration Routes: How Prothonotary Warblers Make Their Way Home",
"birds": [
{
"species": "Prothonotary Warbler",
"route": null,
"timing": "spring and fall",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# A Tale of Two Migration Routes: How Prothonotary Warblers Make Their Way Home",
"When Chris Tonra and his team deployed [light-level geolocators](https://www.audubon.org/news/how-scientists-learned-about-blackpoll-warblers-epic-migration) to track Prothonotary Warblers in 2016, little was known about how these birds travel to their wintering grounds in South America."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"# A Tale of Two Migration Routes: How Prothonotary Warblers Make Their Way Home",
"One of the surprises was that Prothonotary Warblers, especially those from the western side of the breeding range, are crossing over the Gulf of Mexico to the Yucatan in not just the spring, but also the fall."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/abs/10.1098/rsos.171555",
"title": "Raptor migration in an oceanic flyway: wind and geography shape the migratory route of grey-faced buzzards in East Asia",
"birds": [
{
"species": "grey-faced buzzards",
"route": null,
"timing": "autumn (October) 2009",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"Abstract",
"We used satellite telemetry data for grey-faced buzzards *Butastur indicus*, a species that dominates the southern part of the flyway, to investigate the geographical and atmospheric factors responsible for the suitability of this flyway for raptor migration."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"2.1. Satellite-tracking",
"Data were obtained from tracking data collected in autumn (October) 2009 for grey-faced buzzards breeding in Kyushu Island of Japan (figure 1)."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Chinese sparrowhawk",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"1. Introduction",
"This largely overwater flyway stretches from northeastern Siberia to Southeast Asia and is dominated by the Chinese sparrowhawk *Accipiter soloensis* and the grey-faced buzzard *Butastur indicus* [1,8,9]."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://wwt.org.uk/wetland-centres/slimbridge/news/bewick-s-blog-winter-2025-26",
"title": "Bewick's Blog: Winter 2025/26",
"birds": [
{
"species": "Bewick's swan",
"route": null,
"timing": "summer",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"## Our beautiful Bewick's have now departed to spend their summer in Arctic Russia. Discover their stories below...",
"## *Swan stats for the 25/26 season:*"
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"## Our beautiful Bewick's have now departed to spend their summer in Arctic Russia. Discover their stories below...",
"## *Swan stats for the 25/26 season:*"
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/whimbrel-numenius-phaeopus",
"title": "Whimbrel Numenius phaeopus Species Factsheet | BirdLife DataZone",
"birds": [
{
"species": "Whimbrel",
"route": null,
"timing": "breeds from May to August",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# Whimbrel",
"The species has a Holarctic breeding range with two disjunct populations."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"# Whimbrel",
"It breeds from May to August (Hayman *et al.* 1986) either in well-dispersed (Johnsgard 1981) solitary pairs (del Hoyo *et al.* 1996) or in loose groups depending on the topography of the land (Snow and Perrins 1998)."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://nature.com/articles/s41467-021-25022-7?error=server_error",
"title": "Advancement in long-distance bird migration through individual plasticity in departure",
"birds": [
{
"species": "bar-tailed godwits",
"route": null,
"timing": "March",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"Abstract",
"Using direct observations of bar-tailed godwits (*Limosa lapponica*) departing New Zealand on a 16,000-km journey to Alaska, we show that migration advanced by six days during 2008\u20132020, and that within-individual advancement was sufficient to explain this population-level change."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"Results",
"Over this period, mean northward departure advanced at \u20130.484 d/yr \u00b1 SE 0.035 (*R*2 = 0.073, *F*1,2421 = 192.7, *p* < 0.0001), from ca. 21 to 15 March (Fig. [2a](/articles/s41467-021-25022-7#Fig2))."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://audubon.org/news/tracking-birds-migration-paths-online",
"title": "Tracking Birds\u2019 Migration Paths, Online",
"birds": [
{
"species": "cuckoos",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# Tracking Birds\u2019 Migration Paths, Online",
"**Cuckoos:**[The British Trust for Ornithology's website](http://www.bto.org/science/migration/tracking-studies/cuckoo-tracking) explains why they track the cuckoos, including David."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "hummingbirds",
"route": null,
"timing": "spring",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# Tracking Birds\u2019 Migration Paths, Online",
"**Hummingbirds:** Not all tracking is high-tech."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"# Tracking Birds\u2019 Migration Paths, Online",
"[Birder-submitted sightings on birdfeeders.com](http://www.birdfeeders.com/advice/bird-watching/hummingbird-migration?species=Ruby-Throated&startmonth=May,%202015) show how hummingbirds make their way north up the East Coast in the spring."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Whooping Cranes",
"route": null,
"timing": "every year",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# Tracking Birds\u2019 Migration Paths, Online",
"**Whooping Cranes****:** These endangered birds make their way south every year through the midwest to the Gulf coast."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"# Tracking Birds\u2019 Migration Paths, Online",
"**Whooping Cranes****:** These endangered birds make their way south every year through the midwest to the Gulf coast."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://nzgeo.com/audio/the-mystery-of-how-godwits-sleep-in-flight",
"title": "The mystery of how godwits sleep in flight | New Zealand Geographic",
"birds": [
{
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"## The mystery of how godwits sleep in flight",
"### The long-distance godwit migration",
"Eastern bar-tailed [godwits](https://nzbirdsonline.org.nz/species/bar-tailed-godwit) or kuaka spend up to six months every year in Australasia."
],
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"## The mystery of how godwits sleep in flight",
"### The long-distance godwit migration",
"After spending the summer feeding on rich intertidal mudflats in the southern hemisphere, the godwits fly north in March.",
"In October they return south, and it is these journeys that have catapulted the godwits into the record books."
],
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},
{
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"## The mystery of how godwits sleep in flight",
"Godwits hold the record for non-stop long-distance flight \u2013 and scientists are wondering when they find time to sleep on the wing.",
"### Long-haul champions",
"Godwits make the longest non-stop migration of any bird."
],
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"## The mystery of how godwits sleep in flight",
"After spending the summer feeding on rich intertidal mudflats in the southern hemisphere, the godwits fly north in March.",
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],
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}
]
},
{
"url": "https://curlewcall.org/bird-migration-map-2025-track-live-routes-flyways-usa",
"title": "Bird Migration Map 2025: Track Live Routes & Flyways USA - CurlewCall.org",
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"GPS Telemetry and Satellite Tracking",
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],
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}
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{
"url": "https://audubon.org/news/the-bar-tailed-godwits-annual-migration-utterly-astounding",
"title": "The Bar-tailed Godwit\u2019s Annual Migration Is Utterly Astounding",
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{
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"Right now, a Bar-tailed Godwit is out over the Pacific Ocean making an eight-day, non-stop flight from Alaska to New Zealand."
],
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"# The Bar-tailed Godwit\u2019s Annual Migration Is Utterly Astounding",
"The birds fly nonstop from Alaska to New Zealand every fall.",
"she left New Zealand in the spring."
],
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},
{
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"All of the Bar-tailed Godwits of Alaska, they stop at the Yellow Sea."
],
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"# The Bar-tailed Godwit\u2019s Annual Migration Is Utterly Astounding",
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"China and Korea in our spring."
],
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}
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},
{
"url": "https://animalsaroundtheglobe.com/13-birds-that-migrate-thousands-of-miles-without-rest-4-333153",
"title": "13 Birds That Migrate Thousands of Miles Without Rest",
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{
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],
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},
{
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],
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],
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},
{
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"The Great Frigatebird (Fregata minor) showcases one of the most impressive continuous flight abilities in the avian world."
],
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},
{
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],
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],
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},
{
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],
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},
{
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],
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},
{
"species": "Ruby-throated Hummingbird",
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"The Ruby-throated Hummingbird (Archilochus colubris) performs one of the most improbable migrations in the avian world."
],
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},
{
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"The Barn Swallow (Hirundo rustica) undertakes one of the most extensive migrations of any songbird, traveling between Northern Hemisphere breeding grounds and wintering areas in South America, Africa, and South Asia."
],
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},
{
"species": "Northern Wheatear",
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"The Northern Wheatear (Oenanthe oenanthe) accomplishes one of the most impressive migrations relative to body size of any bird."
],
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},
{
"species": "Pectoral Sandpiper",
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"The Pectoral Sandpiper (Calidris melanotos) performs one of the most extensive north-south migrations of any shorebird."
],
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},
{
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"The Great Knot (Calidris tenuirostris) completes one of the most challenging migrations along the East Asian-Australasian Flyway."
],
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},
{
"species": "Lesser Yellowlegs",
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"distinction": null,
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"This article explores 13 remarkable avian species that have mastered the art of long-distance, non-stop migration, showcasing the extreme limits of avian endurance and the evolutionary adaptations that make such journeys possible.",
"The Lesser Yellowlegs (Tringa flavipes) undertakes an impressive migration between breeding grounds in the boreal forests of Canada and Alaska and wintering areas as far south as Argentina and Chile."
],
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},
{
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"The Red Knot (Calidris canutus) completes one of the longest migrations of any shorebird, with some subspecies traveling from the High Arctic to the southern tip of South America\u2014a distance of roughly 9,300 miles (15,000 kilometers) each way."
],
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}
]
},
{
"url": "https://sciencenews.org/article/avian-airlines-alaska-new-zealand-nonstop",
"title": "Avian airlines: Alaska to New Zealand nonstop",
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{
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"distinction": null,
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"In an avian flight of epic proportions, a female bar-tailed godwit lifted off from her Alaskan breeding ground and flew south 11,680 kilometers, nonstop, until she reached her winter home in New Zealand."
],
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"timing_evidence": null,
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},
{
"species": "Far-Eastern curlew",
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"timing": "three to five days",
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"distinction": null,
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"But even these godwits shattered the longest nonstop flight record (as far as humans know), previously held by a Far-Eastern curlew that flew 6,500 kilometers over three to five days from Australia to China.",
"In an avian flight of epic proportions, a female bar-tailed godwit lifted off from her Alaskan breeding ground and flew south 11,680 kilometers, nonstop, until she reached her winter home in New Zealand."
],
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"But even these godwits shattered the longest nonstop flight record (as far as humans know), previously held by a Far-Eastern curlew that flew 6,500 kilometers over three to five days from Australia to China.",
"In an avian flight of epic proportions, a female bar-tailed godwit lifted off from her Alaskan breeding ground and flew south 11,680 kilometers, nonstop, until she reached her winter home in New Zealand."
],
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"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://aussieanimals.com/wildlife/behaviour/migratory-shorebirds-bird-flu-australia",
"title": "Migratory Shorebirds and Bird Flu in Australia - The Introduction Risk Explained",
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{
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"The extraordinary journeys these birds make",
"The [bar-tailed godwit (*Limosa lapponica baueri*)](https://aussieanimals.com/profiles/bar-tailed-godwit-limosa-lapponica/) makes the longest non-stop migratory flight of any known animal: from Alaska to New Zealand and eastern Australia without touching land, crossing approximately 11,000 to 12,000 kilometres of open Pacific Ocean."
],
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}
]
},
{
"url": "https://newsbreak.com/animals-around-the-globe-312249899/4712766721789-13-mysterious-bird-migrations-scientists-still-can-not-explain",
"title": "13 Mysterious Bird Migrations Scientists Still Can Not Explain - NewsBreak",
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{
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"Animals\n\n# 13 Mysterious Bird Migrations Scientists Still Can Not Explain",
"## The Trans-Pacific Marathon of the Bar-tailed Godwit",
"The Bar-tailed Godwit (Limosa lapponica) performs what might be the most physically demanding migration of any bird species."
],
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},
{
"species": "Arctic Tern",
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"species_evidence": [
"Animals\n\n# 13 Mysterious Bird Migrations Scientists Still Can Not Explain",
"## The Vanishing Arctic Terns",
"Arctic Terns (Sterna paradisaea) are celebrated for having the longest migration of any animal, traveling from pole to pole annually and covering approximately 44,000 miles (70,800 kilometers) each year."
],
"route_evidence": null,
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"Animals\n\n# 13 Mysterious Bird Migrations Scientists Still Can Not Explain",
"## The Vanishing Arctic Terns",
"Arctic Terns (Sterna paradisaea) are celebrated for having the longest migration of any animal, traveling from pole to pole annually and covering approximately 44,000 miles (70,800 kilometers) each year."
],
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},
{
"species": "European Bee-eater",
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"Animals\n\n# 13 Mysterious Bird Migrations Scientists Still Can Not Explain",
"## The Baffling Detours of European Bee-eaters",
"European Bee-eaters (Merops apiaster) typically migrate between Europe and sub-Saharan Africa along well-established routes."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
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},
{
"species": "Kirtland\u2019s Warbler",
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"species_evidence": [
"Animals\n\n# 13 Mysterious Bird Migrations Scientists Still Can Not Explain",
"## The Kirtland\u2019s Warbler\u2019s Oceanic Mystery",
"The endangered Kirtland\u2019s Warbler (Setophaga kirtlandii) breeds exclusively in young jack pine forests in Michigan and winters in the Bahamas."
],
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},
{
"species": "Amur Falcon",
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"Animals\n\n# 13 Mysterious Bird Migrations Scientists Still Can Not Explain",
"The Amur Falcon (Falco amurensis) embarks on one of the most remarkable migrations in the bird world, traveling from breeding grounds in Siberia and northern China to wintering areas in southern Africa\u2014a round trip of approximately 14,000 miles (22,500 kilometers)."
],
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"timing_evidence": null,
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"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "White-throated Needletail",
"route": null,
"timing": "twice yearly",
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"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"Animals\n\n# 13 Mysterious Bird Migrations Scientists Still Can Not Explain",
"## The White-throated Needletail\u2019s Disappearing Act",
"The White-throated Needletail (Hirundapus caudacutus), one of the world\u2019s fastest birds in level flight, breeds in Siberia and winters in Australia, covering over 6,000 miles (9,700 kilometers) twice yearly."
],
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"Animals\n\n# 13 Mysterious Bird Migrations Scientists Still Can Not Explain",
"## The White-throated Needletail\u2019s Disappearing Act",
"The White-throated Needletail (Hirundapus caudacutus), one of the world\u2019s fastest birds in level flight, breeds in Siberia and winters in Australia, covering over 6,000 miles (9,700 kilometers) twice yearly."
],
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},
{
"species": "Eurasian Woodcock",
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"Animals\n\n# 13 Mysterious Bird Migrations Scientists Still Can Not Explain",
"## The Inexplicable Detours of Eurasian Woodcock",
"The Eurasian Woodcock (Scolopax rusticola) typically follows straightforward migration routes between northern Europe and the Mediterranean region."
