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   "engine": "WHOis",
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   "engine": "AOL",
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   "reported_status": "active",
   "region": null,
   "categories": "modern web search; regional search; web search / directory / metasearch",
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   "source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_search_engines"
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   "engine": "Just Dial",
   "launch_year": 1987,
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   "reported_status": "active",
   "region": "India",
   "categories": "Local Business Directory; local search; local search engine; regional search; web search / directory / metasearch",
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   "engine": "Archie",
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   "engine": "Infoseek Japan",
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   "categories": "Keywords; regional search",
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   "engine": "SearchSavvy",
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   "reported_status": null,
   "region": null,
   "categories": "project called SearchSavvy \u2014 OG metasearch engine; specialized search",
   "source_count": 8,
   "source_title": "What Is A Metasearch Engine & How Do Metasearch Engines Work?",
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   "engine": "Jughead",
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   "engine": "Veronica",
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   "categories": "web search / directory / metasearch",
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   "source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_web_search_engines"
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  {
   "engine": "arXiv",
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   "reported_status": "Active",
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   "categories": "Preprint server for physics, math, computer science, and AI research; academic; modern web search; preprint repository and search engine; specialized search",
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   "source_title": "\"Best Search Engines in 2026: Privacy, Quality, and Alternatives to Google\"",
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   "engine": "Aliweb",
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   "engine": "JumpStation",
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  {
   "engine": "US Search",
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   "reported_status": null,
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   "categories": "AI search / answer engine; people search; specialized search",
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   "engine": "W3Catalog",
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   "categories": "web search / directory / metasearch",
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   "engine": "Wandex",
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   "categories": "web search / directory / metasearch",
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   "engine": "Infoseek",
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   "reported_status": "acquired",
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   "engine": "Lycos",
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   "reported_status": "active",
   "region": "Brazil",
   "categories": "internet-portal and a directory; modern web search; regional search; specialized search; web search / directory / metasearch; web search engine and web portal",
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   "engine": "MetaCrawler",
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  {
   "engine": "Web Crawler",
   "launch_year": 1994,
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   "reported_status": "active",
   "region": null,
   "categories": "modern web search; search; specialized search; web search / directory / metasearch",
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  {
   "engine": "World-Wide Web Worm",
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   "categories": "web search / directory / metasearch",
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   "source_title": "List of search engines",
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  {
   "engine": "Yahoo!",
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   "reported_status": "active",
   "region": "Brazil",
   "categories": "AI search / answer engine; comparison shopping engine; modern web search; regional search; specialized search; web search / directory / metasearch",
   "source_count": 123,
   "source_title": "Metasearch engine",
   "source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metasearch_engine"
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  {
   "engine": "Yahoo! Directory",
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   "reported_status": "active",
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   "categories": "regional search; web search / directory / metasearch",
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   "source_title": "Timeline of web search engines",
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  },
  {
   "engine": "Yahoo! Search",
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   "region": null,
   "categories": "AI search / answer engine; general; modern web search; regional search; specialized search; web search / directory / metasearch",
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   "source_title": "List of search engines",
   "source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_search_engines"
  },
  {
   "engine": "AltaVista",
   "launch_year": 1995,
   "end_year": 2013,
   "reported_status": "shut down in 2013",
   "region": null,
   "categories": "modern web search; regional search; search; specialized search; web search / directory / metasearch",
   "source_count": 10,
   "source_title": "List of search engines",
   "source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_search_engines"
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  {
   "engine": "Altavista",
   "launch_year": 1995,
   "end_year": null,
   "reported_status": "active",
   "region": "Brazil",
   "categories": "regional search; web search / directory / metasearch",
   "source_count": 4,
   "source_title": "Timeline of web search engines",
   "source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_web_search_engines"
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  {
   "engine": "Ananzi",
   "launch_year": 1995,
   "end_year": null,
   "reported_status": "active",
   "region": "South Africa",
   "categories": "information hub; regional search",
   "source_count": 53,
   "source_title": "African search engines, searchengines of South Africa",
   "source_url": "http://whitelines.nl/html/za-list.html"
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  {
   "engine": "BargainFinder",
   "launch_year": 1995,
   "end_year": null,
   "reported_status": null,
   "region": null,
   "categories": "specialized search",
   "source_count": 17,
   "source_title": "Comparison shopping website",
   "source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_shopping_website"
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  {
   "engine": "Cad\u00ea?",
   "launch_year": 1995,
   "end_year": null,
   "reported_status": "discontinued",
   "region": null,
   "categories": "regional search",
   "source_count": 3,
   "source_title": "Is there a Brazilian-made search engine?",
   "source_url": "https://quora.com/Is-there-a-Brazilian-made-search-engine"
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  {
   "engine": "Daum",
   "launch_year": 1995,
   "end_year": null,
   "reported_status": "active",
   "region": "South Korea",
   "categories": "Web portal; major player in South Korea; modern web search; portals; regional search; search share (~4\u20135%); specialized search; web portal; web search / directory / metasearch",
   "source_count": 208,
   "source_title": "Search engine",
   "source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Search_engine"
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  {
   "engine": "DogPile",
   "launch_year": 1995,
   "end_year": null,
   "reported_status": null,
   "region": null,
   "categories": "meta search engine; modern web search; specialized search",
   "source_count": 11,
   "source_title": "Startpage vs Searxng",
   "source_url": "https://reddit.com/r/browsers/comments/1l37lx7/startpage_vs_searxng"
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  {
   "engine": "Excite",
   "launch_year": 1995,
   "end_year": null,
   "reported_status": "Active",
   "region": "United States",
   "categories": "META SEARCH ENGINE; modern web search; regional search; specialized search; web search / directory / metasearch",
   "source_count": 47,
   "source_title": "List of search engines",
   "source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_search_engines"
  },
  {
   "engine": "JSTOR",
   "launch_year": 1995,
   "end_year": null,
   "reported_status": "Active",
   "region": null,
   "categories": "Historical and archival journal content in humanities and social sciences; academic; humanities and social sciences digital library; specialized search",
   "source_count": 26,
   "source_title": "Top 10 Best Academic Search Engines for Scholarly Articles in 2026",
   "source_url": "https://elephas.app/blog/best-academic-search-engines"
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  {
   "engine": "LookSmart",
   "launch_year": 1995,
   "end_year": null,
   "reported_status": "active",
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   "categories": "modern web search; regional search; specialized search; web search / directory / metasearch",
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   "source_title": "Timeline of web search engines",
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  {
   "engine": "Magellan",
   "launch_year": 1995,
   "end_year": null,
   "reported_status": "Inactive",
   "region": null,
   "categories": "web search / directory / metasearch",
   "source_count": 1,
   "source_title": "Search engine",
   "source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Search_engine"
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  {
   "engine": "Mexico Web",
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   "reported_status": null,
   "region": null,
   "categories": "regional search",
   "source_count": 3,
   "source_title": "The most comprehensive, up-to-date, and complete collection of Latin American Yellow Pages. Save it!",
   "source_url": "https://cnabke.com/en/blogs/the-most-comprehensive-up-to-date-and-complete-collection-of-latin-american-yellow-pages.-save-it.html"
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  {
   "engine": "SAPO",
   "launch_year": 1995,
   "end_year": null,
   "reported_status": "Active",
   "region": "Portugal",
   "categories": "modern web search; regional search; web search / directory / metasearch",
   "source_count": 47,
   "source_title": "List of search engines",
   "source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_search_engines"
  },
  {
   "engine": "Savvy Search",
   "launch_year": 1995,
   "end_year": null,
   "reported_status": "Bought by c|net's Search.com in 1999; technology still used there",
   "region": "Colorado State University",
   "categories": "specialized search; web search / directory / metasearch",
   "source_count": 17,
   "source_title": "Metasearch engine",
   "source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metasearch_engine"
  },
  {
   "engine": "Search.ch",
   "launch_year": 1995,
   "end_year": null,
   "reported_status": "Active",
   "region": "Switzerland",
   "categories": "modern web search; regional search; web search / directory / metasearch",
   "source_count": 46,
   "source_title": "Timeline of web search engines",
   "source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_web_search_engines"
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  {
   "engine": "Web.de",
   "launch_year": 1995,
   "end_year": null,
   "reported_status": null,
   "region": null,
   "categories": "regional search",
   "source_count": 3,
   "source_title": "List of search engines by country",
   "source_url": "https://ph4.org/search_searchcountries.php"
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  {
   "engine": "Ask",
   "launch_year": 1996,
   "end_year": null,
   "reported_status": null,
   "region": "Japan",
   "categories": "modern web search; regional search; specialized search",
   "source_count": 14,
   "source_title": "15 Key Search Engines for US Crossborder Ecommerce Growth",
   "source_url": "https://scm-en.ecer.com/topic/detail-812785-15-key-search-engines-for-us-crossborder-ecommerce-growth.html"
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   "engine": "Ask Jeeves",
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   "end_year": null,
   "reported_status": "renamed",
   "region": null,
   "categories": "modern web search; specialized search; web search / directory / metasearch",
   "source_count": 6,
   "source_title": "Timeline of web search engines",
   "source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_web_search_engines"
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  {
   "engine": "Ask.com",
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   "end_year": null,
   "reported_status": "active",
   "region": null,
   "categories": "Search engines you can no longer use; assists individuals in finding online sites by putting in the subject they are looking for; modern web search; natural language; regional search; specialized search; web search / directory / metasearch",
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   "source_title": "List of search engines",
   "source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_search_engines"
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  {
   "engine": "Biglobe",
   "launch_year": 1996,
   "end_year": null,
   "reported_status": null,
   "region": "Japan",
   "categories": "Keywords; regional search",
   "source_count": 19,
   "source_title": "List of Search Engines",
   "source_url": "https://warriorforum.com/search-engine-optimization/682509-list-search-engines.html"
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  {
   "engine": "BizRate",
   "launch_year": 1996,
   "end_year": null,
   "reported_status": null,
   "region": null,
   "categories": "shopping comparison; specialized search",
   "source_count": 13,
   "source_title": "What Are The Top Price Comparison Websites For Finding The Best Deals - FasterCapital",
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   "engine": "Dogpile",
   "launch_year": 1996,
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   "reported_status": "active",
   "region": "United States",
   "categories": "Inprivate Searching Service; Metasearch engine; mega search engine; metasearch engine; modern web search; regional search; specialized search; web search / directory / metasearch",
   "source_count": 214,
   "source_title": "Metasearch engine",
   "source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metasearch_engine"
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   "engine": "Fireball",
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   "end_year": null,
   "reported_status": null,
   "region": null,
   "categories": "modern web search; regional search; specialized search; web search / directory / metasearch",
   "source_count": 23,
   "source_title": "Comparison of search engines",
   "source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_search_engines"
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  {
   "engine": "HotBot",
   "launch_year": 1996,
   "end_year": null,
   "reported_status": "redesigned",
   "region": null,
   "categories": "modern web search; privacy; privacy search engine; regional search; specialized search; web search / directory / metasearch",
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   "source_title": "List of search engines",
   "source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_search_engines"
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  {
   "engine": "Jayde",
   "launch_year": 1996,
   "end_year": null,
   "reported_status": "live",
   "region": null,
   "categories": "modern web search; regional search; specialized search",
   "source_count": 3,
   "source_title": "15 Key Search Engines for US Crossborder Ecommerce Growth",
   "source_url": "https://scm-en.ecer.com/topic/detail-812785-15-key-search-engines-for-us-crossborder-ecommerce-growth.html"
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  {
   "engine": "Mamma",
   "launch_year": 1996,
   "end_year": null,
   "reported_status": "defunct",
   "region": null,
   "categories": "meta search engine; specialized search; web search / directory / metasearch",
   "source_count": 42,
   "source_title": "List of search engines",
   "source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_search_engines"
  },
  {
   "engine": "MetaGer",
   "launch_year": 1996,
   "end_year": null,
   "reported_status": "active",
   "region": "Germany",
   "categories": "German-based metasearch engine; Privacy Protected Search & Find; Private Search Engines; independent index; metasearch; metasearch engine; modern web search; nonprofit metasearch; privacy; privacy and transparency; privacy search engine; privacy-focused general search engines; protecting user privacy and avoiding the filter bubble; regional search; specialized search; web search / directory / metasearch",
   "source_count": 337,
   "source_title": "List of search engines",
   "source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_search_engines"
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  {
   "engine": "PubMed",
   "launch_year": 1996,
   "end_year": null,
   "reported_status": "Active",
   "region": "U.S.",
   "categories": "AI search / answer engine; Biomedical and life sciences research; Medicine; academic; biomedical literature; biomedical research database; modern web search; regional search; specialized search",
   "source_count": 77,
   "source_title": "Stop Googling: 100+ Insane AI Search Tools For Research \u2013 Info With Ai 100+ Ai Tools",
   "source_url": "https://infowithai.com/tools/search-ai-tools-list"
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  {
   "engine": "Rambler",
   "launch_year": 1996,
   "end_year": null,
   "reported_status": "active",
   "region": "Russia",
   "categories": "modern web search; news aggregation; regional search; web search / directory / metasearch",
   "source_count": 51,
   "source_title": "List of search engines",
   "source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_search_engines"
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  {
   "engine": "Rambler.ru",
   "launch_year": 1996,
   "end_year": null,
   "reported_status": null,
   "region": "Russia",
   "categories": "regional search",
   "source_count": 4,
   "source_title": "Internet in Russia and Ukraine",
   "source_url": "https://streetdirectory.com/travel_guide/2458/computers_and_the_internet/internet_in_russia_and_ukraine___part_2_major_runet_and_uanet_search_engines_and_directories.html"
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   "engine": "RankDex",
   "launch_year": 1996,
   "end_year": null,
   "reported_status": "active",
   "region": null,
   "categories": "web search / directory / metasearch",
   "source_count": 2,
   "source_title": "Timeline of web search engines",
   "source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_web_search_engines"
  },
  {
   "engine": "Rediff",
   "launch_year": 1996,
   "end_year": null,
   "reported_status": "working",
   "region": "India",
   "categories": "News, Entertainment, and Shopping; modern web search; provides a variety of additional web-based services on various topics and categories; regional search; web search / directory / metasearch",
   "source_count": 25,
   "source_title": "List of search engines",
   "source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_search_engines"
  },
  {
   "engine": "Seznam",
   "launch_year": 1996,
   "end_year": null,
   "reported_status": "active",
   "region": "Czech Republic",
   "categories": "Czech Republic-focused search; modern web search; news; prominent search engine in the Czech Republic; regional; regional search; specialized search; web search / directory / metasearch",
   "source_count": 131,
   "source_title": "List of search engines",
   "source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_search_engines"
  },
  {
   "engine": "Seznam.cz",
   "launch_year": 1996,
   "end_year": null,
   "reported_status": "active",
   "region": "Czech Republic",
   "categories": "modern web search; regional search; specialized search; web search / directory / metasearch",
   "source_count": 23,
   "source_title": "Comparison of search engines",
   "source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_search_engines"
  },
  {
   "engine": "ShopZilla",
   "launch_year": 1996,
   "end_year": null,
   "reported_status": null,
   "region": "United States",
   "categories": "comparison shopping engine; price comparison; price comparison service; shopping; shopping and comparison search; shopping comparison; shopping search; specialized search; web search / directory / metasearch",
   "source_count": 107,
   "source_title": "List of search engines",
   "source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_search_engines"
  },
  {
   "engine": "Wayback Machine",
   "launch_year": 1996,
   "end_year": null,
   "reported_status": null,
   "region": null,
   "categories": "modern web search; specialized search",
   "source_count": 20,
   "source_title": "Alternative Search Engines to Google: The 2026 Guide",
   "source_url": "https://rankite.com/blog/alternative-search-engines-to-google"
  },
  {
   "engine": "Yahoo! Japan",
   "launch_year": 1996,
   "end_year": null,
   "reported_status": "Online",
   "region": "Japan",
   "categories": "Yahoo! JAPAN; directory; directory-type search engine that registered websites by category; modern web search; regional search; search engine; specialized search; web search / directory / metasearch",
   "source_count": 143,
   "source_title": "List of search engines",
   "source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_search_engines"
  },
  {
   "engine": "popularity engine",
   "launch_year": 1996,
   "end_year": null,
   "reported_status": "active",
   "region": null,
   "categories": "web search / directory / metasearch",
   "source_count": 1,
   "source_title": "Timeline of web search engines",
   "source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_web_search_engines"
  },
  {
   "engine": "AOL NetFind",
   "launch_year": 1997,
   "end_year": null,
   "reported_status": "Active (rebranded AOL Search since 1999)",
   "region": null,