],
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},
{
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"Animals\n\n# 13 Mysterious Bird Migrations Scientists Still Can Not Explain",
"## The Red Knot\u2019s Sixth Sense",
"The Red Knot (Calidris canutus) undertakes one of the longest migrations of any shorebird, traveling from the Arctic to the southern tips of South America, Africa, and Australia\u2014distances exceeding 9,000 miles (14,500 kilometers)."
],
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},
{
"species": "Great Reed Warbler",
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"species_evidence": [
"Animals\n\n# 13 Mysterious Bird Migrations Scientists Still Can Not Explain",
"## The Great Reed Warbler\u2019s Midair Pauses",
"The Great Reed Warbler (Acrocephalus arundinaceus) migrates between Europe and sub-Saharan Africa, covering approximately 5,000 miles (8,000 kilometers) each way."
],
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},
{
"species": "Fork-tailed Swift",
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"species_evidence": [
"Animals\n\n# 13 Mysterious Bird Migrations Scientists Still Can Not Explain",
"## The Fork-tailed Swift\u2019s Aerial Enigma",
"The Fork-tailed Swift (Apus pacificus) is remarkable for potentially spending up to 10 months of the year continuously airborne, without ever landing."
],
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},
{
"species": "Eastern Curlew",
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"species_evidence": [
"Animals\n\n# 13 Mysterious Bird Migrations Scientists Still Can Not Explain",
"## The Eastern Curlew\u2019s Lunar Connection",
"The Eastern Curlew (Numenius madagascariensis), the largest migratory shorebird, travels between breeding grounds in Russia and wintering sites in Australia, a journey of approximately 7,000 miles (11,300 kilometers)."
],
"route_evidence": null,
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},
{
"species": "Eleonora\u2019s Falcon",
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"species_evidence": [
"Animals\n\n# 13 Mysterious Bird Migrations Scientists Still Can Not Explain",
"## The Eleonora\u2019s Falcon\u2019s Transoceanic Puzzle",
"Eleonora\u2019s Falcons (Falco eleonorae) undertake a remarkable migration between the Mediterranean region and Madagascar, traveling approximately 5,600 miles (9,000 kilometers) each way."
],
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}
]
},
{
"url": "http://frogfind.com/read.php?a=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bird_migration",
"title": "Bird migration - Wikipedia",
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{
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],
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"The Arctic tern holds the long-distance migration record for birds, travelling between Arctic breeding grounds and the Antarctic each year."
],
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},
{
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"while others such as Manx shearwaters migrate 14,000 km (8,700 mi) between their northern breeding grounds and the southern ocean."
],
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},
{
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"Bar-headed geeseAnser indicus have been recorded by GPS flying at up to 6,540 metres (21,460 ft) while crossing the Himalayas, at the same time engaging in the highest rates of climb to altitude for any bird."
],
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},
{
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"Some bar-tailed godwitsLimosa lapponica have the longest known non-stop flight of any migrant, flying 11,000 km from Alaska to their New Zealand non-breeding areas."
],
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},
{
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],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Sooty shearwater",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"Examples of long-distance bird migration routes",
"sooty shearwatersPuffinus griseus nesting on the Falkland Islands migrate 14,000 km (8,700 mi) between the breeding colony and the North Atlantic Ocean off Norway."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://audubon.org/news/cholao-and-what-satellite-tracking-reveals-about-its-incredible-migratory-route-across",
"title": "Cholao and what satellite tracking reveals about its incredible migratory route across the Americas",
"birds": [
{
"species": "Lesser Yellowlegs",
"route": null,
"timing": "spring migration, in the months of April and May",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# Cholao and what satellite tracking reveals about its incredible migratory route across the Americas",
"Cholao, a small Lesser Yellowlegs (*Tringa flavipes*) is becoming a well-known character among Audubon's social media followers."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"# Cholao and what satellite tracking reveals about its incredible migratory route across the Americas",
"We have seen that, in general, during the spring migration, in the months of April and May, birds seem to be in a race to reach their nesting grounds in the boreal region of North America."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://birdlife.org/news/2024/10/28/press-release-new-report-reveals-plummeting-migratory-shorebird-populations-globally",
"title": "Press Release: New report reveals plummeting migratory shorebird populations globally - BirdLife International",
"birds": [
{
"species": "Curlew Sandpiper",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# Press Release: New report reveals plummeting migratory shorebird populations globally",
"**Curlew Sandpiper** *(Calidris ferruginea),***** which breeds in northern Siberia and winters widely from West Africa to New Zealand, has also declined by more than 30%, likely due to a range of threats including habitat loss and degradation, disturbance, hunting and climate change."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://journals.plos.org/plosbiology/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pbio.1000362&type=printable",
"title": "pbio.1000362 1..6",
"birds": [
{
"species": "Alaskan bar-tailed godwit",
"route": null,
"timing": "autumn migration",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"Extreme Endurance Migration: What Is the Limit\nto Non-Stop Flight?",
"In the\npast year, Gill et al. [6] have provided direct evidence that a\nshorebird, the Alaskan bar-tailed godwit (Limosa lapponica baueri)\n(Figure 1), makes its eight-day, 11,000-km autumn migration from\nAlaska to New Zealand in one step, with no stopovers to rest or\nrefuel."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"Extreme Endurance Migration: What Is the Limit\nto Non-Stop Flight?",
"In the\npast year, Gill et al. [6] have provided direct evidence that a\nshorebird, the Alaskan bar-tailed godwit (Limosa lapponica baueri)\n(Figure 1), makes its eight-day, 11,000-km autumn migration from\nAlaska to New Zealand in one step, with no stopovers to rest or\nrefuel."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "American golden plover",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"Extreme Endurance Migration: What Is the Limit\nto Non-Stop Flight?",
"Non-stop flights are common among migratory shorebirds (also\nknown as waders) and often involve trans-oceanic crossings, with\nexamples being American golden plovers (Pluvialis dominica) flying\n4,000 km between Nova Scotia and South America [7], ruddy\nturnstones (Arenaria interpres) flying 4,000 km between the Pribilof\nIslands and Hawaii [8], and red knots (Calidris canutus) flying\n4,800 km between the Wadden Sea and their breeding area on\nTaymyr [9]."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "ruddy turnstone",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"Extreme Endurance Migration: What Is the Limit\nto Non-Stop Flight?",
"Non-stop flights are common among migratory shorebirds (also\nknown as waders) and often involve trans-oceanic crossings, with\nexamples being American golden plovers (Pluvialis dominica) flying\n4,000 km between Nova Scotia and South America [7], ruddy\nturnstones (Arenaria interpres) flying 4,000 km between the Pribilof\nIslands and Hawaii [8], and red knots (Calidris canutus) flying\n4,800 km between the Wadden Sea and their breeding area on\nTaymyr [9]."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "red knot",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"Extreme Endurance Migration: What Is the Limit\nto Non-Stop Flight?",
"Non-stop flights are common among migratory shorebirds (also\nknown as waders) and often involve trans-oceanic crossings, with\nexamples being American golden plovers (Pluvialis dominica) flying\n4,000 km between Nova Scotia and South America [7], ruddy\nturnstones (Arenaria interpres) flying 4,000 km between the Pribilof\nIslands and Hawaii [8], and red knots (Calidris canutus) flying\n4,800 km between the Wadden Sea and their breeding area on\nTaymyr [9]."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "sharp-tailed sandpiper",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"Extreme Endurance Migration: What Is the Limit\nto Non-Stop Flight?",
"This technique enabled Gill et al. [6] to make\ntheir recent observations, and there is more recent circumstantial\nevidence that sharp-tailed sandpipers (Calidris acuminata) make a\nsimilar non-stop flight [11] (Figure 2)."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "greater knot",
"route": null,
"timing": "spring migration",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"Extreme Endurance Migration: What Is the Limit\nto Non-Stop Flight?",
"However, a similarly\nlow estimate has been made for greater knots (Calidris tenuirostris)\nduring their 5,600-km spring migration (0.52% m h21), and for\nruddy turnstones during their autumn migration to Hawaii\n(0.48% m h21, Table 1)."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"Extreme Endurance Migration: What Is the Limit\nto Non-Stop Flight?",
"However, a similarly\nlow estimate has been made for greater knots (Calidris tenuirostris)\nduring their 5,600-km spring migration (0.52% m h21), and for\nruddy turnstones during their autumn migration to Hawaii\n(0.48% m h21, Table 1)."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "blackpoll warbler",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"Extreme Endurance Migration: What Is the Limit\nto Non-Stop Flight?",
"Species\nm0 (kg)\nDistance\n(km)\nX\n(% m h21)\nSource",
"Blackpoll warbler Dendroica\nstriata\n0.011\n1300\n0.56\n[36]"
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Thrush nightingale",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"Extreme Endurance Migration: What Is the Limit\nto Non-Stop Flight?",
"Species\nm0 (kg)\nDistance\n(km)\nX\n(% m h21)\nSource",
"Thrush nightingalea Luscinia\nluscinia\n0.025\n-\n1.0\n[37]"
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Ruby-throated hummingbird",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"Extreme Endurance Migration: What Is the Limit\nto Non-Stop Flight?",
"Species\nm0 (kg)\nDistance\n(km)\nX\n(% m h21)\nSource",
"Ruby-throated hummingbird\nArchilochus colubris\n0.0044\n1 100\n2\n[3]"
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "pectoral sandpiper",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"Extreme Endurance Migration: What Is the Limit\nto Non-Stop Flight?",
"There are potentially\nlonger migrations than that of the Alaskan bar-tailed godwit, such\nas that of the pectoral sandpiper (Calidris melanotos) breeding in\n\nCentral Siberia and wintering in South America (a distance of\n16,000 km), but this migration is broken up into at least two\nflights."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Arctic tern",
"route": null,
"timing": "northbound spring migration",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"Extreme Endurance Migration: What Is the Limit\nto Non-Stop Flight?",
"Arctic terns (Sterna paradisaea) also perform an impressive\n24,000-km northbound spring migration from Antarctica to\nGreenland during 40 days [35], but these sea birds have the\nopportunity to feed at sea as they go."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"Extreme Endurance Migration: What Is the Limit\nto Non-Stop Flight?",
"Arctic terns (Sterna paradisaea) also perform an impressive\n24,000-km northbound spring migration from Antarctica to\nGreenland during 40 days [35], but these sea birds have the\nopportunity to feed at sea as they go."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://academy.allaboutbirds.org/discussion/topic/activities-local-bird-exploration/page/11",
"title": "Activities: Local Bird Exploration | Bird Academy \u2022 The Cornell Lab",
"birds": [
{
"species": "Barn Swallow",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"With the help of Merlin App and the The Audubon Society Field Guide, if identified many Barn Swallows living at the pier.",
"- Today I took a different birdwatching walk and headed to the pier at Quincy Bay, coastal MA south of Boston."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://audubon.org/great-lakes/projects/tracking-migratory-birds-great-lakes",
"title": "Tracking Migratory Birds in the Great Lakes",
"birds": [
{
"species": "Ruby-throated Hummingbird",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"Many birds beloved in the Great Lakes region, such as the Ruby-throated Hummingbird, actually spend just a fraction of their lives here in the upper Midwest!",
"Understand the places that migratory birds rely on in the Great Lakes region during their epic journeys across the hemisphere."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Kirtland\u2019s Warbler",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"With this technology, Audubon scientists can follow the path of a Kirtland\u2019s Warbler from the jack pine forests of Michigan all the way to the Bahamas, noting the critical spots along the way where it finds food and refuge.",
"Understand the places that migratory birds rely on in the Great Lakes region during their epic journeys across the hemisphere."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://scienceinsights.org/how-long-does-bird-migration-take-days-to-months",
"title": "How Long Does Bird Migration Take? Days to Months - ScienceInsights",
"birds": [
{
"species": "Arctic tern",
"route": null,
"timing": "northbound spring trip takes about 40 days",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# How Long Does Bird Migration Take? Days to Months",
"To give you a practical sense of how long different birds take, here are some representative examples based on tracked migrations:",
"- **Arctic tern:** Holds the record for longest total migration distance at roughly 25,000 miles one way. The northbound spring trip takes about 40 days, with feeding stops along the route."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"# How Long Does Bird Migration Take? Days to Months",
"To give you a practical sense of how long different birds take, here are some representative examples based on tracked migrations:",
"- **Arctic tern:** Holds the record for longest total migration distance at roughly 25,000 miles one way. The northbound spring trip takes about 40 days, with feeding stops along the route."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "bar-tailed godwit",
"route": null,
"timing": "autumn migration",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# How Long Does Bird Migration Take? Days to Months",
"The most extreme example belongs to the bar-tailed godwit.",
"A juvenile godwit known as B6 flew nonstop from Alaska to Tasmania, covering 8,425 miles in 11 days without once landing to rest or eat."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"# How Long Does Bird Migration Take? Days to Months",
"The most extreme example belongs to the bar-tailed godwit.",
"Adult godwits routinely fly 7,000 or more miles in a single unbroken push of eight to nine days during autumn migration."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://nature.com/articles/s43247-025-03049-8?error=server_error",
"title": "Monsoon winds create an expressway for migratory shorebirds on the East Asia-Australasian Flyway",
"birds": [
{
"species": "Bar-tailed godwit",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"Monsoon winds create an expressway for migratory shorebirds on the East Asia-Australasian Flyway",
"wind assistance contributed to an extraordinary migration of Bar-tailed godwits(*Limosa lapponica baueri*)[7](/articles/s43247-025-03049-8#ref-CR7) with 29,000 km across the Pacific Ocean, while thermal uplift and tropical cyclones also play important roles on the migration journey of Demoiselle cranes(*Anthropoides virgo*)[8](/articles/s43247-025-03049-8#ref-CR8), Oriental Honey-buzzards(*Pernis ptilorhynchus*)[9](/articles/s43247-025-03049-8#ref-CR9) and Whimbrels(*Numenius phaeopus hudsonicus*)[10](/articles/s43247-025-03049-8#ref-CR10)."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://allaboutbirds.org/news/bright-lights-and-big-data-radar-ornithology-and-the-rise-of-birdcast",
"title": "Bright Lights and Big Data: Radar Ornithology and the Rise of BirdCast | All About Birds",
"birds": [
{
"species": "Ruby-throated Hummingbird",
"route": null,
"timing": "May",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"Imagine you\u2019re a Ruby-throated Hummingbird.",
"A small group of innovative researchers cracked the secret of bird migration\u2014and then set about applying that knowledge to save birds from the hazards of city lights."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"It\u2019s May, and after a winter spent in the tropics, you\u2019re finally on your way home to the forests of eastern North America.",
"A small group of innovative researchers cracked the secret of bird migration\u2014and then set about applying that knowledge to save birds from the hazards of city lights."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://research.rug.nl/en/publications/crossing-the-ultimate-ecological-barrier-evidence-for-an-11000-km-2",
"title": "Crossing the ultimate ecological barrier: Evidence for an 11000-km-long nonstop flight from Alaska to New Zealand and eastern Australia by Bar-tailed Godwits",
"birds": [
{
"species": "Bar-tailed Godwit",
"route": null,
"timing": "nonbreeding season",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"Populations of the Bar-tailed Godwit (Limosa lapponica; Scolopacidae) embark on some of the longest migrations known among birds."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"The baueri race breeds in western Alaska and spends the nonbreeding season a hemisphere away in New Zealand and eastern Australia; the menzbieri race breeds in Siberia and migrates to western and northern Australia."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Hudsonian Godwit",
"route": null,
"timing": "annual",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"The annual but rare occurrence of Hudsonian Godwits (L. haemastica) in New Zealand and the absence of their records along the Asian mainland also support a direct flight and are best explained by Hudsonian Godwits accompanying Bar-tailed Godwits from known communal staging areas in Alaska."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"The annual but rare occurrence of Hudsonian Godwits (L. haemastica) in New Zealand and the absence of their records along the Asian mainland also support a direct flight and are best explained by Hudsonian Godwits accompanying Bar-tailed Godwits from known communal staging areas in Alaska."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://birdlife.org/news/2024/10/28/press-release-new-report-reveals-plummeting-migratory-shorebird-populations-globally/%20",
"title": "Press Release: New report reveals plummeting migratory shorebird populations globally - BirdLife International",
"birds": [
{
"species": "Curlew Sandpiper",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# Press Release: New report reveals plummeting migratory shorebird populations globally",
"Fisher.**Curlew Sandpiper** *(Calidris ferruginea),*****which breeds in northern Siberia and winters widely from West Africa to New Zealand, has also declined by more than 30%, likely due to a range of threats including habitat loss and degradation, disturbance, hunting and climate change.",
"1. Species with increased extinction risk include:"
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://thayerbirding.com/how-far-can-a-bird-fly-without-stopping",
"title": "How Far Can a Bird Fly Without Stopping? \u2013 Interesting Facts",
"birds": [
{
"species": "bar-tailed godwit",
"route": null,
"timing": "September 16th",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"A male bar-tailed godwit with the scientific name Limosa lapponica is the new record holder for nonstop bird migration.",
"**A bar-tailed godwit has the record as the longest flying bird that traveled 7,500 miles nonstop**."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"It departed from the mudflats of southwest Alaska on September 16th, taking the direct route south to reach the Firth of Thames near Auckland, New Zealand, 11 days later.",
"A male bar-tailed godwit with the scientific name Limosa lapponica is the new record holder for nonstop bird migration."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Artic Tern",
"route": null,
"timing": "each year",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"The bird that can fly the longest in migration is the Artic Tern.",
"What is the Longest Bird Migration?"