   "categories": "regional search; web search / directory / metasearch",
   "source_count": 2,
   "source_title": "Search engine",
   "source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Search_engine"
  },
  {
   "engine": "Aardvark",
   "launch_year": 1997,
   "end_year": null,
   "reported_status": "active",
   "region": null,
   "categories": "regional search",
   "source_count": 17,
   "source_title": "Search Engines",
   "source_url": "https://saao.ac.za/~wpk/sengines.html"
  },
  {
   "engine": "Bizrate",
   "launch_year": 1997,
   "end_year": null,
   "reported_status": null,
   "region": null,
   "categories": "shopping; specialized search",
   "source_count": 8,
   "source_title": "The 9 Comparison Shopping Engines You Should Know in 2025",
   "source_url": "https://seo.ai/blog/comparison-shopping-engines"
  },
  {
   "engine": "CiteSeer",
   "launch_year": 1997,
   "end_year": null,
   "reported_status": null,
   "region": null,
   "categories": "specialized search",
   "source_count": 6,
   "source_title": "Why are these publications missing? Uncovering the reasons behind the exclusion of documents in free\u2010access scholarly databases",
   "source_url": "https://asistdl.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/asi.24839"
  },
  {
   "engine": "CiteseerX",
   "launch_year": 1997,
   "end_year": null,
   "reported_status": "Open",
   "region": null,
   "categories": "Computer Science and related fields; specialized search",
   "source_count": 4,
   "source_title": "Comprehensive review of academic search systems: evolution, analysis, and future research directions",
   "source_url": "https://springerprofessional.de/comprehensive-review-of-academic-search-systems-evolution-analys/51183598"
  },
  {
   "engine": "Excite Japan",
   "launch_year": 1997,
   "end_year": null,
   "reported_status": null,
   "region": "Japan",
   "categories": "Keywords; regional search; search and directory facilities",
   "source_count": 15,
   "source_title": "Search Engines in Japan \u2013 SEO Warrior",
   "source_url": "https://seowarrior.net/search-engines-in-japan"
  },
  {
   "engine": "Goo",
   "launch_year": 1997,
   "end_year": null,
   "reported_status": "active",
   "region": "Japan",
   "categories": "Keywords; modern web search; regional search; search engine and an extensive directory; search engine and web portal; web search / directory / metasearch",
   "source_count": 85,
   "source_title": "List of search engines",
   "source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_search_engines"
  },
  {
   "engine": "Google",
   "launch_year": 1997,
   "end_year": null,
   "reported_status": "active",
   "region": "China",
   "categories": "AI search / answer engine; general; global knowledge; independent index; modern web search; regional search; search engine; specialized search; web search / directory / metasearch",
   "source_count": 315,
   "source_title": "List of search engines",
   "source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_search_engines"
  },
  {
   "engine": "Google Search",
   "launch_year": 1997,
   "end_year": null,
   "reported_status": "active",
   "region": null,
   "categories": "AI search; AI search / answer engine; general; modern web search; regional search; specialized search; web search / directory / metasearch",
   "source_count": 235,
   "source_title": "Comparison of search engines",
   "source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_search_engines"
  },
  {
   "engine": "NATE",
   "launch_year": 1997,
   "end_year": null,
   "reported_status": "Active",
   "region": "South Korea",
   "categories": "modern web search; regional search; web portal; web search / directory / metasearch",
   "source_count": 49,
   "source_title": "List of search engines",
   "source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_search_engines"
  },
  {
   "engine": "NAVER",
   "launch_year": 1997,
   "end_year": null,
   "reported_status": "active",
   "region": "South Korea",
   "categories": "AI search / answer engine; Korean search share; Multidisciplinary; Popular in South Korea; South Korea's top search engine; South Korea-focused search; Web portal; domestic search and portal platform; homegrown search portal; modern web search; regional; regional search; search engine; specialized search; web search / directory / metasearch",
   "source_count": 341,
   "source_title": "List of search engines",
   "source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_search_engines"
  },
  {
   "engine": "Northern Light",
   "launch_year": 1997,
   "end_year": null,
   "reported_status": "Inactive",
   "region": null,
   "categories": "specialized search; web search / directory / metasearch",
   "source_count": 2,
   "source_title": "Search engine",
   "source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Search_engine"
  },
  {
   "engine": "Rakuten",
   "launch_year": 1997,
   "end_year": null,
   "reported_status": null,
   "region": null,
   "categories": "regional search; specialized search",
   "source_count": 3,
   "source_title": "Top Japanese Search Engines You Should Know About",
   "source_url": "https://googlerankcheck.com/top-japanese-search-engines-you-should-know-about"
  },
  {
   "engine": "ScienceDirect",
   "launch_year": 1997,
   "end_year": null,
   "reported_status": "Active",
   "region": null,
   "categories": "Multidisciplinary; scientific; specialized search",
   "source_count": 11,
   "source_title": "9 Best Research Paper Search Engines",
   "source_url": "https://researchdeep.com/9-best-research-paper-search-engines"
  },
  {
   "engine": "Streetprices",
   "launch_year": 1997,
   "end_year": null,
   "reported_status": null,
   "region": null,
   "categories": "specialized search",
   "source_count": 12,
   "source_title": "Comparison shopping website",
   "source_url": "https://codedocs.org/what-is/comparison-shopping-website"
  },
  {
   "engine": "Web of Science",
   "launch_year": 1997,
   "end_year": null,
   "reported_status": "Active",
   "region": null,
   "categories": "Multidisciplinary citation tracking and impact analysis; academic; citation index; paid citation index; specialized search",
   "source_count": 34,
   "source_title": "Comprehensive review of academic search systems: evolution, analysis, and future research directions",
   "source_url": "https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s13278-025-01476-1.pdf"
  },
  {
   "engine": "White Pages",
   "launch_year": 1997,
   "end_year": null,
   "reported_status": "available",
   "region": "U.S.",
   "categories": "AI search / answer engine; directory; people search; people-search; regional search; searching for someone with an association or living in the U.S.; specialized search; web search / directory / metasearch",
   "source_count": 84,
   "source_title": "List of search engines",
   "source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_search_engines"
  },
  {
   "engine": "Yahoo! Korea",
   "launch_year": 1997,
   "end_year": 2012,
   "reported_status": "ceased operations",
   "region": "South Korea",
   "categories": "localized version of the Yahoo! search engine; regional search",
   "source_count": 14,
   "source_title": "New tech in the Web search war",
   "source_url": "https://koreajoongangdaily.com/business/new-tech-in-the-web-search-war/10543482"
  },
  {
   "engine": "Yandex",
   "launch_year": 1997,
   "end_year": null,
   "reported_status": "active",
   "region": "Russia",
   "categories": "AI search / answer engine; Neural Networks for Russian-language content; modern web search; regional; regional search; reverse image and face search; search; specialized search; web search / directory / metasearch",
   "source_count": 422,
   "source_title": "List of search engines",
   "source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_search_engines"
  },
  {
   "engine": "goo",
   "launch_year": 1997,
   "end_year": null,
   "reported_status": "Active",
   "region": "Japan",
   "categories": "regional search; web search / directory / metasearch",
   "source_count": 27,
   "source_title": "Search engine",
   "source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Search_engine"
  },
  {
   "engine": "AltaVista Canada",
   "launch_year": 1998,
   "end_year": null,
   "reported_status": null,
   "region": null,
   "categories": "regional search",
   "source_count": 4,
   "source_title": "History of World / Regional Search Engines and Directories",
   "source_url": "http://info.dooasia.com/software/history_of_world_regional_search_engines_and_directories.php"
  },
  {
   "engine": "Bing",
   "launch_year": 1998,
   "end_year": null,
   "reported_status": "active",
   "region": "China",
   "categories": "AI answer; AI search / answer engine; independent index; modern web search; natural language; regional search; search engine; specialized search; traditional web search; web search / directory / metasearch",
   "source_count": 293,
   "source_title": "Timeline of web search engines",
   "source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_web_search_engines"
  },
  {
   "engine": "Direct Hit Technologies",
   "launch_year": 1998,
   "end_year": null,
   "reported_status": "active",
   "region": null,
   "categories": "web search / directory / metasearch",
   "source_count": 2,
   "source_title": "Timeline of web search engines",
   "source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_web_search_engines"
  },
  {
   "engine": "Gnuhoo",
   "launch_year": 1998,
   "end_year": null,
   "reported_status": "renamed",
   "region": null,
   "categories": "web search / directory / metasearch",
   "source_count": 1,
   "source_title": "Timeline of web search engines",
   "source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_web_search_engines"
  },
  {
   "engine": "Ixquick",
   "launch_year": 1998,
   "end_year": null,
   "reported_status": "discontinued",
   "region": null,
   "categories": "META SEARCH ENGINE; privacy; private search; regional search; specialized search; web search / directory / metasearch",
   "source_count": 59,
   "source_title": "Metasearch engine",
   "source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metasearch_engine"
  },
  {
   "engine": "MSN",
   "launch_year": 1998,
   "end_year": null,
   "reported_status": "renamed",
   "region": "Japan",
   "categories": "Directory & Keywords; comparison shopping; regional search; shopping comparison; specialized search; web search / directory / metasearch",
   "source_count": 38,
   "source_title": "Metasearch engine",
   "source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metasearch_engine"
  },
  {
   "engine": "Mail.ru",
   "launch_year": 1998,
   "end_year": null,
   "reported_status": "active",
   "region": "Russia",
   "categories": "regional search",
   "source_count": 16,
   "source_title": "List of Search Engines - Search Engine",
   "source_url": "https://viposearch.com/list-of-search-engines"
  },
  {
   "engine": "PeopleFinders",
   "launch_year": 1998,
   "end_year": null,
   "reported_status": "actively maintained",
   "region": null,
   "categories": "AI search / answer engine; people search; people search engine; people-search; specialized search; track someone down",
   "source_count": 55,
   "source_title": "Stop Googling: 100+ Insane AI Search Tools For Research \u2013 Info With Ai 100+ Ai Tools",
   "source_url": "https://infowithai.com/tools/search-ai-tools-list"
  },
  {
   "engine": "Shopping.com",
   "launch_year": 1998,
   "end_year": null,
   "reported_status": "operating",
   "region": "United States",
   "categories": "online comparison shopping; paid-inclusion comparison site; price comparison service; shopping; shopping and comparison search; shopping engine; shopping search; specialized search; web search / directory / metasearch",
   "source_count": 78,
   "source_title": "List of search engines",
   "source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_search_engines"
  },
  {
   "engine": "StartPage",
   "launch_year": 1998,
   "end_year": null,
   "reported_status": "active",
   "region": "Netherlands",
   "categories": "AI search / answer engine; Google results with privacy; Google-like results without tracking; Privacy; Privacy-Focused Search Engines; Private Search Engines; acts as a privacy layer between you and Google, stripping your personal data before passing your query along; familiar Google and Bing results; metasearch engine; modern web search; privacy; privacy layer that strips tracking; privacy search engine; privacy-centric search engine; privacy-focused; privacy-focused general search engines; private; regional search; search engine and a search aggregator; specialized search; traditional web search; web search / directory / metasearch",
   "source_count": 511,
   "source_title": "List of search engines",
   "source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_search_engines"
  },
  {
   "engine": "StartPage.com",
   "launch_year": 1998,
   "end_year": null,
   "reported_status": "active",
   "region": "European",
   "categories": "modern web search; privacy; regional search; specialized search; web search / directory / metasearch",
   "source_count": 27,
   "source_title": "List of search engines",
   "source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_search_engines"
  },
  {
   "engine": "VK",
   "launch_year": 1998,
   "end_year": null,
   "reported_status": "active",
   "region": null,
   "categories": "regional search; social discussion",
   "source_count": 7,
   "source_title": "Russian Web Search Engines: What Most People Get Wrong",
   "source_url": "https://thelightshot.com/russian-web-search-engines-what-most-people-get-wrong-1wcy"
  },
  {
   "engine": "empas",
   "launch_year": 1998,
   "end_year": null,
   "reported_status": "Inactive (merged with NATE)",
   "region": null,
   "categories": "regional search; web search / directory / metasearch",
   "source_count": 2,
   "source_title": "Search engine",
   "source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Search_engine"
  },
  {
   "engine": "AlltheWeb",
   "launch_year": 1999,
   "end_year": null,
   "reported_status": "acquired",
   "region": null,
   "categories": "web search / directory / metasearch",
   "source_count": 3,
   "source_title": "Search engine",
   "source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Search_engine"
  },
  {
   "engine": "Anvish",
   "launch_year": 1999,
   "end_year": null,
   "reported_status": "incorporated",
   "region": null,
   "categories": "specialized search; web search / directory / metasearch",
   "source_count": 7,
   "source_title": "Metasearch engine",
   "source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metasearch_engine"
  },
  {
   "engine": "DinoSearch",
   "launch_year": 1999,
   "end_year": null,
   "reported_status": null,
   "region": null,
   "categories": "Safe Search engines for kids; specialized search",
   "source_count": 13,
   "source_title": "The Best Kid-friendly Safe Search Engines | A Geeks World",
   "source_url": "https://ageeksworld.com/best-kid-friendly-safe-search-engines"
  },
  {
   "engine": "EntireWeb",
   "launch_year": 1999,
   "end_year": null,
   "reported_status": null,
   "region": null,
   "categories": "modern web search; regional search; specialized search",
   "source_count": 10,
   "source_title": "search engines and directories - international and UK submissions",
   "source_url": "https://wussu.com/search"
  },
  {
   "engine": "GenieKnows",
   "launch_year": 1999,
   "end_year": null,
   "reported_status": "Inactive, rebranded Yellowee (was redirecting to justlocalbusiness.com)",
   "region": null,
   "categories": "regional search; web search / directory / metasearch",
   "source_count": 5,
   "source_title": "List of search engines",
   "source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_search_engines"
  },
  {
   "engine": "KartOO",
   "launch_year": 1999,
   "end_year": null,
   "reported_status": "defunct",
   "region": null,
   "categories": "specialized search; web search / directory / metasearch",
   "source_count": 12,
   "source_title": "List of search engines",
   "source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_search_engines"
  },
  {
   "engine": "NexTag",
   "launch_year": 1999,
   "end_year": null,
   "reported_status": "closed",
   "region": "United States, Australia, Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Spain, United Kingdom and Japan",
   "categories": "comparison shopping; comparison shopping engine; paid-inclusion comparison site; shopping; shopping and comparison search; specialized search",
   "source_count": 71,
   "source_title": "Shopping around",
   "source_url": "https://chiefmarketer.com/shopping-around"
  },
  {
   "engine": "PriceGrabber",
   "launch_year": 1999,
   "end_year": null,
   "reported_status": null,
   "region": "US",
   "categories": "PC goods and consumer electrical equipment; comparison shopping; comparison shopping engine; online comparison shopping; online price comparison service; paid-inclusion comparison site; price comparison; shopping; shopping and comparison search; shopping search; specialized search; web search / directory / metasearch",
   "source_count": 118,
   "source_title": "List of search engines",
   "source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_search_engines"
  },
  {
   "engine": "PriceRunner",
   "launch_year": 1999,
   "end_year": null,
   "reported_status": null,
   "region": "UK",
   "categories": "shopping; specialized search; web search / directory / metasearch",
   "source_count": 17,
   "source_title": "List of search engines",
   "source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_search_engines"
  },
  {
   "engine": "Teoma",
   "launch_year": 1999,
   "end_year": null,
   "reported_status": "acquired",
   "region": null,
   "categories": "regional search; specialized search; web search / directory / metasearch",
   "source_count": 4,
   "source_title": "List of search engines",
   "source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_search_engines"
  },
  {
   "engine": "123Khoj.com",
   "launch_year": 2000,
   "end_year": null,
   "reported_status": null,
   "region": "India",
   "categories": "aids in discovering documents on these connected websites; regional search",
   "source_count": 3,
   "source_title": "Indian Search Engines India Web Directories Free Submit to India Web Directories Submission",
   "source_url": "https://blog.mkohli.com/searchengines/india-search-engines"
  },
  {
   "engine": "123khoj.com",
   "launch_year": 2000,
   "end_year": null,
   "reported_status": null,
   "region": null,
   "categories": "regional search",
   "source_count": 3,
   "source_title": "123khoj | India Search Engine,Search India,Indian Top 10 Sites,Khoj,Finder, India Web Directory",
   "source_url": "https://123khoj-com.mutawakkil.com"
  },
  {
   "engine": "Baidu",
   "launch_year": 2000,
   "end_year": null,
   "reported_status": "active",
   "region": "China",
   "categories": "AI search / answer engine; China's dominant search engine; China-focused search; Chinese search market; General Search; The most commonly used search engine in china; modern web search; regional; regional search; search; search engine in China; specialized search; web search / directory / metasearch",
   "source_count": 439,
   "source_title": "Timeline of web search engines",
   "source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_web_search_engines"
  },
  {
   "engine": "Exalead",
   "launch_year": 2000,
   "end_year": null,
   "reported_status": "Inactive",
   "region": "France",
   "categories": "independent index; modern web search; regional search; specialized search; web search / directory / metasearch",
   "source_count": 30,
   "source_title": "Comparison of search engines",
   "source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_search_engines"
  },
  {
   "engine": "Faroo",
   "launch_year": 2000,
   "end_year": null,
   "reported_status": null,
   "region": null,
   "categories": "meta search engine; specialized search",
   "source_count": 33,
   "source_title": "List of Search Engines",
   "source_url": "https://warriorforum.com/search-engine-optimization/682509-list-search-engines.html"
  },
  {
   "engine": "Gigablast",
   "launch_year": 2000,
   "end_year": null,
   "reported_status": "active",
   "region": "Linux on Intel/AMD",
   "categories": "Search engines you can no longer use; distributed open source search engine and spider/crawler; modern web search; private; private search; private search engine; regional search; specialized search; web search / directory / metasearch",
   "source_count": 115,
   "source_title": "List of search engines",
   "source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_search_engines"
  },
  {
   "engine": "Google Japan",
   "launch_year": 2000,
   "end_year": null,
   "reported_status": null,
   "region": "Japan",
   "categories": "Keywords; regional search; search engine",
   "source_count": 22,
   "source_title": "Japanese Search Engines | International SEO | Web-Translations",
   "source_url": "https://web-translations.com/resources-new/international-search-engines/japanese-search-engines"
  },
  {
   "engine": "Google Korea",
   "launch_year": 2000,
   "end_year": null,
   "reported_status": null,
   "region": "South Korea (with localized indexing)",
   "categories": "regional search",
   "source_count": 10,
   "source_title": "A Starter\u2019s Guide to Search in Korea",
   "source_url": "https://searchenginewatch.com/2011/07/14/a-starters-guide-to-search-in-korea"
  },
  {
   "engine": "Grub",
   "launch_year": 2000,
   "end_year": null,
   "reported_status": "defunct",
   "region": null,
   "categories": "specialized search; web search / directory / metasearch",
   "source_count": 3,
   "source_title": "List of search engines",
   "source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_search_engines"
  },
  {
   "engine": "HumHaiIndia.com",
   "launch_year": 2000,
   "end_year": null,
   "reported_status": "rebranded",
   "region": "India",
   "categories": "specialized search; web search / directory / metasearch",
   "source_count": 6,
   "source_title": "Metasearch engine",
   "source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metasearch_engine"
  },
  {
   "engine": "IEEE Xplore",
   "launch_year": 2000,
   "end_year": null,
   "reported_status": "Active",
   "region": null,
   "categories": "Engineering; electrical engineering, computer science, and other related disciplines; specialized search",
   "source_count": 17,
   "source_title": "An Exhaustive Available Search Engines List for 2025",
   "source_url": "https://techbloat.com/an-exhaustive-available-search-engines-list-for-2025.html"
  },
  {
   "engine": "InfraSearch",
   "launch_year": 2000,
   "end_year": null,
   "reported_status": "defunct",
   "region": null,
   "categories": "specialized search",
   "source_count": 14,
   "source_title": "Distributed search engine",
   "source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distributed_search_engine"
  },
  {
   "engine": "Ithaki",
   "launch_year": 2000,
   "end_year": null,
   "reported_status": null,
   "region": null,
   "categories": "specialized search",