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"It is by far the record-breaking and longest known migration, with 55,923 miles (90,000 km) traveled from Greenland to the Weddell Sea each year.",
"What is the Longest Bird Migration?"
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://avianbliss.com/bird-migration-routes-explained",
"title": "Bird Migration Routes Explained: Flyways, Navigation & Conservation",
"birds": [
{
"species": "ruby-throated hummingbird",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# Bird Migration Routes Explained: Flyways, Navigation & Conservation (2026)",
"A **ruby-throated hummingbird** weighing less than a nickel flies 500 miles across the Gulf of Mexico without stopping."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Arctic tern",
"route": null,
"timing": "each year",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# Bird Migration Routes Explained: Flyways, Navigation & Conservation (2026)",
"An **Arctic tern** travels pole to pole and back each year, covering roughly 44,000 miles."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"# Bird Migration Routes Explained: Flyways, Navigation & Conservation (2026)",
"An **Arctic tern** travels pole to pole and back each year, covering roughly 44,000 miles."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Bar-tailed Godwits",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# Bird Migration Routes Explained: Flyways, Navigation & Conservation (2026)",
"Species-Specific Migration Routes",
"While major flyways provide the framework, **individual species chart remarkably different courses**."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Swainson\u2019s Hawks",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# Bird Migration Routes Explained: Flyways, Navigation & Conservation (2026)",
"Species-Specific Migration Routes",
"While major flyways provide the framework, **individual species chart remarkably different courses**."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Ruby-throated Hummingbirds",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# Bird Migration Routes Explained: Flyways, Navigation & Conservation (2026)",
"Species-Specific Migration Routes",
"While major flyways provide the framework, **individual species chart remarkably different courses**."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Gray-cheeked Thrushes",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# Bird Migration Routes Explained: Flyways, Navigation & Conservation (2026)",
"Species-Specific Migration Routes",
"While major flyways provide the framework, **individual species chart remarkably different courses**."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "bar-tailed godwits",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# Bird Migration Routes Explained: Flyways, Navigation & Conservation (2026)",
"Are there birds that migrate without stopping to rest?",
"Yes\u2014**bar-tailed godwits** make **nonstop flights exceeding 11,000 km** over eight to eleven days, relying on stored fat for energy."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://academy.allaboutbirds.org/identifying-fall-warblers-with-eric-ripma-and-bird-academy",
"title": "Identifying Fall Warblers with Eric Ripma and Bird Academy | Bird Academy \u2022 The Cornell Lab",
"birds": [
{
"species": "Blackpoll Warbler",
"route": null,
"timing": "fall",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"Identifying Fall Warblers with Eric Ripma and Bird Academy",
"Now the Blackpoll Warbler is the most similar species, but it has white undertail coverts, pale feet, and usually appears more yellowish than a Bay-breasted Warbler."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"Identifying Fall Warblers with Eric Ripma and Bird Academy",
"And let\u2019s give it up for the Blackpoll Warbler flying from Canada straight down to South America in one flight."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://indiwildlife.blogspot.com/2026/04/world-record-flight-young-bar-tailed.html",
"title": "World Record Flight! Young Bar-Tailed Godwit Flies 13,560 km Non-Stop Across the Pacific",
"birds": [
{
"species": "Bar-tailed godwit",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"In one of the most astonishing wildlife migrations ever recorded, a juvenile **Bar-tailed godwit** stunned scientists by completing the **longest non-stop flight in bird history** \u2014 traveling an incredible **8,425 miles (13,560 km)** from Alaska to Tasmania without landing once.",
"The bar-tailed godwit is already famous among ornithologists for extreme migrations between Arctic breeding grounds and Southern Hemisphere wintering areas."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://avianbliss.com/seasonal-bird-flight-paths",
"title": "Seasonal Bird Flight Paths: Routes, Tracking & Conservation",
"birds": [
{
"species": "Arctic Tern",
"route": null,
"timing": "polar summers",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"A single Arctic Tern burns through **44,000 miles annually**, threading invisible corridors between polar summers\u2014proof that seasonal bird flight paths aren\u2019t abstract lines on maps but **living infrastructure** demanding your vigilance.",
"## Conclusion"
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"A single Arctic Tern burns through **44,000 miles annually**, threading invisible corridors between polar summers\u2014proof that seasonal bird flight paths aren\u2019t abstract lines on maps but **living infrastructure** demanding your vigilance.",
"## Conclusion"
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://allaboutbirds.org/news/event/annual-rockport-fulton-hummerbird-celebration",
"title": "Rockport-Fulton HummerBird Celebration | All About Birds",
"birds": [
{
"species": "Ruby-throated Hummingbird",
"route": null,
"timing": "fall",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"The purpose is to celebrate the spectacular fall migration of the Ruby-throated Hummingbird through the area, first documented by Connie Hagar in 1938, and to expand one\u2019s knowledge of all birds and associated wildlife."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"The purpose is to celebrate the spectacular fall migration of the Ruby-throated Hummingbird through the area, first documented by Connie Hagar in 1938, and to expand one\u2019s knowledge of all birds and associated wildlife."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://cms.int/en/project/south-meets-north-%E2%80%93-partnership-linking-sooty-falcon-conservationists",
"title": "South meets North \u2013 A partnership linking sooty falcon conservationists",
"birds": [
{
"species": "sooty falcon",
"route": null,
"timing": "late in the summer",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"Project description The sooty falcon (Falco concolor) is a medium-sized falcon that breeds solely in the Middle East and north-eastern Africa, and winters in Madagascar and the SE African mainland."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"Unlike most falcons, the sooty falcon breeds late in the summer, feeding its young on birds that are migrating from Eurasia to Africa.",
"Project description The sooty falcon (Falco concolor) is a medium-sized falcon that breeds solely in the Middle East and north-eastern Africa, and winters in Madagascar and the SE African mainland."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://encountersnorth.org/bird-migration-summary/2017/8/2/champion-migrants",
"title": "Champion Migrants",
"birds": [
{
"species": "bar-tailed godwits",
"route": null,
"timing": "On August 30, E7 took off from the coast of Alaska and without ever stopping to rest or refuel, she landed in New Zealand nine days later.",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"Perhaps the most astonishing of all bird migrations is the one recorded in 2007, by the team led by biologist Robert Gill of the USGS Alaska Science Center in Anchorage.",
"Gill used satellite tracking to follow the migration of shorebirds called bar-tailed godwits\u2014and most notably a female godwit simply called \"E7\"."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"Perhaps the most astonishing of all bird migrations is the one recorded in 2007, by the team led by biologist Robert Gill of the USGS Alaska Science Center in Anchorage.",
"Gill used satellite tracking to follow the migration of shorebirds called bar-tailed godwits\u2014and most notably a female godwit simply called \"E7\".",
"On August 30, E7 took off from the coast of Alaska and without ever stopping to rest or refuel, she landed in New Zealand nine days later."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "red knot",
"route": null,
"timing": "When these robin-sized shorebirds start their flight from Brazil all the way to the arctic, they are about 66% body fat!",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"The red knot is an even more impressive example.",
"When these robin-sized shorebirds start their flight from Brazil all the way to the arctic, they are about 66% body fat!"
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"Fuel",
"The red knot is an even more impressive example.",
"When these robin-sized shorebirds start their flight from Brazil all the way to the arctic, they are about 66% body fat!"
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://alternativetransport.wordpress.com/2016/01/25/a-bird-highways-in-the-sky-is-a-flyway",
"title": "A bird highways in the sky is a flyway",
"birds": [
{
"species": "Ruby-throated Hummingbird",
"route": null,
"timing": "spring",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# A bird highways in the sky is a flyway",
"The [previous blog post](https://alternativetransport.wordpress.com/2016/01/24/other-isochrone-maps/) concluded with a isochrone map showing when to expect the Ruby-throated Hummingbird in spring in North America."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"# A bird highways in the sky is a flyway",
"The [previous blog post](https://alternativetransport.wordpress.com/2016/01/24/other-isochrone-maps/) concluded with a isochrone map showing when to expect the Ruby-throated Hummingbird in spring in North America."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Savannah Sparrow",
"route": null,
"timing": "seasonal migration",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# A bird highways in the sky is a flyway",
"Below an example of showing the Savannah Sparrow during one year.",
"[Savannah Sparrow range map](http://ebird.org/content/ebird/occurrence/savannah-sparrow/) from eBird",
"Watching this animation one can see the migration routes the Savannah Sparrow takes on it\u2019s seasonal migration from southern wintering grounds to northern breeding grounds."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"# A bird highways in the sky is a flyway",
"Below an example of showing the Savannah Sparrow during one year.",
"[Savannah Sparrow range map](http://ebird.org/content/ebird/occurrence/savannah-sparrow/) from eBird",
"Watching this animation one can see the migration routes the Savannah Sparrow takes on it\u2019s seasonal migration from southern wintering grounds to northern breeding grounds."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://birdlife.org/worldwide/news/2015-red-list-vultures-shorebirds-and-other-iconic-species",
"title": "2015 Red List - vultures, shorebirds and other iconic species",
"birds": [
{
"species": "Swift Parrot",
"route": null,
"timing": "winter",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"29 Oct 2015 2015 Red List - vultures, shorebirds and other iconic species The plight of Africa's Vultures is big news for the 2015 Red List update, but a number of other important changes also grab the attention this year.",
"- Swift ParrotLathamus discolor: Endangered to CRITICALLY ENDANGERED."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"29 Oct 2015 2015 Red List - vultures, shorebirds and other iconic species The plight of Africa's Vultures is big news for the 2015 Red List update, but a number of other important changes also grab the attention this year.",
"- Swift ParrotLathamus discolor: Endangered to CRITICALLY ENDANGERED. Breeds on Tasmania before migrating to the Australian mainland for the winter."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://audubon.org/news/birds-act-peacekeepers-conflict-plagued-israel-and-palestine",
"title": "Birds Act as Peacekeepers in Conflict-plagued Israel and Palestine",
"birds": [
{
"species": "white storks",
"route": null,
"timing": "Each autumn and spring",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"Birds Act as Peacekeepers in Conflict-plagued Israel and Palestine",
"The German government offered funding to the Max Planck Institute to outfit 120 German white storks with satellite transmitters so they could be tracked as they made their way south into the Middle East and Africa."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"Birds Act as Peacekeepers in Conflict-plagued Israel and Palestine",
"Each autumn and spring, half a billion birds representing about 280 species pass over the cluster of countries known as the Levant\u2014which includes Israel, Jordan, and Palestine\u2014during their seasonal migration between northern Europe and parts Eurasia to eastern and southern Africa."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://wwt.org.uk/discover-wetlands/wetland-wildlife/meet-the-family/swans-found-in-uk-wetlands/swan-news/spring-migration-begins-and-love-is-in-the-air",
"title": "Spring migration begins and love is in the air!",
"birds": [
{
"species": "Bewick\u2019s swans",
"route": null,
"timing": "back to the Russian arctic",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"The Bewick\u2019s swans have begun their long migration back to the Russian arctic!",
"Our long-term study of more than 4,000 pairs has found that Bewick\u2019s swans usually form partnerships from the age of 3."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"The Bewick\u2019s swans have begun their long migration back to the Russian arctic!",
"It\u2019s only a matter of days before the rest of the UK wintering flock are behind them!"