   "source_count": 4,
   "source_title": "Meta Searchers",
   "source_url": "https://firelandsschools.org/MetaSearchers.aspx"
  },
  {
   "engine": "Koders",
   "launch_year": 2000,
   "end_year": 2012,
   "reported_status": "discontinued",
   "region": null,
   "categories": "code; code search; open source code; searching through source code; source-code; specialized search; web search / directory / metasearch",
   "source_count": 96,
   "source_title": "List of search engines",
   "source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_search_engines"
  },
  {
   "engine": "OpenCola",
   "launch_year": 2000,
   "end_year": null,
   "reported_status": "defunct",
   "region": null,
   "categories": "specialized search",
   "source_count": 13,
   "source_title": "Software:Distributed search engine - HandWiki",
   "source_url": "https://handwiki.org/wiki/Software:Distributed_search_engine"
  },
  {
   "engine": "PubMed Central",
   "launch_year": 2000,
   "end_year": null,
   "reported_status": "Active",
   "region": "United States",
   "categories": "medical and life science; medical, life sciences, and biomedical topics; specialized search",
   "source_count": 11,
   "source_title": "Top Best Specialized Search Engines for Students",
   "source_url": "https://medium.com/@jessebrahe2357/top-best-specialized-search-engines-for-students-d714d40929fc"
  },
  {
   "engine": "Scirus",
   "launch_year": 2000,
   "end_year": null,
   "reported_status": "terminated",
   "region": null,
   "categories": "regional search; specialized search",
   "source_count": 12,
   "source_title": "search engines and directories - international and UK submissions",
   "source_url": "https://wussu.com/search"
  },
  {
   "engine": "The Lens",
   "launch_year": 2000,
   "end_year": null,
   "reported_status": null,
   "region": "Australia",
   "categories": "patent and scholarly literature; scholarly + patent search engine; specialized search",
   "source_count": 11,
   "source_title": "The Best Academic Search Engines: Complete Guide, Resources, and Tips",
   "source_url": "https://en.formacionyestudios.com/13-academic-search-engines-that-you-cannot-miss.html"
  },
  {
   "engine": "ZoomInfo",
   "launch_year": 2000,
   "end_year": null,
   "reported_status": null,
   "region": null,
   "categories": "people search; specialized search; web search / directory / metasearch",
   "source_count": 14,
   "source_title": "List of search engines",
   "source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_search_engines"
  },
  {
   "engine": "Google Images",
   "launch_year": 2001,
   "end_year": null,
   "reported_status": null,
   "region": null,
   "categories": "image search; reverse image and face search; reverse image search engine; reverse-image tools; specialized search; web search / directory / metasearch",
   "source_count": 47,
   "source_title": "List of search engines",
   "source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_search_engines"
  },
  {
   "engine": "Internet Archive",
   "launch_year": 2001,
   "end_year": null,
   "reported_status": "active",
   "region": null,
   "categories": "Archival content, historical texts; modern web search; specialized search",
   "source_count": 14,
   "source_title": "What Are the Best Alternatives to Google? 12 Search Engines You Should Try in 2026",
   "source_url": "https://canopymanagement.com/12-non-conventional-search-engines-you-need-to-know"
  },
  {
   "engine": "Kids Goo",
   "launch_year": 2001,
   "end_year": 2017,
   "reported_status": "closed",
   "region": "Japan",
   "categories": "child-friendly counterpart; child-friendly counterpart to its search engine; regional search",
   "source_count": 6,
   "source_title": "Goo (search engine) - Wikiwand",
   "source_url": "https://wikiwand.com/en/articles/Goo_(search_engine)"
  },
  {
   "engine": "Vivisimo",
   "launch_year": 2001,
   "end_year": null,
   "reported_status": null,
   "region": null,
   "categories": "meta search engine; metasearch engine; specialized search; web search / directory / metasearch",
   "source_count": 16,
   "source_title": "Metasearch engine",
   "source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metasearch_engine"
  },
  {
   "engine": "Froogle",
   "launch_year": 2002,
   "end_year": null,
   "reported_status": "beta status",
   "region": null,
   "categories": "product search; regional search; shopping comparison service; shopping search; specialized search",
   "source_count": 45,
   "source_title": "search engines and directories - international and UK submissions",
   "source_url": "https://wussu.com/search"
  },
  {
   "engine": "Google Product Search",
   "launch_year": 2002,
   "end_year": null,
   "reported_status": "discontinued",
   "region": null,
   "categories": "specialized search",
   "source_count": 14,
   "source_title": "Shopping Feeds Submission - Google, Yahoo, Bing Feed Submission",
   "source_url": "https://searchenginegenie.com/shopping-feeds-services.html"
  },
  {
   "engine": "Google Shopping",
   "launch_year": 2002,
   "end_year": null,
   "reported_status": "active",
   "region": null,
   "categories": "shopping; specialized search; web search / directory / metasearch",
   "source_count": 79,
   "source_title": "List of search engines",
   "source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_search_engines"
  },
  {
   "engine": "Science.gov",
   "launch_year": 2002,
   "end_year": null,
   "reported_status": null,
   "region": "American",
   "categories": "American state search engine on 2200+ scientific sites; U.S. federal research; scholarly research; scientific and technical information from over 15 federal agencies; scientific sites; scientific sites search engine; specialized search; state search engine; state search engine on 2200+ scientific sites",
   "source_count": 52,
   "source_title": "Top Best Specialized Search Engines for Students 2026",
   "source_url": "https://aofirs.org/articles/specialized-search-engines"
  },
  {
   "engine": "Info.com",
   "launch_year": 2003,
   "end_year": null,
   "reported_status": "Active",
   "region": null,
   "categories": "modern web search; specialized search; web search / directory / metasearch",
   "source_count": 21,
   "source_title": "Search engine",
   "source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Search_engine"
  },
  {
   "engine": "Intelius",
   "launch_year": 2003,
   "end_year": null,
   "reported_status": "accredited, business with an A rating",
   "region": null,
   "categories": "AI search / answer engine; people search; people search engine; people search, background checks, and reverse phone lookups; people-centric record-keeping; people-search; specialized search",
   "source_count": 76,
   "source_title": "Stop Googling: 100+ Insane AI Search Tools For Research \u2013 Info With Ai 100+ Ai Tools",
   "source_url": "https://infowithai.com/tools/search-ai-tools-list"
  },
  {
   "engine": "Sogou",
   "launch_year": 2003,
   "end_year": null,
   "reported_status": "active",
   "region": "China",
   "categories": "AI-powered searches; General Search; Specialized search services; The second largest search engine with powerful web applications; mobile search; modern web search; regional search; search; specialized search; web search / directory / metasearch",
   "source_count": 219,
   "source_title": "Comparison of search engines",
   "source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_search_engines"
  },
  {
   "engine": "YaCy",
   "launch_year": 2003,
   "end_year": null,
   "reported_status": "Active, P2P",
   "region": null,
   "categories": "Decentralization; P2P; decentralized and P2P operations; decentralized, peer-to-peer search engine; modern web search; peer-to-peer; peer-to-peer or decentralized search engine; peer-to-peer search engine; regional search; search engine; specialized search; web search / directory / metasearch",
   "source_count": 322,
   "source_title": "List of search engines",
   "source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_search_engines"
  },
  {
   "engine": "A9.com",
   "launch_year": 2004,
   "end_year": null,
   "reported_status": "defunct",
   "region": null,
   "categories": "web search / directory / metasearch",
   "source_count": 2,
   "source_title": "List of search engines",
   "source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_search_engines"
  },
  {
   "engine": "Apache Solr",
   "launch_year": 2004,
   "end_year": null,
   "reported_status": null,
   "region": null,
   "categories": "specialized search",
   "source_count": 3,
   "source_title": "Yacy Selfhosted Search Engine",
   "source_url": "https://dasroot.net/posts/2025/06/yacy-selfhosted-search-engine"
  },
  {
   "engine": "BASE",
   "launch_year": 2004,
   "end_year": null,
   "reported_status": "Active",
   "region": "Germany",
   "categories": "Academic materials only; European and open-access content; European humanities repositories search engine; academic; academic studies texts; academic studies texts research; modern web search; one of the most powerful researches on academic studies texts; powerful researches on academic studies texts; researches on academic studies texts; specialized search; web search / directory / metasearch",
   "source_count": 95,
   "source_title": "List of search engines",
   "source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_search_engines"
  },
  {
   "engine": "BASE (Bielefeld Academic Search Engine)",
   "launch_year": 2004,
   "end_year": null,
   "reported_status": null,
   "region": null,
   "categories": "Open access content and institutional repositories; academic; modern web search; specialized search",
   "source_count": 18,
   "source_title": "50 Best Search Engines to Diversify Your Traffic in 2026",
   "source_url": "https://infineural.com/top-50-search-engines-list"
  },
  {
   "engine": "Become.com",
   "launch_year": 2004,
   "end_year": null,
   "reported_status": "active",
   "region": null,
   "categories": "product search and comparison shopping; specialized search",
   "source_count": 10,
   "source_title": "Comparison Shopping Websites Choose the Best for You | Plumrocket Blog",
   "source_url": "https://plumrocket.com/blog/comparison-shopping-websites"
  },
  {
   "engine": "Bielefeld Academic Search Engine",
   "launch_year": 2004,
   "end_year": null,
   "reported_status": "Open",
   "region": null,
   "categories": "Multidisciplinary; specialized search",
   "source_count": 9,
   "source_title": "Comprehensive review of academic search systems: evolution, analysis, and future research directions",
   "source_url": "https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s13278-025-01476-1.pdf"
  },
  {
   "engine": "Clusty",
   "launch_year": 2004,
   "end_year": null,
   "reported_status": "Active, Yippy, previously Clusty, now owns Togoda.com",
   "region": null,
   "categories": "THE CLUSTERING SEARCH ENGINE; specialized search; web search / directory / metasearch",
   "source_count": 14,
   "source_title": "Search engine",
   "source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Search_engine"
  },
  {
   "engine": "Google Books",
   "launch_year": 2004,
   "end_year": null,
   "reported_status": "Active",
   "region": null,
   "categories": "books; specialized search",
   "source_count": 5,
   "source_title": "100 Academic Search Engines, AI-Powered Research Tools & Scholarly Databases (2026 Edition)",
   "source_url": "https://aofirs.org/articles/100-search-engines-for-academic-research"
  },
  {
   "engine": "Google Scholar",
   "launch_year": 2004,
   "end_year": null,
   "reported_status": "Active",
   "region": null,
   "categories": "AI search / answer engine; Academic and Research Search Engines; Academic materials only; Academic research, scholarly articles; Multidisciplinary; academic; academic research; academic search engines; academic search tools; modern web search; scholarly; scholarly literature; scientific literature; specialized search; web search / directory / metasearch",
   "source_count": 225,
   "source_title": "List of search engines",
   "source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_search_engines"
  },
  {
   "engine": "Kayak",
   "launch_year": 2004,
   "end_year": null,
   "reported_status": null,
   "region": null,
   "categories": "modern web search; specialized search; travel; travel data; web search / directory / metasearch",
   "source_count": 43,
   "source_title": "Metasearch engine",
   "source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metasearch_engine"
  },
  {
   "engine": "MoJeek",
   "launch_year": 2004,
   "end_year": null,
   "reported_status": "active",
   "region": "UK",
   "categories": "Independent UK-based search engine; Private Search Engines; UK-based independent index; independent index; modern web search; privacy; privacy search engine; privacy-first; privacy-focused general search engines; regional search; specialized search; web search / directory / metasearch",
   "source_count": 448,
   "source_title": "List of search engines",
   "source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_search_engines"
  },
  {
   "engine": "Pipl",
   "launch_year": 2004,
   "end_year": null,
   "reported_status": "available",
   "region": "Israel",
   "categories": "AI search / answer engine; aggregating and delivering comprehensive search results about individuals; deep web searches; identity resolution engine; modern web search; people finder; people search; people search and background check service; people search engine; professional identity verification and people search for businesses; professional search tool; specialized search",
   "source_count": 146,
   "source_title": "Stop Googling: 100+ Insane AI Search Tools For Research \u2013 Info With Ai 100+ Ai Tools",
   "source_url": "https://infowithai.com/tools/search-ai-tools-list"
  },
  {
   "engine": "Scopus",
   "launch_year": 2004,
   "end_year": null,
   "reported_status": "Active",
   "region": null,
   "categories": "Broader journal coverage than Web of Science, strong in engineering; Multidisciplinary; academic; citation database; paid bibliographic database; specialized search",
   "source_count": 36,
   "source_title": "Best Research Paper Search Engines in 2026, Compared \u2014 SCiNiTO",
   "source_url": "https://scinito.ai/blog/the-best-platform-for-research-article-search-a-comprehensive-guide-for-researchers"
  },
  {
   "engine": "Yippy",
   "launch_year": 2004,
   "end_year": null,
   "reported_status": "discontinued",
   "region": "United States",
   "categories": "Inprivate Searching Service; meta-search engine; metasearch; metasearch engine; modern web search; specialized search; web search / directory / metasearch",
   "source_count": 47,
   "source_title": "List of search engines",
   "source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_search_engines"
  },
  {
   "engine": "360 Search",
   "launch_year": 2005,
   "end_year": null,
   "reported_status": "Security-focused",
   "region": "China",
   "categories": "modern web search; regional search",
   "source_count": 48,
   "source_title": "Learn about the Chinese Search Engines and their webmasters",
   "source_url": "https://accesstochina.com/information/access-to-china-articles/being-found-on-the-chinese-internet/chinese-search-engines"
  },
  {
   "engine": "Codase",
   "launch_year": 2005,
   "end_year": null,
   "reported_status": "discontinued",
   "region": null,
   "categories": "code; specialized search",
   "source_count": 26,
   "source_title": "Replacement for Google Code Search?",
   "source_url": "http://stackoverflow.com/questions/7778034/replacement-for-google-code-search"
  },
  {
   "engine": "GetPrice",
   "launch_year": 2005,
   "end_year": null,
   "reported_status": null,
   "region": "Australia",
   "categories": "shopping; specialized search",
   "source_count": 4,
   "source_title": "Comprehensive Guide to Top Shopping Search Engines",
   "source_url": "https://pandia.com/articles/shopping"
  },
  {
   "engine": "Good Search",
   "launch_year": 2005,
   "end_year": null,
   "reported_status": null,
   "region": null,
   "categories": "modern web search; specialized search",
   "source_count": 9,
   "source_title": "28 alternative search engines to Google - read here",
   "source_url": "https://blog.swisscows.com/en/28-alternative-search-engines-to-google/"
  },
  {
   "engine": "Google South Africa",
   "launch_year": 2005,
   "end_year": null,
   "reported_status": "active",
   "region": null,
   "categories": "regional search",
   "source_count": 4,
   "source_title": "Google on my Stoep \u2013 The Mail & Guardian",
   "source_url": "https://mg.co.za/article/2005-05-04-google-on-my-stoep"
  },
  {
   "engine": "Krugle",
   "launch_year": 2005,
   "end_year": 2013,
   "reported_status": "active",
   "region": "Silicon Valley",
   "categories": "code; code search; search through code; specialized search; web search / directory / metasearch",
   "source_count": 158,
   "source_title": "List of search engines",
   "source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_search_engines"
  },
  {
   "engine": "Munax",
   "launch_year": 2005,
   "end_year": null,
   "reported_status": "defunct",
   "region": null,
   "categories": "multimedia; specialized search; web search / directory / metasearch",
   "source_count": 3,
   "source_title": "List of search engines",
   "source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_search_engines"
  },
  {
   "engine": "Raftaar",
   "launch_year": 2005,
   "end_year": null,
   "reported_status": "struggling",
   "region": "India",
   "categories": "Hindi and regional search experiences; regional search",
   "source_count": 4,
   "source_title": "Indian Search Engines: A Deep Dive Into The Future Of Digital Bharat - 2025 - Mithu Tech Group",
   "source_url": "https://mithutech.com/indian-search-engines-a-deep-dive-into-the-bharat"
  },
  {
   "engine": "SearchMe",
   "launch_year": 2005,
   "end_year": null,
   "reported_status": "Inactive",
   "region": null,
   "categories": "web search / directory / metasearch",
   "source_count": 1,
   "source_title": "Search engine",
   "source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Search_engine"
  },
  {
   "engine": "Snap",
   "launch_year": 2005,
   "end_year": null,
   "reported_status": "defunct",
   "region": null,
   "categories": "web search / directory / metasearch",
   "source_count": 1,
   "source_title": "Timeline of web search engines",
   "source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_web_search_engines"
  },
  {
   "engine": "ZabaSearch",
   "launch_year": 2005,
   "end_year": null,
   "reported_status": "free",
   "region": "USA",
   "categories": "people search; people search engine; people-search; specialized search; web search / directory / metasearch",
   "source_count": 60,
   "source_title": "List of search engines",
   "source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_search_engines"
  },
  {
   "engine": "AMiner",
   "launch_year": 2006,
   "end_year": null,
   "reported_status": null,
   "region": "Beijing",
   "categories": "specialized search",
   "source_count": 15,
   "source_title": "Comprehensive review of academic search systems: evolution, analysis, and future research directions",
   "source_url": "https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s13278-025-01476-1.pdf"
  },
  {
   "engine": "BIGLOBE",
   "launch_year": 2006,
   "end_year": null,
   "reported_status": null,
   "region": "Japan",
   "categories": "modern web search; regional search; web search / directory / metasearch",
   "source_count": 14,
   "source_title": "List of search engines",
   "source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_search_engines"
  },
  {
   "engine": "ChaCha",
   "launch_year": 2006,
   "end_year": null,
   "reported_status": "Inactive",
   "region": null,
   "categories": "web search / directory / metasearch",
   "source_count": 1,
   "source_title": "Search engine",
   "source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Search_engine"
  },
  {
   "engine": "Google Code",
   "launch_year": 2006,
   "end_year": null,
   "reported_status": "still in beta",
   "region": null,
   "categories": "specialized search",
   "source_count": 7,
   "source_title": "A search engine for finding and reusing architecturally significant code",
   "source_url": "https://sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0164121216302345"
  },
  {
   "engine": "Google Code Search",
   "launch_year": 2006,
   "end_year": null,
   "reported_status": "obsolete",
   "region": null,
   "categories": "code search; specialized search; web search / directory / metasearch",
   "source_count": 73,
   "source_title": "List of search engines",
   "source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_search_engines"
  },
  {
   "engine": "Guruji",
   "launch_year": 2006,
   "end_year": 2011,
   "reported_status": "closed",
   "region": "India",
   "categories": "focused on providing better search results to Indian consumers by leveraging proprietary algorithms and data in the Indian context; music, Bollywood, cricket, and regional queries; regional search",
   "source_count": 21,
   "source_title": "List of Search Engines",
   "source_url": "https://docslib.org/doc/1606027/list-of-search-engines"
  },
  {
   "engine": "Live Search",
   "launch_year": 2006,
   "end_year": null,
   "reported_status": "Active as Bing, rebranded MSN Search",
   "region": null,
   "categories": "web search / directory / metasearch",
   "source_count": 1,
   "source_title": "Search engine",
   "source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Search_engine"
  },
  {
   "engine": "PeekYou",
   "launch_year": 2006,
   "end_year": null,
   "reported_status": "available",
   "region": "USA",
   "categories": "finding a person using their social media username; finding people online based on social media posts, blogs, pages, news etc; online search; people finder; people search; people search engine; people's search and exploring social media landscapes; people-search; specialized search; web search / directory / metasearch",
   "source_count": 126,
   "source_title": "List of search engines",
   "source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_search_engines"
  },
  {
   "engine": "Quaero",
   "launch_year": 2006,
   "end_year": null,
   "reported_status": "Inactive",
   "region": null,
   "categories": "web search / directory / metasearch",
   "source_count": 1,
   "source_title": "Search engine",
   "source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Search_engine"
  },
  {
   "engine": "RefSeek",
   "launch_year": 2006,
   "end_year": null,
   "reported_status": null,
   "region": null,
   "categories": "Academic Resource Search; academic; academic resource search; academic search tools; modern web search; specialized search",
   "source_count": 57,
   "source_title": "25+ Best Alternative Search Engines To Google (2026)",
   "source_url": "https://analytify.io/best-alternative-search-engines?:~:text=DuckDuckGoREMOVED-DuckDuckGo%20offers%20a&text=Being%20one%20of%20the%20bestREMOVEDfor%20its%20privacy-first%20approach."