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "doi://10.1111/j.1600-048x.2011.05473.x",
"title": "Contrasting extreme long\u2010distance migration patterns in bar\u2010tailed godwits __Limosa lapponica__",
"birds": [
{
"species": "bar-tailed godwit",
"route": null,
"timing": "Depart New Zealand from 15 March -2 April, migrate to Alaska from 1 May to 8 June, depart Alaska for southward migration 30 August -7 October; for menzbieri, depart Roebuck Bay northbound from 6 to 16 April, leave Asia from 18 to 27 May, etc.",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"Bar-tailed godwits Limosa lapponica represent an extreme among shorebird migrants.",
"Here we describe the timing, routes, fl ight lengths, and fl ight durations of the entire migratory paths of the two subspecies of bar-tailed godwits inhabiting the Pacifi c Basin."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"Twelve baueri godwits departed New Zealand from 15 March -2 April and migrated along a ca 550-to 1000-kmwide corridor, passing between the eastern islands of Papua Most birds staged in eastern Asia for 41.2 d (Table 3); one staged for 62 d and departed Asia unusually late (8 June, 15 d later than all others; this is not included in Table 3).",
"Birds departed for Alaska from 1 May to 8 June, most heading across Japan and out over the North Pacifi c Ocean, before making marked northward course changes towards Alaska (Fig. 1).",
"A total of eight birds transmitting during the southward migration period departed Alaska 30 August -7 October and headed south across the Pacifi c Ocean through a corridor approximately 1500 km wide (Fig. 2).",
"Here we describe the timing, routes, fl ight lengths, and fl ight durations of the entire migratory paths of the two subspecies of bar-tailed godwits inhabiting the Pacifi c Basin.",
"Godwits marked at Roebuck Bay, Australia, departed northbound from 6 to 16 April, about 3 weeks later than baueri from New Zealand."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://wwt.org.uk/news-and-stories/blog/wetland-birds-among-arctic-animals-changing-behaviour-because-of-climate-changes-rapid-transformation-of-region-according-to-new-data-archive",
"title": "New report reveals the hidden animal movements around the climate-change ravaged Arctic",
"birds": [
{
"species": "barnacle geese",
"route": null,
"timing": "returning to the Solway Firth in the UK",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"As part of this global study, WWT have shared vast amounts of data collected on high-Arctic wetland birds including the Svalbard and Greenland barnacle geese which the trust\u2019s Principal Species Officer Larry Griffin has been tagging since 2006.",
"Ecological insights from three decades of animal movement tracking across a changing Arctic, which is published in the prestigious journal Science."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"Barnacle geese returning to the Solway Firth in the UK have been arriving with an ever decreasing amount of young over the last decade.",
"Ecological insights from three decades of animal movement tracking across a changing Arctic, which is published in the prestigious journal Science."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Greenland white-fronted geese",
"route": null,
"timing": "when they eventually try and make the crossing back to Scotland or Ireland",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"When Greenland white-fronted geese linger in Iceland due to the availability of fresh grass growth on the improved pastures and arable stubbles under the warmer conditions, they increasingly expose themselves to illegal hunting or more violent Atlantic storms when they eventually try and make the crossing back to Scotland or Ireland.",
"Ecological insights from three decades of animal movement tracking across a changing Arctic, which is published in the prestigious journal Science."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"When Greenland white-fronted geese linger in Iceland due to the availability of fresh grass growth on the improved pastures and arable stubbles under the warmer conditions, they increasingly expose themselves to illegal hunting or more violent Atlantic storms when they eventually try and make the crossing back to Scotland or Ireland.",
"Ecological insights from three decades of animal movement tracking across a changing Arctic, which is published in the prestigious journal Science."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Taiga bean geese",
"route": null,
"timing": "for winter",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"Tracking and marking data suggest the Taiga bean geese may be staying longer on the continent too or avoiding Scotland all together, simply short-stopping in Denmark for winter instead.",
"Ecological insights from three decades of animal movement tracking across a changing Arctic, which is published in the prestigious journal Science."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"Tracking and marking data suggest the Taiga bean geese may be staying longer on the continent too or avoiding Scotland all together, simply short-stopping in Denmark for winter instead.",
"Ecological insights from three decades of animal movement tracking across a changing Arctic, which is published in the prestigious journal Science."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://nationalpost.com/news/canada/this-tiny-songbird-makes-a-non-stop-14500-km-migration-each-year-from-alaska-to-africa",
"title": "This tiny songbird makes a 14,600-km migration each year from Alaska to Africa",
"birds": [
{
"species": "Northern Wheatear",
"route": null,
"timing": "every fall and spring",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# This tiny songbird makes a 14,600-km migration each year from Alaska to Africa",
"But new research shows that the tiny Northern Wheatear travels thousand of kilometres every fall and spring on a \u201cremarkable\u201d journey to Africa and return \u2014 making one of the longest seasonal journeys of any such bird in the world."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"# This tiny songbird makes a 14,600-km migration each year from Alaska to Africa",
"But new research shows that the tiny Northern Wheatear travels thousand of kilometres every fall and spring on a \u201cremarkable\u201d journey to Africa and return \u2014 making one of the longest seasonal journeys of any such bird in the world."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Northern Wheatear",
"route": null,
"timing": "in the autumn, but because of the direction of the wind the birds make the journey in just 55 days in the spring",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# This tiny songbird makes a 14,600-km migration each year from Alaska to Africa",
"A study published in the journal *Biology Letters* on Wednesday found that the Northern Wheatear follows two routes to Africa."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"# This tiny songbird makes a 14,600-km migration each year from Alaska to Africa",
"One population in Alaska flies about 14,600 kilometres every year through Russia, Kazakhstan, and the Arabian Desert to winter in eastern Africa."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Northern Wheatear",
"route": null,
"timing": "four-day journey",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# This tiny songbird makes a 14,600-km migration each year from Alaska to Africa",
"Another population in the Canadian Arctic crosses the North Atlantic to make a four-day journey of about 3,400 km from Baffin Island to Great Britain, before continuing another 4,000 km to the coast of Mauritania in West Africa, a total of 7,400 km."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"# This tiny songbird makes a 14,600-km migration each year from Alaska to Africa",
"Another population in the Canadian Arctic crosses the North Atlantic to make a four-day journey of about 3,400 km from Baffin Island to Great Britain, before continuing another 4,000 km to the coast of Mauritania in West Africa, a total of 7,400 km."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia-on-ipfs.org/wiki/Bird_migration",
"title": "Bird migration",
"birds": [
{
"species": "Arctic tern",
"route": null,
"timing": "each year",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"The Arctic tern holds the long-distance migration record for birds, travelling between Arctic breeding grounds and the Antarctic each year.",
"The Arctic ternSterna paradisaea has the longest-distance migration of any bird, and sees more daylight than any other, moving from its Arctic breeding grounds to the Antarctic non-breeding areas."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"The Arctic tern holds the long-distance migration record for birds, travelling between Arctic breeding grounds and the Antarctic each year."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Manx shearwater",
"route": "between their northern breeding grounds and the southern ocean",
"timing": null,
"distance_km": "14000",
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"while others such as Manx shearwaters migrate 14,000km (8,700mi) between their northern breeding grounds and the southern ocean."
],
"route_evidence": [
"while others such as Manx shearwaters migrate 14,000km (8,700mi) between their northern breeding grounds and the southern ocean."
],
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": [
"while others such as Manx shearwaters migrate 14,000km (8,700mi) between their northern breeding grounds and the southern ocean."
],
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "bar-tailed godwit",
"route": "from Alaska to their New Zealand non-breeding areas",
"timing": null,
"distance_km": "11000",
"distinction": "longest known non-stop flight of any migrant",
"species_evidence": [
"Some bar-tailed godwitsLimosa lapponica have the longest known non-stop flight of any migrant, flying 11,000km from Alaska to their New Zealand non-breeding areas."
],
"route_evidence": [
"Some bar-tailed godwitsLimosa lapponica have the longest known non-stop flight of any migrant, flying 11,000km from Alaska to their New Zealand non-breeding areas."
],
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": [
"Some bar-tailed godwitsLimosa lapponica have the longest known non-stop flight of any migrant, flying 11,000km from Alaska to their New Zealand non-breeding areas."
],
"distinction_evidence": [
"Some bar-tailed godwitsLimosa lapponica have the longest known non-stop flight of any migrant, flying 11,000km from Alaska to their New Zealand non-breeding areas."
]
},
{
"species": "Arctic tern",
"route": "from the Farne Islands off the British east coast to Melbourne, Australia",
"timing": "in just three months from fledging",
"distance_km": "22000",
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"One Arctic tern, ringed (banded) as a chick on the Farne Islands off the British east coast, reached Melbourne, Australia in just three months from fledging, a sea journey of over 22,000km (14,000mi)."
],
"route_evidence": [
"One Arctic tern, ringed (banded) as a chick on the Farne Islands off the British east coast, reached Melbourne, Australia in just three months from fledging, a sea journey of over 22,000km (14,000mi)."
],
"timing_evidence": [
"One Arctic tern, ringed (banded) as a chick on the Farne Islands off the British east coast, reached Melbourne, Australia in just three months from fledging, a sea journey of over 22,000km (14,000mi)."
],
"distance_km_evidence": [
"One Arctic tern, ringed (banded) as a chick on the Farne Islands off the British east coast, reached Melbourne, Australia in just three months from fledging, a sea journey of over 22,000km (14,000mi)."
],
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "sooty shearwater",
"route": "between the breeding colony on the Falkland Islands and the North Atlantic Ocean off Norway",
"timing": null,
"distance_km": "14000",
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"sooty shearwatersPuffinus griseus nesting on the Falkland Islands migrate 14,000km (8,700mi) between the breeding colony and the North Atlantic Ocean off Norway."
],
"route_evidence": [
"sooty shearwatersPuffinus griseus nesting on the Falkland Islands migrate 14,000km (8,700mi) between the breeding colony and the North Atlantic Ocean off Norway."
],
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": [
"sooty shearwatersPuffinus griseus nesting on the Falkland Islands migrate 14,000km (8,700mi) between the breeding colony and the North Atlantic Ocean off Norway."
],
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://trustees.org/on-beings-and-biomes-the-perpetual-homecoming-of-migratory-birds",
"title": "On beings and biomes\u2014the perpetual homecoming of migratory birds",
"birds": [
{
"species": "bar-tailed godwit",
"route": null,
"timing": "south coast of the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta of Alaska to their wintering grounds in New Zealand and the southeastern coast of Australia",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"## On beings and biomes\u2014the perpetual homecoming of migratory birds",
"Three years ago, a four-month-old bar-tailed godwit flew nonstop for 11 days on an 8,425-mile migration from Alaska to Tasmania, Australia\u2014the longest documented nonstop migration by any animal."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"## On beings and biomes\u2014the perpetual homecoming of migratory birds",
"These godwits flap their wings nonstop the entire journey from the south coast of the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta of Alaska to their wintering grounds in New Zealand and the southeastern coast of Australia."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Arctic tern",
"route": null,
"timing": "in the Arctic before traveling south",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"## On beings and biomes\u2014the perpetual homecoming of migratory birds",
"Arctic terns do the longest migration of all animals\u2014not in a straight line and with breaks to rest\u2014by flying over 50,000 miles while following the sun to and from Antarctica."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"## On beings and biomes\u2014the perpetual homecoming of migratory birds",
"They breed in the Arctic before traveling south, maximizing sunlight and food availability."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://coranz.org.nz/alaska-to-new-zealand-non-stop",
"title": "Alaska to New Zealand Non-stop",
"birds": [
{
"species": "Bar-tailed godwit",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"Did you read about 4BBRW?",
"Last month this particular Bar-tailed godwit, which weighs no more than a pound (it eats to double its normal weight in preparation of the journey) set the record for the longest non-stop migration on record, flying the 7,456 miles in 11 days."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Willow Warbler",
"route": null,
"timing": "late spring",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"I\u2019ve struggled to find any British bird that matches the godwit for travelling but the Willow Warbler makes a fine effort for such a small bird arriving as it does from Southern Africa in late spring having flown 5,000 miles over mountains, deserts and seas."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"I\u2019ve struggled to find any British bird that matches the godwit for travelling but the Willow Warbler makes a fine effort for such a small bird arriving as it does from Southern Africa in late spring having flown 5,000 miles over mountains, deserts and seas."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://animalsaroundtheglobe.com/14-birds-that-migrate-farther-than-any-other-animal-6-324031",
"title": "14 Birds That Migrate Farther Than Any Other Animal",
"birds": [
{
"species": "Arctic Tern",
"route": null,
"timing": "annually",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# 14 Birds That Migrate Farther Than Any Other Animal",
"## Arctic Tern The World\u2019s Greatest Migratory Champion",
"The Arctic Tern (Sterna paradisaea) holds the undisputed title for the longest migration of any animal on Earth."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"# 14 Birds That Migrate Farther Than Any Other Animal",
"## Arctic Tern The World\u2019s Greatest Migratory Champion",
"These slender, white birds with distinctive black caps travel an astonishing 44,000-59,000 miles annually in a round-trip journey between their Arctic breeding grounds and Antarctic feeding areas."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Bar-tailed Godwit",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# 14 Birds That Migrate Farther Than Any Other Animal",
"## Bar-tailed Godwit The Non-stop Flying Machine",
"The Bar-tailed Godwit (Limosa lapponica) performs perhaps the most physically demanding migration of any bird."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Great Frigatebird",
"route": null,
"timing": "annually",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# 14 Birds That Migrate Farther Than Any Other Animal",
"## Great Frigatebird The Aerial Marathon Sleeper",
"The Great Frigatebird (Fregata minor) stands out not just for migration distance but for its exceptional ability to stay aloft for extended periods."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"# 14 Birds That Migrate Farther Than Any Other Animal",
"## Great Frigatebird The Aerial Marathon Sleeper",
"During tracking studies in the Indian Ocean, researchers discovered frigatebirds fly distances of up to 40,000 miles annually in search of food and nesting sites."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Wandering Albatross",
"route": null,
"timing": "per year",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# 14 Birds That Migrate Farther Than Any Other Animal",
"Several albatross species rank among the world\u2019s most impressive migratory birds, with the Wandering Albatross (Diomedea exulans) and Grey-headed Albatross (Thalassarche chrysostoma) leading the way.",
"The Wandering Albatross boasts the largest wingspan of any living bird\u2014up to 11 feet\u2014allowing it to ride ocean winds with minimal energy expenditure."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"# 14 Birds That Migrate Farther Than Any Other Animal",
"Several albatross species rank among the world\u2019s most impressive migratory birds, with the Wandering Albatross (Diomedea exulans) and Grey-headed Albatross (Thalassarche chrysostoma) leading the way.",
"These majestic seabirds can circumnavigate the entire Southern Ocean multiple times per year, covering distances of 75,000-85,000 miles annually."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Sooty Shearwater",
"route": null,
"timing": "annually",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# 14 Birds That Migrate Farther Than Any Other Animal",
"## Sooty Shearwater The Deep-Diving Migrant",
"The Sooty Shearwater (Ardenna grisea) combines one of the world\u2019s longest migrations with remarkable diving abilities."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"# 14 Birds That Migrate Farther Than Any Other Animal",
"## Sooty Shearwater The Deep-Diving Migrant",
"These medium-sized seabirds undertake a figure-eight migration pattern in the Pacific Ocean, traveling approximately 40,000 miles annually between breeding colonies in the Southern Hemisphere (New Zealand, Chile, and the Falkland Islands) and feeding grounds in the North Pacific."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Ruddy Turnstone",
"route": null,
"timing": "annually",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# 14 Birds That Migrate Farther Than Any Other Animal",
"## Ruddy Turnstone The Intercontinental Pathfinder",
"The Ruddy Turnstone (Arenaria interpres) may be small in size but undertakes one of the most geographically complex migrations of any bird."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"# 14 Birds That Migrate Farther Than Any Other Animal",
"## Ruddy Turnstone The Intercontinental Pathfinder",
"These stocky, calico-patterned shorebirds travel between Arctic breeding grounds and wintering areas that span six continents, with some individuals migrating more than 15,000 miles annually."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Red Knot",
"route": null,
"timing": "annually",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# 14 Birds That Migrate Farther Than Any Other Animal",
"## Red Knot The Hemispheric Time-Traveler",
"The Red Knot (Calidris canutus) undertakes one of the most precisely timed migrations in the bird world, traveling up to 20,000 miles annually between the Arctic Circle and the southern tips of South America, Africa, and Australia."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"# 14 Birds That Migrate Farther Than Any Other Animal",
"## Red Knot The Hemispheric Time-Traveler",
"The Red Knot (Calidris canutus) undertakes one of the most precisely timed migrations in the bird world, traveling up to 20,000 miles annually between the Arctic Circle and the southern tips of South America, Africa, and Australia."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Northern Wheatear",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# 14 Birds That Migrate Farther Than Any Other Animal",
"## Northern Wheatear The Desert-Crossing Songbird",
"The Northern Wheatear (Oenanthe oenanthe) defies expectations about songbird migration capabilities."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Lesser Yellowlegs",
"route": null,
"timing": "annually",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# 14 Birds That Migrate Farther Than Any Other Animal",
"## Lesser Yellowlegs The Wetland Connector",
"The Lesser Yellowlegs (Tringa flavipes) conducts one of the Western Hemisphere\u2019s most extensive shorebird migrations, traveling up to 15,000 miles annually between Arctic breeding territories and wintering grounds at the southern tip of South America."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"# 14 Birds That Migrate Farther Than Any Other Animal",
"## Lesser Yellowlegs The Wetland Connector",
"The Lesser Yellowlegs (Tringa flavipes) conducts one of the Western Hemisphere\u2019s most extensive shorebird migrations, traveling up to 15,000 miles annually between Arctic breeding territories and wintering grounds at the southern tip of South America."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Pectoral Sandpiper",
"route": null,
"timing": "annually",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# 14 Birds That Migrate Farther Than Any Other Animal",
"## Pectoral Sandpiper The Intercontinental Breeding Strategist",
"The Pectoral Sandpiper (Calidris melanotos) employs one of the most unusual migration and breeding strategies of any bird."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"# 14 Birds That Migrate Farther Than Any Other Animal",
"## Pectoral Sandpiper The Intercontinental Breeding Strategist",
"These medium-sized shorebirds migrate up to 18,000 miles annually between South American wintering grounds and Arctic breeding territories."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Short-tailed Shearwater",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# 14 Birds That Migrate Farther Than Any Other Animal",
"The Short-tailed Shearwater (Ardenna tenuirostris) demonstrates one of the most synchronized mass migrations in the avian world."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Northern Pintail",
"route": null,
"timing": "annually",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# 14 Birds That Migrate Farther Than Any Other Animal",
"## Northern Pintail The Continental Wetland Explorer",
"The Northern Pintail (Anas acuta) stands out as one of the most wide-ranging migratory duck species, with some populations traveling up to 11,000 miles annually between breeding and wintering grounds."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"# 14 Birds That Migrate Farther Than Any Other Animal",
"## Northern Pintail The Continental Wetland Explorer",
"The Northern Pintail (Anas acuta) stands out as one of the most wide-ranging migratory duck species, with some populations traveling up to 11,000 miles annually between breeding and wintering grounds."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Swainson\u2019s Hawk",
"route": null,
"timing": "annually",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# 14 Birds That Migrate Farther Than Any Other Animal",
"## Swainson\u2019s Hawk The Grassland Glider",
"The Swainson\u2019s Hawk (Buteo swainsoni) conducts one of the longest migrations of any raptor, traveling up to 14,000 miles annually between North American breeding grounds and Argentine wintering areas."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"# 14 Birds That Migrate Farther Than Any Other Animal",
"## Swainson\u2019s Hawk The Grassland Glider",
"The Swainson\u2019s Hawk (Buteo swainsoni) conducts one of the longest migrations of any raptor, traveling up to 14,000 miles annually between North American breeding grounds and Argentine wintering areas."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Common Tern",
"route": null,
"timing": "annually",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# 14 Birds That Migrate Farther Than Any Other Animal",
"## Common Tern The Transatlantic Pathfinder",
"The Common Tern (Sterna hirundo) conducts one of the most geographically extensive migrations among terns, traveling up to 12,000 miles annually between Northern Hemisphere breeding areas and Southern Hemisphere wintering grounds."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"# 14 Birds That Migrate Farther Than Any Other Animal",
"## Common Tern The Transatlantic Pathfinder",
"The Common Tern (Sterna hirundo) conducts one of the most geographically extensive migrations among terns, traveling up to 12,000 miles annually between Northern Hemisphere breeding areas and Southern Hemisphere wintering grounds."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://articles.thelocalreport.in/every-year-millions-of-birds-travel-without-maps-across-mountains-deserts-and-oceans-along-a-9000-kilometer-invisible-highway",
"title": "Every year millions of birds travel without maps across mountains, deserts and oceans along a 9,000-kilometer invisible highway |",
"birds": [
{
"species": "bar-headed goose",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"Every year millions of birds travel without maps across mountains, deserts and oceans along a 9,000-kilometer invisible highway |",
"## Home to some of the world\u2019s highest migrating birds",
"One of the most striking features of this migratory route is that it includes the migration path of the bar-headed goose, a bird famous for flying over the Himalayas and has been recorded flying at altitudes exceeding 7,000 metres."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://birdlife.org/news/2025/11/20/commitments-to-wetlands-in-the-philippines-bring-hope-for-migratory-birds",
"title": "Commitments to wetlands in the Philippines bring hope for migratory birds - BirdLife International",
"birds": [
{
"species": "Far Eastern Curlew",
"route": null,
"timing": "twice a year",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"These sites were shortlisted based on their importance to migratory waterbirds like the Endangered [Far Eastern Curlew](https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/far-eastern-curlew-numenius-madagascariensis), and some of the largest congregations of migratory ducks in Southeast Asia.",
"The new Philippines Flyway Project focuses on three wetland sites prioritised by the RFI: Candaba Wetlands, Lake Mainit, and Sibugay Wetlands."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"These birds take incredible journeys twice a year, traveling along the [East Asian-Australasian Flyway](https://www.birdlife.org/east-asian-australasian-flyway/) between their breeding grounds in Northern China and Russia to their wintering sites in Southeast Asia and Australia.",
"The new Philippines Flyway Project focuses on three wetland sites prioritised by the RFI: Candaba Wetlands, Lake Mainit, and Sibugay Wetlands."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://audubon.org/connecticut/news/spring-migration-faqs",
"title": "Spring Migration FAQs",
"birds": [
{
"species": "Blackpoll Warbler",
"route": null,
"timing": "for 3-4 days",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# Spring Migration FAQs",
"Below, we\u2019ve compiled some of the most frequently asked questions having to do with migratory birds, their journeys, and ways we can welcome them back.",
"The Blackpoll Warbler is not much larger than a Black-capped Chickadee, but is able to fly 2,300 miles nonstop for 3-4 days to reach the higher elevations of the Adirondacks where it nests."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"# Spring Migration FAQs",
"Below, we\u2019ve compiled some of the most frequently asked questions having to do with migratory birds, their journeys, and ways we can welcome them back.",
"The Blackpoll Warbler is not much larger than a Black-capped Chickadee, but is able to fly 2,300 miles nonstop for 3-4 days to reach the higher elevations of the Adirondacks where it nests."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Arctic Tern",
"route": "between breeding grounds in the Arctic and winter foraging areas in the waters off Antarctica",
"timing": "Each year",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": "One of the most impressive migrants",
"species_evidence": [
"# Spring Migration FAQs",
"Below, we\u2019ve compiled some of the most frequently asked questions having to do with migratory birds, their journeys, and ways we can welcome them back.",
"One of the most impressive migrants is the Arctic Tern."
],
"route_evidence": [
"# Spring Migration FAQs",
"Below, we\u2019ve compiled some of the most frequently asked questions having to do with migratory birds, their journeys, and ways we can welcome them back.",
"They travel between breeding grounds in the Arctic and winter foraging areas in the waters off Antarctica."
],
"timing_evidence": [
"# Spring Migration FAQs",
"Below, we\u2019ve compiled some of the most frequently asked questions having to do with migratory birds, their journeys, and ways we can welcome them back.",
"Each year they fly more than 49,000 miles round-trip\u2014roughly equivalent to flying twice around the globe!"
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": [
"# Spring Migration FAQs",
"Below, we\u2019ve compiled some of the most frequently asked questions having to do with migratory birds, their journeys, and ways we can welcome them back.",
"One of the most impressive migrants is the Arctic Tern."
]
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://wwt.org.uk/discover-wetlands/blog/barmy-barnacle-geese",
"title": "Why do barnacle geese jump off cliffs? | Barnacle goose facts",
"birds": [
{
"species": "barnacle goose",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# Why do barnacle geese jump off cliffs? | Barnacle goose facts",
"The barnacle goose is one of the smaller and plumper goose species."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://nature.com/articles/ncomms1072",
"title": "Breeding latitude drives individual schedules in a trans-hemispheric migrant bird",
"birds": [
{
"species": "bar-tailed godwit",
"route": null,
"timing": "Depart New Zealand during March and early April, depart Asia from late April to late May, breed in May\u2013July, and depart Alaska in late August\u2013early October.",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"Breeding latitude drives individual schedules in a trans-hemispheric migrant bird",
"Here, we show that for the bar-tailed godwit (Limosa lapponica baueri), a shorebird that makes the longest known non-stop migratory flights of any bird, timing of migration for individual birds from a non-breeding site in New Zealand was strongly correlated with their specific breeding latitudes in Alaska, USA, a 16,000\u201318,000 km journey away."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"Breeding latitude drives individual schedules in a trans-hemispheric migrant bird",
"Bar-tailed godwits (Limosa lapponica baueri) depart New Zealand during March and early April, and fly ~10,000 km to sites on the Yellow Sea coast of Korea and China10.",
"After refuelling, godwits depart Asia from late April to late May, and fly ~6,000 km to coastal sites in southwestern Alaska.",
"They then disperse to coastal tundra sites across western and northern Alaska (59\u201371\u00b0 N latitude) for breeding in May\u2013July.",
"The godwits then congregate in southwestern Alaska to refuel before departing in late August\u2013early October on a non-stop trans-Pacific flight of 11,000\u201312,000 km to New Zealand, the longest non-stop flight recorded in birds11."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://wildisland.com.au/2026/07/28/bar-tailed-godwit-migration",
"title": "The Incredible Migration of the Bar-tailed Godwit",
"birds": [
{
"species": "Bar-tailed Godwit",
"route": null,
"timing": "October",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"#### The Greatest Journey on Earth",
"A juvenile Bar-tailed Godwit, identified only as **B6**, departed the Alaskan tundra on its very first migration."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"#### The Greatest Journey on Earth",
"In October 2022, wildlife researchers tracking migratory shorebirds watched something extraordinary unfold."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://grokipedia.com/page/Pacific_Flyway",
"title": "Pacific Flyway",
"birds": [
{
"species": "Whimbrel",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# Pacific Flyway",
"### Key Species",
"The Whimbrel (*Numenius phaeopus*) undertakes extraordinary long-distance migrations along the flyway, covering approximately 14,000 miles (22,800 km) round-trip between [Arctic](/page/Arctic) breeding grounds and South American wintering areas.[37]"
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Rufous Hummingbird",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# Pacific Flyway",
"### Key Species",
"The Rufous Hummingbird (*Selasphorus rufus*) exemplifies this, completing a round-trip migration of approximately 8,800 miles from [Alaska](/page/Alaska) to [Mexico](/page/Mexico)\u2014the longest of any [bird](/page/Bird) proportional to body size\u2014while feeding on nectar and insects en route.[39]"
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://worldfuntop.com/article/world-s-longest-non-stop-bird-migration-8-425-miles-in-11-days",
"title": "World's Longest Non-Stop Bird Migration: 8,425 Miles in 11 Days (2026)",
"birds": [
{
"species": "bar-tailed godwit",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"The World's Record-Breaking Non-Stop Bird Migration: A Journey of Resilience and Adaptation",
"The skies witnessed a remarkable feat in 2022 when a young bar-tailed godwit named B6 embarked on an extraordinary journey, setting a new world record for the longest non-stop bird migration."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "http://birdlife.org/news/tag/africa",
"title": "Tag: Africa",
"birds": [
{
"species": "Curlew Sandpiper",
"route": null,
"timing": "summer",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"In the summer we see a big influx of migratory waders which travel along the flyway from breeding grounds as far off as northern Europe; these include species like [Curlew Sandpiper](https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/curlew-sandpiper-calidris-ferruginea) and [Little Stint](https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/little-stint-calidris-minuta) which are particularly abundant here.",
"Pioneering conservation work at South Africa\u2019s Berg River Estuary"
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"In the summer we see a big influx of migratory waders which travel along the flyway from breeding grounds as far off as northern Europe; these include species like [Curlew Sandpiper](https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/curlew-sandpiper-calidris-ferruginea) and [Little Stint](https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/little-stint-calidris-minuta) which are particularly abundant here.",
"Pioneering conservation work at South Africa\u2019s Berg River Estuary"
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Little Stint",
"route": null,
"timing": "summer",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"In the summer we see a big influx of migratory waders which travel along the flyway from breeding grounds as far off as northern Europe; these include species like [Curlew Sandpiper](https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/curlew-sandpiper-calidris-ferruginea) and [Little Stint](https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/little-stint-calidris-minuta) which are particularly abundant here.",
"Pioneering conservation work at South Africa\u2019s Berg River Estuary"
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"In the summer we see a big influx of migratory waders which travel along the flyway from breeding grounds as far off as northern Europe; these include species like [Curlew Sandpiper](https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/curlew-sandpiper-calidris-ferruginea) and [Little Stint](https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/little-stint-calidris-minuta) which are particularly abundant here.",
"Pioneering conservation work at South Africa\u2019s Berg River Estuary"
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Curlew Sandpiper",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": "3,100",
"distinction": "flown over 3,100km in just 45hrs",
"species_evidence": [
"If you had to choose one species to represent your flyway, what would it be and why?"