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   "engine": "Search.com",
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   "reported_status": "Active",
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   "categories": "specialized search; web search / directory / metasearch",
   "source_count": 21,
   "source_title": "Search engine",
   "source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Search_engine"
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   "engine": "Soso",
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   "reported_status": "Inactive, merged with Sogou",
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   "source_title": "List of search engines",
   "source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_search_engines"
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   "engine": "Sourcerer",
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   "source_count": 8,
   "source_title": "Improving software quality via code searching and mining",
   "source_url": "https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/5070018"
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   "engine": "Spokeo",
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   "reported_status": "available",
   "region": "Pasadena, CA",
   "categories": "AI search / answer engine; deep search; information aggregation website; people; people finder; people search; people search and background check website; people search engine; people-search; social media profiles and online presence; specialized search; web search / directory / metasearch",
   "source_count": 161,
   "source_title": "List of search engines",
   "source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_search_engines"
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   "reported_status": "actively operating",
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   "categories": "index as many personalized websites as possible; modern web search; personalized websites; specialized search",
   "source_count": 39,
   "source_title": "Updated 7-30-2026 \u2013 Big Search Engine List: Who Indexes What?",
   "source_url": "https://searchengineworld.com/the-big-search-engine-list-who-indexes-what"
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   "engine": "Wikia Search",
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   "source_title": "List of search engines",
   "source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_search_engines"
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   "source_title": "Meta Search Engines Explained & Examples",
   "source_url": "https://en.ryte.com/wiki/Meta_Search_Engine"
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   "engine": "All The Code",
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   "reported_status": null,
   "region": null,
   "categories": "specialized search",
   "source_count": 3,
   "source_title": "Top 10+ source code search engines",
   "source_url": "https://itblackbelt.wordpress.com/2007/10/03/top-10-source-code-search-engines"
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   "engine": "BeenVerified",
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   "end_year": null,
   "reported_status": "available",
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   "categories": "AI search / answer engine; background reports; people search; people search engine; people-search; reverse name search; specialized search",
   "source_count": 78,
   "source_title": "Stop Googling: 100+ Insane AI Search Tools For Research \u2013 Info With Ai 100+ Ai Tools",
   "source_url": "https://infowithai.com/tools/search-ai-tools-list"
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   "engine": "Blackle.com",
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   "reported_status": "Active, Google Search",
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   "source_count": 1,
   "source_title": "Search engine",
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   "reported_status": null,
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   "categories": "Metasearch Engines; metasearch engine; modern web search; specialized search",
   "source_count": 11,
   "source_title": "Best Andi Alternatives & Competitors",
   "source_url": "https://sourceforge.net/software/product/Andi/alternatives"
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   "engine": "OpenSearch",
   "launch_year": 2007,
   "end_year": null,
   "reported_status": "defunct",
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   "categories": "modern web search; specialized search",
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   "source_title": "List of search engines",
   "source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_search_engines?scrlybrkr=c900b03a"
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   "source_count": 3,
   "source_title": "Search engine",
   "source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Search_engine"
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   "engine": "WeChat Search",
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   "end_year": null,
   "reported_status": null,
   "region": "China",
   "categories": "regional search; social search",
   "source_count": 10,
   "source_title": "Best Chinese Search Engines for promotion of you business",
   "source_url": "https://china-digital.com/blogs/top-chinese-search-engines-in-2023"
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   "engine": "Youdao",
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   "reported_status": null,
   "region": "China",
   "categories": "Educational Search; language-learning; modern web search; regional search; translation and educational purposes; web search / directory / metasearch",
   "source_count": 47,
   "source_title": "List of search engines",
   "source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_search_engines"
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   "engine": "wikiseek",
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   "end_year": null,
   "reported_status": "Inactive",
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   "categories": "web search / directory / metasearch",
   "source_count": 1,
   "source_title": "Search engine",
   "source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Search_engine"
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  {
   "engine": "Academia.edu",
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   "end_year": null,
   "reported_status": "Active",
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   "categories": "specialized search",
   "source_count": 4,
   "source_title": "Alternative Search Engines - Good Tools #9",
   "source_url": "https://goodtools.substack.com/p/alternative-search-engines-good-tools"
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   "engine": "Cuil",
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   "end_year": null,
   "reported_status": "defunct",
   "region": null,
   "categories": "regional search; web search / directory / metasearch",
   "source_count": 4,
   "source_title": "List of search engines",
   "source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_search_engines"
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  {
   "engine": "DuckDuckGo",
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   "reported_status": "active",
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   "categories": "AI search; AI search / answer engine; Inprivate Searching Service; Privacy; Privacy-focused browsing, no tracking; Private Search Engines; free, earns revenue through ads, but does not track your search history or build a profile on you; general; modern web search; privacy; privacy search engine; privacy-first search; privacy-focused; privacy-focused general search engines; private; private search; private search engine; regional search; specialized search; traditional web search; web search / directory / metasearch",
   "source_count": 694,
   "source_title": "Timeline of web search engines",
   "source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_web_search_engines"
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  {
   "engine": "Dwaar",
   "launch_year": 2008,
   "end_year": null,
   "reported_status": "closed doors",
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   "categories": "regional search",
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   "source_title": "Strong competition from established global players halts growth of Indian search engines",
   "source_url": "https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/internet/strong-competition-from-established-global-players-halts-growth-of-indian-search-engines/articleshow/11634901.cms"
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   "engine": "Forestle",
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   "end_year": null,
   "reported_status": "Inactive (redirects to Ecosia)",
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   "categories": "web search / directory / metasearch",
   "source_count": 2,
   "source_title": "Search engine",
   "source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Search_engine"
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   "engine": "Gibiru",
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   "reported_status": "active",
   "region": "South Korea",
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   "source_count": 162,
   "source_title": "The Most Popular Search Engine in South Korea, Ranked - StrawPoll",
   "source_url": "https://strawpoll.com/most-popular-search-engine-south-korea"
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  {
   "engine": "GitHub Code Search",
   "launch_year": 2008,
   "end_year": null,
   "reported_status": "Stable",
   "region": null,
   "categories": "specialized search",
   "source_count": 15,
   "source_title": "11 Best Search Engines to Explore the Invisible Web in 2025 \u2013 Unlock Hidden Content",
   "source_url": "https://freedom251.com/11-best-search-engines-to-explore-the-invisible-web-in-2025-unlock-hidden-content"
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  {
   "engine": "KidRex",
   "launch_year": 2008,
   "end_year": null,
   "reported_status": "Active",
   "region": null,
   "categories": "child-safe; child-safe search engine; fun and safe search for kids, by kids; kid safe search engine; kid-friendly; kids; modern web search; specialized search; web search / directory / metasearch",
   "source_count": 132,
   "source_title": "List of search engines",
   "source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_search_engines"
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  {
   "engine": "LeapFish",
   "launch_year": 2008,
   "end_year": null,
   "reported_status": "defunct",
   "region": null,
   "categories": "specialized search; web search / directory / metasearch",
   "source_count": 5,
   "source_title": "List of search engines",
   "source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_search_engines"
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  {
   "engine": "Picollator",
   "launch_year": 2008,
   "end_year": null,
   "reported_status": "Inactive",
   "region": null,
   "categories": "web search / directory / metasearch",
   "source_count": 1,
   "source_title": "Search engine",
   "source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Search_engine"
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  {
   "engine": "Powerset",
   "launch_year": 2008,
   "end_year": null,