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": [
"This little bird weighs between 50 and 70 grams and they fly vast distances \u2013 one of our tracked birds flew over 3,100km in just 45hrs \u2013 incredible!"
],
"distinction_evidence": [
"This little bird weighs between 50 and 70 grams and they fly vast distances \u2013 one of our tracked birds flew over 3,100km in just 45hrs \u2013 incredible!"
]
},
{
"species": "European Roller",
"route": "from South Africa through more than 10 countries, including Mozambique, Tanzania, Kenya, Somalia, Oman, Iran, Pakistan, Afghanistan, Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan and China",
"timing": null,
"distance_km": "15,000",
"distinction": "flown from the southern tip of Africa to remote China",
"species_evidence": [
"As long-distance migrants, European Rollers winter in Africa before travelling into Europe and Asia to breed.",
"Rory is a European Roller, a species that has disappeared from areas of its breeding range, mainly due to habitat loss, hunting and reduced food availability."
],
"route_evidence": [
"As long-distance migrants, European Rollers winter in Africa before travelling into Europe and Asia to breed.",
"From South Africa, he passed through more than 10 countries, including Mozambique, Tanzania, Kenya, Somalia, Oman, Iran, Pakistan, Afghanistan, Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan and China."
],
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": [
"As long-distance migrants, European Rollers winter in Africa before travelling into Europe and Asia to breed.",
"It was the need to breed that drove Rory to fly more than 15,000 kilometres."
],
"distinction_evidence": [
"So begins the extraordinary tale of a bright blue bird\u2019s migration from the southern tip of Africa to remote China, and how such incredible journeys connect countries, continents and cultures.",
"As long-distance migrants, European Rollers winter in Africa before travelling into Europe and Asia to breed."
]
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://tribuneindia.com/news/world/migratory-bird-flies-its-way-to-world-record",
"title": "Migratory bird flies its way to world record - The Tribune",
"birds": [
{
"species": "Bar-tailed godwit",
"route": null,
"timing": "biannual",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# Migratory bird flies its way to world record",
"The Bar-tailed godwit, a shorebird weighing only a few hundred grams, has stunned scientists by completing a non-stop flight of around 13,560 kilometres across the ocean, travelling from Alaska to Tasmania."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"# Migratory bird flies its way to world record",
"Breeding across Arctic regions of Alaska and Siberia, the bird undertakes a biannual journey to its wintering grounds in New Zealand and Australia."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://bird-watchers.com/2026/07/28/migratory-bird-species-decline-global-review",
"title": "Global Review Finds 51% of Migratory Bird Species Are Declining - Bird-Watchers.com",
"birds": [
{
"species": "spoon-billed sandpiper",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"Global Review Finds 51% of Migratory Bird Species Are Declining",
"The spoon-billed sandpiper shows how these linked pressures operate."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Newell\u2019s shearwater",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"Global Review Finds 51% of Migratory Bird Species Are Declining",
"Newell\u2019s shearwater spends much of its life over the Pacific before returning to Hawaii to nest."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/siberian-crane-leucogeranus-leucogeranus",
"title": "Siberian Crane Leucogeranus leucogeranus Species Factsheet | BirdLife DataZone",
"birds": [
{
"species": "Siberian Crane",
"route": null,
"timing": "late-March or early-April",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# Siberian Crane",
"The Eastern Flyway population breeds between the rivers Kolyma and Yana and south to the Morma mountains in Yakutia."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"# Siberian Crane",
"**Behaviour** This species is migratory (del Hoyo *et al*. 1996)****. It arrives on its breeding grounds in late May (********Johnsgard 1983), and eggs are generally laid in June (********Johnsgard 1983)****. Breeding occurs in territorial pairs at a density estimated in the 1970s to be around one pair per 625 km2**** (********Johnsgard 1983). The main autumn migration usually begins towards the end of September (********Johnsgard 1983)****, although birds (thought to be non-breeders [Cramp and Simmons 1980]****) have been recorded on passage over the Volga delta as late as October-December**** (Cramp and Simmons 1980)****. This migration was recorded in the 1960s to occur in groups of 12-15 individuals (********Johnsgard 1983)****. The species arrived on its wintering grounds in Pakistan in October, but seldomly earlier than November-December further east**** (Cramp and Simmons 1980, ************Johnsgard 1983). The spring migration commences in late-March or early-April**** (Cramp and Simmons 1980)**,** with birds travelling in pairs or small groups of up to 10 (********Johnsgard 1983)."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "http://birdwatching-bliss.com/hummingbird-migration.html",
"title": "Hummingbird Migration - On the Backs of Geese?",
"birds": [
{
"species": "Rufous Hummingbird",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# Hummingbird Migration",
"### What Is The Longest Migration Distance For A Hummingbird?",
" Rufous Hummingbirds (*Selasphorus rufus*) make the longest migration of any of the Trochilidae (Hummingbird Family) and, in proportion to size, one of the longest bird migrations."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Ruby-throated Hummingbird",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# Hummingbird Migration",
"#### Non-stop Flights - How Far Do Hummingbirds Travel?",
"Many Ruby-throated Hummingbirds travel more than 2,000 miles to go from Panama to their breeding destination in Canada."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://wiki2.org/en/Bird_migration",
"title": "Bird migration - Wikipedia Republished // WIKI 2",
"birds": [
{
"species": "Arctic tern",
"route": null,
"timing": "each year",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"The Arctic tern holds the long-distance migration record for birds, travelling between Arctic breeding grounds and the Antarctic each year."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"The Arctic tern holds the long-distance migration record for birds, travelling between Arctic breeding grounds and the Antarctic each year."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Manx shearwater",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"while others such as Manx shearwaters migrate 14,000 km (8,700 mi) between their northern breeding grounds and the southern ocean."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Bar-tailed godwit",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"Some bar-tailed godwitsLimosa lapponica baueri have the longest known non-stop flight of any migrant, flying 11,000 km from Alaska to their New Zealand non-breeding areas."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://audubon.org/magazine/stemming-tide-shorebird-losses",
"title": "Stemming the Tide of Shorebird Losses",
"birds": [
{
"species": "bar-tailed godwit",
"route": null,
"timing": "spring and end of the breeding season",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# Stemming the Tide of Shorebird Losses",
"The importance of these sites came into fuller focus in 2007, says Warnock, when satellite tracking revealed the full migratory cycle and the epic journey of bar-tailed godwits (an Audubon priority species, in significant need of conservation efforts)."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"# Stemming the Tide of Shorebird Losses",
"All 17 godwits tagged in New Zealand with satellite transmitters followed a three-part route: First they flew 6,300 miles nonstop in a week from New Zealand to the Yellow Sea; after packing on weight for six weeks, the birds departed for Alaska, traveling an additional 4,200 miles in one go.",
"Then, at the end of the breeding season, they flew directly back to their wintering ground, nonstop for 7,300 miles."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://nationalgeographic.com/animals/article/160326-animals-migrations-birds-mammals-insects-caribou",
"title": "What a Trip! The Toughest Animal Migrations on Earth",
"birds": [
{
"species": "Arctic tern",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"What a Trip! The Toughest Animal Migrations on Earth",
"## Winging It",
"The title of world's longest migration goes to the tiny [Arctic tern](https://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/Arctic_Tern/lifehistory/ac), which flies \u201cfrom the Arctic to the Antarctic and back,\u201d says Gillooly."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "bar-tailed godwit",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"What a Trip! The Toughest Animal Migrations on Earth",
"## Winging It",
"When it comes to the most impressive non-stop flights, the [bar-tailed godwit](http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/22693158/0) is the winner."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://audubon.org/bird-guide?family=sandpiper",
"title": "Guide to North American Birds",
"birds": [
{
"species": "Bar-tailed Godwit",
"route": null,
"timing": "summer and winter",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"Guide to North American Birds",
"Bar-tailed Godwit"
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"Guide to North American Birds",
"Widespread in summer across northern Europe and Asia, the Bar-tailed Godwit also crosses the Bering Strait to nest in western Alaska.",
"Bar-tailed Godwits from Alaska spend the winter in the Old World."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "American Woodcock",
"route": null,
"timing": "spring and summer nights",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"Guide to North American Birds",
"American Woodcock"
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"Guide to North American Birds",
"Males perform a remarkable 'sky dance' on spring and summer nights, in a high, twisting flight, with chippering, twittering, bubbling sounds."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Wilson's Snipe",
"route": null,
"timing": "breeding season",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"Guide to North American Birds",
"Wilson's Snipe"
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"Guide to North American Birds",
"The Wilson's Snipe becomes more flamboyant in the breeding season, when it often yammers from atop a fencepost or dead tree."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Spotted Sandpiper",
"route": null,
"timing": "summer",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"Guide to North American Birds",
"Spotted Sandpiper"
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"Guide to North American Birds",
"Most sandpipers nest only in the far north, but the Spotted Sandpiper is common in summer over much of North America."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Sanderling",
"route": null,
"timing": "migration and winter",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"Guide to North American Birds",
"Sanderling"
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"Guide to North American Birds",
"The Sanderling nests only in limited areas of the far north, but during migration and winter they are familiar sights on coastal beaches all over the world."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Long-billed Curlew",
"route": null,
"timing": "summer, migration and winter",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"Guide to North American Birds",
"Long-billed Curlew"
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"Guide to North American Birds",
"The Long-billed Curlew spends the summer on the grasslands of the arid west, appearing on coastal mudflats only in migration and winter, and even then likely to be on prairies instead."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Willet",
"route": null,
"timing": "spring mornings",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"Guide to North American Birds",
"Willet"
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"Guide to North American Birds",
"In favorable areas in the middle Atlantic states, Willets are abundant, nesting in colonies, their ringing calls echoing across the tidelands on spring mornings."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Red Knot",
"route": null,
"timing": "spring and winter",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"Guide to North American Birds",
"Red Knot"
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"Guide to North American Birds",
"This chunky shorebird has a rather anonymous look in its winter plumage, but is striking in spring, when it wears rusty-red on its chest."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://preview-www.nature.com/articles/ncomms1072",
"title": "Breeding latitude drives individual schedules in a trans-hemispheric migrant bird",
"birds": [
{
"species": "bar-tailed godwit",
"route": null,
"timing": "March to October",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# Breeding latitude drives individual schedules in a trans-hemispheric migrant bird",
"Here, we show that for the bar-tailed godwit (*Limosa lapponica baueri*), a shorebird that makes the longest known non-stop migratory flights of any bird, timing of migration for individual birds from a non-breeding site in New Zealand was strongly correlated with their specific breeding latitudes in Alaska, USA, a 16,000\u201318,000 km journey away."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"# Breeding latitude drives individual schedules in a trans-hemispheric migrant bird",
"Bar-tailed godwits (*Limosa lapponica baueri*) depart New Zealand during March and early April, and fly ~10,000 km to sites on the Yellow Sea coast of Korea and China[10](/articles/ncomms1072#ref-CR10)."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://birdharbor.com/birds/bird-migration",
"title": "Bird Migration: Flyways and Adaptations",
"birds": [
{
"species": "Arctic Tern",
"route": null,
"timing": "yearly",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"Epic Journeys",
"Arctic Terns holds the record for the longest migration, flying over 50,000 miles roundtrip yearly between Arctic breeding and Antarctic wintering areas."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"Epic Journeys",
"Arctic Terns holds the record for the longest migration, flying over 50,000 miles roundtrip yearly between Arctic breeding and Antarctic wintering areas."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Bar-tailed Godwit",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"Epic Journeys",
"Bar-tailed Godwits make the longest nonstop flight of any migrant, flying over 7,000 miles nonstop from Alaska to New Zealand."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Ruby-throated hummingbird",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"Epic Journeys",
"Ruby-throated hummingbirds fly 500 miles nonstop across the Gulf of Mexico."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Bar-headed goose",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"Epic Journeys",
"Bar-headed geese fly over the Himalayas above 20,000 feet."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Red Knot",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"Protecting Threatened Migratory Species",
"Red Knot \u2013 Reliant on declining Delaware Bay horseshoe crab eggs"
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Yellow-breasted Chat",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"Protecting Threatened Migratory Species",
"Yellow-breasted Chat \u2013 New western U.S. migration route discovered"
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Rusty Blackbird",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"Protecting Threatened Migratory Species",
"Rusty Blackbird \u2013 85% population decline from wetland loss"
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://europesays.com/us/959984",
"title": "How does an animal weighing less than a chocolate bar fly 13,000 kilometres across the Pacific without landing, eating or sleeping? - United States",
"birds": [
{
"species": "bar-tailed godwit",
"route": null,
"timing": "October",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"On 13 October 2022, a juvenile bar-tailed godwit left western Alaska and pointed itself south across the Pacific.",
"Bar-tailed godwits have evolved around journeys that turn their bodies into temporary flying machines."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"On 13 October 2022, a juvenile bar-tailed godwit left western Alaska and pointed itself south across the Pacific.",
"B6 went farther. After fattening on Alaska\u2019s Kuskokwim Delta, the juvenile departed on 13 October and reached Tasmania on 24 October."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "bar-tailed godwit",
"route": null,
"timing": "2007",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"An adult female called E7 provided one of the first complete tracks in 2007, flying roughly 11,680 kilometres from Alaska to New Zealand in just over eight days."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"An adult female called E7 provided one of the first complete tracks in 2007, flying roughly 11,680 kilometres from Alaska to New Zealand in just over eight days."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://academy.allaboutbirds.org/discussion/topic/activities-different-seasons-different-birds/page/12",
"title": "Activities: Different Seasons, Different Birds | Bird Academy \u2022 The Cornell Lab",
"birds": null
},
{
"url": "https://audubon.org/news/connecting-dots-along-migratory-flyways",
"title": "Connecting the Dots Along Migratory Flyways",
"birds": [
{
"species": "Long-tailed ducks",
"route": null,
"timing": "winter",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# Connecting the Dots Along Migratory Flyways",
"Sea ducks",
"o Long-tailed ducks winter all along the Atlantic coast, but those wintering near Cape Cod came primarily from breeding grounds in northern Quebec, while those using the Chesapeake Bay bred north and west of Hudson Bay."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"# Connecting the Dots Along Migratory Flyways",
"Sea ducks",
"o Long-tailed ducks winter all along the Atlantic coast, but those wintering near Cape Cod came primarily from breeding grounds in northern Quebec, while those using the Chesapeake Bay bred north and west of Hudson Bay."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Black scoters",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# Connecting the Dots Along Migratory Flyways",
"Sea ducks",
"o Female black scoters showed a peculiar, dog-leg migration route\u2014from their breeding grounds in the Northwest Territories, they fly southeast, skirting the edge of Hudson Bay to New Brunswick, then turning south along the Atlantic coast as far as Georgia."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Turkey vultures",
"route": null,
"timing": "winter",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# Connecting the Dots Along Migratory Flyways",
"Turkey vultures",
"\"We found that the distances traveled during migration, the routes they took and the location of wintering grounds really varied among turkey vulture populations,\" says David Barber, research biologist at Hawk Mountain Sanctuary in Pennsylvania."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"# Connecting the Dots Along Migratory Flyways",
"Turkey vultures",
"\"Only half the birds tagged in Pennsylvania migrated at all, wintering from Maryland to Florida, while West Coast birds migrated along the Pacific to Mexico and Guatemala.\""
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Pink-footed shearwaters",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# Connecting the Dots Along Migratory Flyways",
"Pink-footed shearwaters",
"These oceanic wanderers breed in Chile, where they have been tagged with satellite transmitters on the nest, then followed on migrations that may extend all the way to Alaska, tens of thousands of miles a year."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Eastern golden eagles",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# Connecting the Dots Along Migratory Flyways",
"Eastern golden eagles",
"Little had been known about this small, geographically distinct breeding population, which nests in the boreal forest and subarctic of eastern Canada; lead poisoning from spent ammunition and wolf snares are direct threats."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://cms.int/iosea-turtles/en/project/south-meets-north-%E2%80%93-partnership-linking-sooty-falcon-conservationists",
"title": "South meets North \u2013 A partnership linking sooty falcon conservationists",
"birds": [
{
"species": "sooty falcon",
"route": null,
"timing": "late in the summer",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"Project description The sooty falcon (Falco concolor) is a medium-sized falcon that breeds solely in the Middle East and north-eastern Africa, and winters in Madagascar and the SE African mainland.",
"Species Scientific name Common name Class Order Family Appendix (App. I / App. II) Falco concolor Sooty Falcon Aves Falconiformes Falconidae - / 1979"
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"Unlike most falcons, the sooty falcon breeds late in the summer, feeding its young on birds that are migrating from Eurasia to Africa.",
"Project description The sooty falcon (Falco concolor) is a medium-sized falcon that breeds solely in the Middle East and north-eastern Africa, and winters in Madagascar and the SE African mainland."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://wildcreatureshongkong.org/single-post/2018/09/11/whats-the-furthest-you-can-run",
"title": "Whats the furthest you can run?",
"birds": [
{
"species": "bar-tailed godwit",
"route": null,
"timing": "each September",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# Whats the furthest you can run?",
"Well, if you could run 70 kilometers an hour for more then seven days, then that is the equivalent to the record of a female shorebird -a wader called a bar-tailed godwit - which flew at an average speed of 56 kilometers an hour for 9 days."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"# Whats the furthest you can run?",
"Some 70,000 godwits make the epic journey from their northern summer breeding grounds in Alaska down to New Zealand each September, before flying all the way back the following March."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://animalspot.net/migratory-birds",
"title": "Migratory Birds - List, Flyways, and Pictures",
"birds": [
{
"species": "Arctic Tern",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# Migratory Birds",
"Here is a list of birds famous for their long migrations between their breeding and wintering grounds.",
"| **Species** | **Flyway** | **Round-trip Distance (in miles)** | **Migration Route** |",
"| Arctic Tern | Atlantic, Pacific | 44,000-59,000 | Arctic and sub-Arctic regions to the Antarctic |"
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://allaboutbirds.org/news/capturing-migration-in-a-strand-of-dna-feathers-reveal-a-birds-origins",
"title": "Capturing Migration in a Strand of DNA: Feathers Reveal a Bird's Origins | All About Birds",
"birds": [
{
"species": "Wilson's Warbler",
"route": null,
"timing": "breeds across northern North America, winters across Central America, and shows up as a migrant everywhere in between",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# Capturing Migration in a Strand of DNA: Feathers Reveal a Bird\u2019s Origins",
"Ruegg\u2019s test species was the Wilson\u2019s Warbler, a tiny, black-capped yellow songbird that breeds across northern North America, winters across Central America, and shows up as a migrant everywhere in between."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"# Capturing Migration in a Strand of DNA: Feathers Reveal a Bird\u2019s Origins",
"Ruegg\u2019s test species was the Wilson\u2019s Warbler, a tiny, black-capped yellow songbird that breeds across northern North America, winters across Central America, and shows up as a migrant everywhere in between."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://sciencefocus.com/nature/birds-migration-energy-human-endurance",
"title": "These mind-bending biological superpowers let birds fly for 11 days without food",
"birds": [
{
"species": "Ad\u00e9lie penguin",
"route": null,
"timing": "seasonal",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"## **5 incredible bird migrations**",
"### **Ad\u00e9lie penguin**",
"Despite being flightless, [Ad\u00e9lie penguins](https://www.bas.ac.uk/about/antarctica/wildlife/penguins/adelie-penguin/) still manage an impressive migration."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"## **5 incredible bird migrations**",
"### **Ad\u00e9lie penguin**",
"The birds remain in the Antarctic, but migrate from their breeding colony to their overwintering ground by following the edge of the ice as it expands."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "bar-tailed godwit",
"route": null,
"timing": "September or October",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"## **5 incredible bird migrations**",
"### **Bar-tailed godwit**",
"While they might not fly as far as the Arctic tern, [bar-tailed godwits](https://www.rspb.org.uk/birds-and-wildlife/bar-tailed-godwit) win the prize for the longest non-stop migration of any bird."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"## **5 incredible bird migrations**",
"### **Bar-tailed godwit**",
"In September or October, they fly all the way from the Arctic to overwinter in New Zealand."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "willow warbler",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"## **5 incredible bird migrations**",
"### **Willow warbler**",
"This [little featherweight](https://www.rspb.org.uk/birds-and-wildlife/willow-warbler) tips the scales at a tiny 10g (less than a \u00a32 coin or a 50-cent piece in the US), but still manages to traverse continents with few breaks."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "sooty shearwater",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"## **5 incredible bird migrations**",
"### **Sooty shearwater**",
"Every year, these [long-distance oceanic migrants](https://www.rspb.org.uk/birds-and-wildlife/sooty-shearwater) nest in the southern hemisphere before travelling into the northern hemisphere and then back again, following a distinctive figure-of-eight route."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Arctic tern",
"route": null,
"timing": "summer months and September",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"## **5 incredible bird migrations**",
"### **Arctic tern**",
"[Arctic terns](https://www.rspb.org.uk/birds-and-wildlife/arctic-tern) breed in the Arctic and sub-Arctic during the summer months, then head all the way back to the Weddell Sea in Antarctica in September."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"## **5 incredible bird migrations**",
"### **Arctic tern**",
"[Arctic terns](https://www.rspb.org.uk/birds-and-wildlife/arctic-tern) breed in the Arctic and sub-Arctic during the summer months, then head all the way back to the Weddell Sea in Antarctica in September."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://allaboutbirds.org/news/qa-with-brian-sullivan-coauthor-of-crossley-id-guide-raptors",
"title": "Q&A with Brian Sullivan, Coauthor of Crossley ID Guide: Raptors | All About Birds",
"birds": [
{
"species": "Swainson\u2019s Hawk",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"Q&A with Brian Sullivan, Coauthor of Crossley ID Guide: Raptors",
"Most Swainson\u2019s Hawks across their breeding range migrate all the way to Argentina and back."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://wwt.org.uk/discover-wetlands/wetland-wildlife/uk-geese",
"title": "Geese found in UK wetlands",
"birds": [
{
"species": "Light-bellied brent goose",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"A guide to geese you might see in the UK",
"### Light-bellied brent goose"
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://cms.int/sites/default/files/document/1_1_falco_cherrug_e_0.pdf",
"title": "I_1_Rev1_Falco_cherrug_SakerFalcon_E",
"birds": [
{
"species": "Saker Falcon",
"route": null,
"timing": "Autumn migration starts in late August; however, juveniles may start their migration \u2013 especially in the more southern countries \u2013 as late as the end of November or beginning in December",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"PROPOSAL FOR INCLUSION OF SPECIES ON THE APPENDICES OF THE \nCONVENTION ON THE CONSERVATION OF MIGRATORY SPECIES OF \nWILD ANIMALS",
"A. \nPROPOSAL: To list Falco cherrug on Appendix I, excluding the population of \nMongolia",
"1.5 \nCommon name(s) : \nSaker Falcon; Saker; Faucon sacre; Halc\u00f3n sacre"
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"2.4 \nMigrations",
"Migration is noted annually throughout the Mediterranean region, Turkey and the Middle \nEast, Central Asia, India and China.",
"Autumn migration starts in late August; however, \njuveniles may start their migration \u2013 especially in the more southern countries \u2013 as late as the \nend of November or beginning in December (Prommer & Bagyura 2010)."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://audubon.org/florida/birds",
"title": "Birds of Florida",
"birds": [
{
"species": "American Flamingo",
"route": null,
"timing": "fall of 2023",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# Birds of Florida",
"More than 500 migratory, year-round, and wintering bird species call the Sunshine State home.",
"Until about 1900, American Flamingo flocks from the the Bahamas regularly migrated to the Florida Bay, in what is now Everglades National Park."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"# Birds of Florida",
"More than 500 migratory, year-round, and wintering bird species call the Sunshine State home.",
"However, recently, following Hurricane Idalia in the fall of 2023, a flock of American Flamingos were blown into the United States while in their migration."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://default.salsalabs.org/Td7400b4c-49cb-4d0f-af83-de9a37cc8584/515c0f1f-ae5c-4f8d-9044-14bd3ab46467",
"title": "The record-breaking bird that flew from Alaska to Australia without stopping",
"birds": [
{
"species": "bar-tailed godwit",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# The record-breaking bird that flew from Alaska to Australia without stopping",
"A bar-tailed godwit (*Limosa lapponica*), known by its tag number \u201c234684\u201d, flew 13,560 kilometres (8,435 miles) from Alaska to the Australian state of Tasmania without stopping for food or rest, breaking the record for the **longest non-stop migration by a bird**."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Arctic tern",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# The record-breaking bird that flew from Alaska to Australia without stopping",
"Arctic terns (*Sterna paradisaea*) can regularly fly even greater distances over the course of a year."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://wwt.org.uk/discover-wetlands/wetland-wildlife/meet-the-family/swans-found-in-uk-wetlands/swan-news/with-russia-from-love",
"title": "From Russia with love",
"birds": [
{
"species": "Bewick\u2019s swan",
"route": null,
"timing": "September (return journey) / summer months (breeding)",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"For the Bewick\u2019s swans, the arctic tundra represents a vital part of their annual cycle, providing unlimited day light hours to feed on sedges, grasses, larvae, berries and other aquatic vegetation.",
"In Russia, the arrival of the Bewick\u2019s swan heralds a change in seasons and signals that summer is just around the corner."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"During the summer months, it is home to tens of thousands of migratory birds arriving from different corners of the globe.",
"Newly hatched cygnets are able to gain weight quickly in preparation for their journey back to Northwest Europe in September."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://a-z-animals.com/articles/a-4-month-old-bird-just-flew-8425-miles-without-stopping",
"title": "A 4-Month-Old Bird Just Flew 8,425 Miles Without Stopping",
"birds": [
{
"species": "bar-tailed godwit",
"route": null,
"timing": "twice every year, leaving in late August to return south",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"These birds are known for their long migrations, but this individual, named B6, set an avian world record when it flew non-stop from Alaska to Tasmania."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"Twice every year, millions of birds make an epic journey along a migration superhighway.",
"Here, they stay for most of June, July, and August before leaving in late August to return south."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://pacificbirds.org/birds-flyways/the-flyways",
"title": "The Flyways - Pacific Birds Habitat Joint Venture",
"birds": [
{
"species": "Blackpoll Warbler",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# The Flyways",
"## Migratory Pathways for Birds",
"Some birds cannot be pinned down to one or even two flyways.",
"The Blackpoll Warbler breeds in the boreal forest, then migrates east across Canada before dropping south to the Atlantic Ocean and over to South America, and the Northern Wheatear visits both Alaska and Africa during its annual migration."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Northern Wheatear",
"route": null,
"timing": "annual migration",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# The Flyways",
"## Migratory Pathways for Birds",
"Some birds cannot be pinned down to one or even two flyways.",
"The Blackpoll Warbler breeds in the boreal forest, then migrates east across Canada before dropping south to the Atlantic Ocean and over to South America, and the Northern Wheatear visits both Alaska and Africa during its annual migration."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"# The Flyways",
"## Migratory Pathways for Birds",
"Some birds cannot be pinned down to one or even two flyways.",
"The Blackpoll Warbler breeds in the boreal forest, then migrates east across Canada before dropping south to the Atlantic Ocean and over to South America, and the Northern Wheatear visits both Alaska and Africa during its annual migration."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://animalsaroundtheglobe.com/15-birds-that-travel-thousands-of-miles-nonstop-8-317983",
"title": "15 Birds That Travel Thousands of Miles Nonstop",
"birds": [
{
"species": "Bar-tailed Godwit",
"route": null,
"timing": "8-9 days",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# 15 Birds That Travel Thousands of Miles Nonstop",
"## 15. Bar-tailed Godwit The Ultimate Long-haul Flier",
"The Bar-tailed Godwit (Limosa lapponica) holds the record for the longest nonstop flight of any bird."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"# 15 Birds That Travel Thousands of Miles Nonstop",
"## 15. Bar-tailed Godwit The Ultimate Long-haul Flier",
"In a feat that defies imagination, these remarkable shorebirds fly from Alaska to New Zealand without stopping\u2014an incredible journey of approximately 7,500 miles (12,000 kilometers) completed in just 8-9 days."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Arctic Tern",
"route": null,
"timing": "each year",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# 15 Birds That Travel Thousands of Miles Nonstop",
"## 14. Arctic Tern The Pole-to-Pole Migrator",
"The Arctic Tern (Sterna paradisaea) makes the longest annual migration of any bird, traveling from the Arctic to the Antarctic and back each year\u2014a round trip of roughly 44,000 miles (70,900 kilometers)."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"# 15 Birds That Travel Thousands of Miles Nonstop",
"## 14. Arctic Tern The Pole-to-Pole Migrator",
"The Arctic Tern (Sterna paradisaea) makes the longest annual migration of any bird, traveling from the Arctic to the Antarctic and back each year\u2014a round trip of roughly 44,000 miles (70,900 kilometers)."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Great Frigatebird",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# 15 Birds That Travel Thousands of Miles Nonstop",
"## 13. Great Frigatebird The Aerial Sleeper",
"The Great Frigatebird (Fregata minor) can stay aloft for up to two months without landing."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Wandering Albatross",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# 15 Birds That Travel Thousands of Miles Nonstop",
"## 12. Wandering Albatross The Oceanic Glider",
"With the largest wingspan of any living bird (up to 11.5 feet/3.5 meters), the Wandering Albatross (Diomedea exulans) is a master of efficient flight."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Common Swift",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# 15 Birds That Travel Thousands of Miles Nonstop",
"## 11. Common Swift Life on the Wing",
"The Common Swift (Apus apus) spends more of its life in continuous flight than any other bird."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Northern Wheatear",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# 15 Birds That Travel Thousands of Miles Nonstop",
"## 10. Northern Wheatear The Intercontinental Wanderer",
"These small insectivorous songbirds breed in Alaska and northeastern Canada, then fly across the entire Eurasian continent or Atlantic Ocean to winter in sub-Saharan Africa\u2014a journey of up to 9,000 miles (14,500 kilometers) each way."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Hudsonian Godwit",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# 15 Birds That Travel Thousands of Miles Nonstop",
"## 9. Hudsonian Godwit The Continental Connector",
"The Hudsonian Godwit (Limosa haemastica) undertakes one of the longest nonstop flights among shorebirds, traveling from breeding grounds in Alaska and Canada to wintering areas in southern South America."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Lesser Yellowlegs",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# 15 Birds That Travel Thousands of Miles Nonstop",
"## 8. Lesser Yellowlegs The Transoceanic Sprint Artist",
"The Lesser Yellowlegs (Tringa flavipes) is a slender shorebird capable of remarkable nonstop flights during its migration between North and South America."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Ruby-throated Hummingbird",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# 15 Birds That Travel Thousands of Miles Nonstop",
"## 7. Ruby-throated Hummingbird The Tiny Powerhouse",
"The Ruby-throated Hummingbird (Archilochus colubris) achieves an astonishing migration considering it\u2019s the smallest migratory bird in the world."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Pectoral Sandpiper",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# 15 Birds That Travel Thousands of Miles Nonstop",
"## 6. Pectoral Sandpiper The High-flying Endurance Champion",
"The Pectoral Sandpiper (Calidris melanotos) completes one of the most demanding nonstop migratory flights among Arctic-breeding shorebirds."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Pacific Golden Plover",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# 15 Birds That Travel Thousands of Miles Nonstop",
"The Pacific Golden Plover (Pluvialis fulva) undertakes one of the most precisely navigated nonstop migrations in the avian world."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Blackpoll Warbler",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# 15 Birds That Travel Thousands of Miles Nonstop",
"## 4. Blackpoll Warbler The Lightweight Marathon Flier",
"The Blackpoll Warbler (Setophaga striata) completes one of the most impressive nonstop migrations relative to its size."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Sharp-tailed Sandpiper",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# 15 Birds That Travel Thousands of Miles Nonstop",
"The Sharp-tailed Sandpiper (Calidris acuminata) performs one of the most unusual nonstop migrations among shorebirds."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Red Knot",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# 15 Birds That Travel Thousands of Miles Nonstop",
"## 2. Red Knot The Hemispheric Connector",
"The Red Knot (Calidris canutus) completes one of the longest nonstop flights during its hemispheric migration between Arctic breeding grounds and southern wintering areas."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Bristle-thighed Curlew",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# 15 Birds That Travel Thousands of Miles Nonstop",
"## 1. Bristle-thighed Curlew The Remote Island Voyager",
"The Bristle-thighed Curlew (Numenius tahitiensis) undertakes one of the most isolation-defying nonstop migrations of any bird."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20060417083022/http:/www.npwrc.usgs.gov/resource/othrdata/migratio/routes.htm",
"title": "Migration of Birds",
"birds": [
{
"species": "Harris' Sparrow",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"The Harris' Sparrow provides an interesting example of a moderately narrow migration route in the interior of the country ([Figure 14](routes.htm#14)).",
"**Figure 14.** *Distribution and migration of Harris' Sparrow. This is an example of a narrow migration route through the interior of the country.*"
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Scarlet Tanager",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"The Scarlet Tanager presents another extreme case of a narrowly converging migration route starting from its 1,900 mile-wide breeding range in the eastern deciduous forest between New Brunswick and Saskatchewan ([Figure 15](routes.htm#15)).",
"**Figure 15.** *Distribution and migration of the Scarlet Tanager. During the breeding season individual tanagers may be 1,500 miles apart in an east-and-west line across the breeding range. In migration, however, the lines gradually converge until in South America they are about 500 miles apart.*"
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Rose-breasted Grosbeak",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"The Rose-breasted Grosbeak also leaves the United States through the 600-mile stretch from eastern Texas to Apalachicola Bay, but thereafter this grosbeak crosses the Gulf of Mexico and enters the northern part of its winter quarters in southern Mexico and these lines do not converge.",
"**Figure 16.** *Distribution and migration of the Rose-breasted Grosbeak. Though the width of the breeding range is about 2,500 miles, the migratory lines converge until the boundaries are only about 1,000 miles apart when the birds leave the United States.*"
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "American Redstart",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"The American Redstart represents a case of a wide migration route, but even in the southern United States this path is still much narrower than the breeding range ([Figure 17](routes.htm#17)).",
"**Figure 17.** *Distribution and migration of the Redstart. An example of a wide to migration route, birds of this species cross all parts of the Gulf of Mexico, or may travel from Florida to Cuba and through the Bahamas. Their route has an east-and-west width of more than 2,000 miles.*"
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Bobolink",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"The Bobolink so far outnumbers all other birds using this path that this route could be designated the \"Bobolink route\" ([Figure 19](routes.htm#19)).",
"**Figure 19.** *Distribution and migration of the Bobolink. In crossing to South America, most of the Bobolinks use route 3 ([Fig. 18](routes.htm#18)), showing no hesitation in making the flight from Jamaica across an islandless stretch of ocean. It will be noted that colonies of these birds have established themselves in western areas, but in migration they adhere to the ancestral flyways and show no tendency to take the short cut across Arizona, New Mexico, and Texas.*"
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Canvasback",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"Canvasbacks migrate from the prairie pothole region of the central United States and Canada to many wintering areas in the United States.",
"**Figure 20.** *Principal migratory routes of the Canvasback. The major route of travel extends from breeding areas in central Canada southeast across the Great Lakes and either south down the Mississippi River or east to Chesapeake Bay (After Stewart et al. 1958).*"
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Ross' Goose",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"**Figure 21.** *The breeding range, wintering range, and main migration route of Ross' Goose. This is the only species of which practically all members breed in the Arctic, migrate south through the Canadian prairie, and upon reaching the United States, turn to the southwest rather than the southeast. The southern part of this route, however, is followed by some mallards, pintails, wigeons, and other ducks.*"
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Western Tanager",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"The movements of the Western Tanager show a migration route that is in some ways remarkable.",
"**Figure 22.** *Breeding and wintering ranges of the Western Tanager. See [Fig. 23](routes.htm#23) for the spring route taken by the birds breeding in the northern part of the range.*",
"**Figure 23.** *Migration of the Western Tanager. The birds that arrive in eastern Alberta by May 20 do not travel northward along the eastern base of the Rocky Mountains, because the vanguard has then only reached northern Colorado. Instead the isochronal lines indicate that they migrate north through California, Oregon, and Washington and then cross the Rockies in British Columbia.*"
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://allaboutbirds.org/guide/Blue-throated_Mountain-gem/lifehistory",
"title": "Blue-throated Mountain-gem Life History, All About Birds, Cornell Lab of Ornithology",
"birds": [
{
"species": "Blue-throated Mountain-gem",
"route": null,
"timing": "autumn",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"In Arizona, New Mexico, and Texas Blue-throated Mountain-gems inhabit cool coniferous and mixed woodlands in the mountains.",
"## Behavior"
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"As flowers become less prevalent in autumn, and the dry season begins, Blue-throated Mountain-gems migrate southward into Mexico, passing through deserts to winter mostly in mountains farther south, though some appear in coastal lowlands during winter.",
"## Behavior"
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://wwt.org.uk/about-us/news/storm-darcy-forces-bewicks-swans-to-make-rare-migratory-u-turn",
"title": "Storm Darcy forces Bewick\u2019s swans to make rare migratory U-turn",
"birds": [
{
"species": "Bewick's swans",
"route": null,
"timing": "in early spring to breed",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"A flock of Bewick\u2019s swans which had begun their epic migration from Slimbridge Wetland Centre in Gloucestershire to the Arctic tundra have turned back to avoid the latest \u2018Beast from the East\u2019.",
"Every year, Bewick\u2019s swans fly 4000km to the UK to escape the harsh Russian weather and voyage back there in early spring to breed."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"Every year, Bewick\u2019s swans fly 4000km to the UK to escape the harsh Russian weather and voyage back there in early spring to breed.",
"A flock of Bewick\u2019s swans which had begun their epic migration from Slimbridge Wetland Centre in Gloucestershire to the Arctic tundra have turned back to avoid the latest \u2018Beast from the East\u2019."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://raptors.cms.int/sites/default/files/document/cms-raptors_stf-ws_pr10_kovacs.pdf",
"title": "1. dia",
"birds": [
{
"species": "Saker Falcon",
"route": null,
"timing": "September - October and return in March - April",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"Saker Falcon Falco cherrug",
"Saker Falcon \u2013 A Review of Available Biological Information",
"Introduction \u2013 Data Collection"
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"\u2022 Migratory Sakers leave their breeding areas in September - October and \n\nreturn in March \u2010 April.",
"Saker Falcon \u2013 A Review of Available Biological Information",
"Distribution throughout the annual cycle",
"Middle East & Africa"
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://birdlife.org/news/2024/03/13/migratory-bird-of-the-month-white-stork",
"title": "Bird of the month: White Stork - BirdLife International",
"birds": [
{
"species": "White Stork",
"route": null,
"timing": "winter",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"# Migratory bird of the month: White Stork",
"## **Key info**",
"During migration, they embark on daytime journeys, covering vast distances to reach their wintering grounds in Sub-Saharan Africa."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"## **Key info**",
"During migration, they embark on daytime journeys, covering vast distances to reach their wintering grounds in Sub-Saharan Africa.",
"On the western migration route, a growing proportion of the White Stork population no longer fly to Africa for the winter but spend the season on the Iberian Peninsula, leading to lower winter mortality."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://perchme.com/blogs/birdfeeders/the-world-s-5-most-epic-bird-migrations-and-how-you-can-safely-cheer-them-on",
"title": "The World\u2019s 5 Most Epic Bird Migrations (And How You Can Safely Cheer Them On)",
"birds": [
{
"species": "Arctic Tern",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"For centuries, humans have been awestruck by the incredible journeys of migratory birds\u2014tiny creatures that cross continents, oceans, and mountains with pinpoint accuracy.",
"### **1. Arctic Tern: The Ultimate Frequent Flyer**"
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Bar-tailed Godwit",
"route": null,
"timing": "autumn",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"For centuries, humans have been awestruck by the incredible journeys of migratory birds\u2014tiny creatures that cross continents, oceans, and mountains with pinpoint accuracy.",
"### **2. Bar-tailed Godwit: The Nonstop Ocean Crosser**"
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"For centuries, humans have been awestruck by the incredible journeys of migratory birds\u2014tiny creatures that cross continents, oceans, and mountains with pinpoint accuracy.",
"### **2. Bar-tailed Godwit: The Nonstop Ocean Crosser**",
"That\u2019s the bar-tailed godwit\u2019s autumn journey."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Amur Falcon",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"For centuries, humans have been awestruck by the incredible journeys of migratory birds\u2014tiny creatures that cross continents, oceans, and mountains with pinpoint accuracy.",
"### **3. Amur Falcon: The Globe-Trotting Raptor**"
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Snowy Owl",
"route": null,
"timing": "winter",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"For centuries, humans have been awestruck by the incredible journeys of migratory birds\u2014tiny creatures that cross continents, oceans, and mountains with pinpoint accuracy.",
"### **4. Snowy Owl: The Unpredictable Wanderer**"
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"For centuries, humans have been awestruck by the incredible journeys of migratory birds\u2014tiny creatures that cross continents, oceans, and mountains with pinpoint accuracy.",
"### **4. Snowy Owl: The Unpredictable Wanderer**",
"Spot them perched on fence posts or airport runways in winter!"
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
},
{
"species": "Ruby-throated Hummingbird",
"route": null,
"timing": null,
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"For centuries, humans have been awestruck by the incredible journeys of migratory birds\u2014tiny creatures that cross continents, oceans, and mountains with pinpoint accuracy.",
"### **5. Ruby-throated Hummingbird: The Tiny Trans-Gulf Survivor**"
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": null,
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://arkfoundationus.org/arctic-tern-migration-map",
"title": "Arctic Tern Migration Map: The Epic Pole-to-Pole Journey (Visualized)",
"birds": [
{
"species": "Arctic Tern",
"route": null,
"timing": "every year",
"distance_km": null,
"distinction": null,
"species_evidence": [
"Arctic Tern Migration Map: The Epic Pole-to-Pole Journey (Visualized)",
"The **Arctic Tern migration map** reveals the most extraordinary journey in the animal kingdom, spanning over 50,000 miles from the High Arctic to the shores of Antarctica."
],
"route_evidence": null,
"timing_evidence": [
"Arctic Tern Migration Map: The Epic Pole-to-Pole Journey (Visualized)",
"By following specific wind patterns and stopover points, these birds experience two summers every year, covering a distance equivalent to three trips to the moon and back over their lifetime."
],
"distance_km_evidence": null,
"distinction_evidence": null
}
]
}
],
"notes": [
"Merged 8 queries (1507 total) \u2192 1445 unique results",
"Search result set: rb40cc89679c (1445 rows), reference it as FROM rb40cc89679c in follow-up queries",
"WARNING: semantic extraction failed on 1 of 1000 rows \u2014 extracted values are null on those rows. First error: timed_out after 90.0s"
]
}