   "reported_status": "Inactive (redirects to Bing)",
   "region": null,
   "categories": "web search / directory / metasearch",
   "source_count": 1,
   "source_title": "Search engine",
   "source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Search_engine"
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  {
   "engine": "ResearchGate",
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   "end_year": null,
   "reported_status": "Active",
   "region": null,
   "categories": "Multidisciplinary; Scholarly collaboration, research papers; academic; specialized search",
   "source_count": 22,
   "source_title": "Acedemic search engines.pptx",
   "source_url": "https://slideshare.net/slideshow/acedemic-search-enginespptx/257972774"
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   "engine": "TinEye",
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   "reported_status": "Active",
   "region": "Canada",
   "categories": "AI search / answer engine; Finding exact copies, altered versions, and the original upload date of an image; Multimedia and Images Search Engine; exact matches; image search; images; modern web search; reverse image; reverse image and face search; reverse image search; reverse-image engine; similarity; specialized search; web search / directory / metasearch",
   "source_count": 185,
   "source_title": "List of search engines",
   "source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_search_engines"
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  {
   "engine": "Viewzi",
   "launch_year": 2008,
   "end_year": null,
   "reported_status": "Inactive",
   "region": null,
   "categories": "specialized search; web search / directory / metasearch",
   "source_count": 6,
   "source_title": "List of search engines",
   "source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_search_engines"
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   "engine": "Ecosia",
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   "reported_status": "active",
   "region": "Germany",
   "categories": "AI search / answer engine; Inprivate Searching Service; Tree-planting, eco-friendly search; another browser-and-search combo built on Chromium, but its identity is rooted in environmental impact; environmentally conscious; general; green; modern web search; privacy; privacy search engine; private alternatives; purpose-driven with environmental impact; regional search; specialized search; traditional web search; web search / directory / metasearch",
   "source_count": 431,
   "source_title": "Comparison of search engines",
   "source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_search_engines"
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  {
   "engine": "ImHalal",
   "launch_year": 2009,
   "end_year": null,
   "reported_status": "active",
   "region": null,
   "categories": "web search / directory / metasearch",
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   "source_title": "Timeline of web search engines",
   "source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_web_search_engines"
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   "engine": "IxQuick",
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   "end_year": null,
   "reported_status": "take down",
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   "categories": "meta search engine; metasearch engine; specialized search",
   "source_count": 8,
   "source_title": "Search Engines - which one to choose?",
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   "engine": "Jurn",
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   "reported_status": null,
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   "categories": "scholarly papers; scholarly works; specialized search",
   "source_count": 5,
   "source_title": "28 Best Academic Search Engines That make your research easier 2026",
   "source_url": "https://scijournal.org/articles/academic-search-engines"
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   "engine": "Microsoft Academic",
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   "end_year": 2022,
   "reported_status": "discontinued",
   "region": null,
   "categories": "academic; academic content; academic literature; academic publications; modern web search; scientific; specialized search",
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   "source_title": "50 Best Search Engines to Diversify Your Traffic in 2026",
   "source_url": "https://infineural.com/top-50-search-engines-list"
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   "engine": "Microsoft Bing",
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   "end_year": null,
   "reported_status": "active",
   "region": "China",
   "categories": "AI search / answer engine; AI search engine; desktop; general; modern web search; regional search; web search / directory / metasearch",
   "source_count": 135,
   "source_title": "Comparison of search engines",
   "source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_search_engines"
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  {
   "engine": "Scout (Goby)",
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   "end_year": null,
   "reported_status": "Active",
   "region": null,
   "categories": "web search / directory / metasearch",
   "source_count": 1,
   "source_title": "Search engine",
   "source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Search_engine"
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   "engine": "Wolfram Alpha",
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   "end_year": null,
   "reported_status": "live",
   "region": null,
   "categories": "AI search / answer engine; MATH assistance; computational analysis; computational knowledge; computational knowledge engine; math, science, statistics, and factual queries; modern web search; regional search; specialized search",
   "source_count": 54,
   "source_title": "Best AI Search Engines in 2026",
   "source_url": "https://dageno.ai/blog/ai-search-engines"
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  {
   "engine": "Wolfram|Alpha",
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   "end_year": null,
   "reported_status": "active",
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   "categories": "AI search / answer engine; Academic and Research Search Engines; Computational; Mathematical Searching; a data search engine; academic research, scientific inquiries, and data analysis; computational knowledge engine; data search; data search engine; modern web search; specialized search",
   "source_count": 109,
   "source_title": "Andi \u2014 search engine AI tool",
   "source_url": "https://unifai.info/tool/andi"
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  {
   "engine": "Yebol",
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   "end_year": null,
   "reported_status": "defunct",
   "region": null,
   "categories": "regional search; specialized search; web search / directory / metasearch",
   "source_count": 4,
   "source_title": "List of search engines",
   "source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_search_engines"
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  {
   "engine": "Blekko",
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   "end_year": null,
   "reported_status": "acquired",
   "region": null,
   "categories": "modern web search; specialized search; web search / directory / metasearch",
   "source_count": 12,
   "source_title": "List of search engines",
   "source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_search_engines"
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  {
   "engine": "CompareXpress",
   "launch_year": 2010,
   "end_year": null,
   "reported_status": null,
   "region": "Singapore",
   "categories": "specialized search",
   "source_count": 12,
   "source_title": "Comparison shopping website",
   "source_url": "https://en-wikipedia--on--ipfs-org.ipns.dweb.link/wiki/Comparison_shopping_website"
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  {
   "engine": "Epic",
   "launch_year": 2010,
   "end_year": null,
   "reported_status": null,
   "region": null,
   "categories": "regional search; specialized search",
   "source_count": 6,
   "source_title": "8 Indian Search Engines List | Apps, Websites",
   "source_url": "https://godlyguide.com/indian-search-engines"
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  {
   "engine": "Instant Checkmate",
   "launch_year": 2010,
   "end_year": null,
   "reported_status": null,
   "region": "USA",
   "categories": "AI search / answer engine; background check; people search; people search engine; specialized search",
   "source_count": 49,
   "source_title": "Stop Googling: 100+ Insane AI Search Tools For Research \u2013 Info With Ai 100+ Ai Tools",
   "source_url": "https://infowithai.com/tools/search-ai-tools-list"
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  {
   "engine": "Parsijoo",
   "launch_year": 2010,
   "end_year": 2022,
   "reported_status": "defunct",
   "region": "Iranian",
   "categories": "Persian-language content; regional search; web search / directory / metasearch",
   "source_count": 16,
   "source_title": "List of search engines",
   "source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_search_engines"
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  {
   "engine": "Seeks",
   "launch_year": 2010,
   "end_year": null,
   "reported_status": "defunct",
   "region": null,
   "categories": "peer-to-peer search software; specialized search; web search / directory / metasearch",
   "source_count": 20,
   "source_title": "List of search engines",
   "source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_search_engines"
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  {
   "engine": "CORE",
   "launch_year": 2011,
   "end_year": null,
   "reported_status": "Active",
   "region": null,
   "categories": "Free full-text access; modern web search; open access research papers; open-access PDFs aggregator; open-access research papers; specialized search",
   "source_count": 61,
   "source_title": "50 Best Search Engines to Diversify Your Traffic in 2026",
   "source_url": "https://infineural.com/top-50-search-engines-list"
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  {
   "engine": "Google Lens",
   "launch_year": 2011,
   "end_year": null,
   "reported_status": null,
   "region": null,
   "categories": "AI search / answer engine; Identifying products, landmarks, plants, artwork, and finding visually similar images at the widest possible scale; specialized search",
   "source_count": 28,
   "source_title": "Stop Googling: 100+ Insane AI Search Tools For Research \u2013 Info With Ai 100+ Ai Tools",
   "source_url": "https://infowithai.com/tools/search-ai-tools-list"
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  {
   "engine": "Google Reverse Image Search",
   "launch_year": 2011,
   "end_year": null,
   "reported_status": null,
   "region": null,
   "categories": "specialized search",
   "source_count": 6,
   "source_title": "Best Image Search Engine Options Compared",
   "source_url": "https://thegeekinsights.com/best-image-search-engine"
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  {
   "engine": "Qwant",
   "launch_year": 2011,
   "end_year": null,
   "reported_status": "active",
   "region": "France",
   "categories": "AI search / answer engine; Europe-centric search index; Inprivate Searching Service; Privacy-Focused Search Engines; Privacy-focused; Private Search Engines; alternatives to DuckDuckGo; modern web search; privacy; privacy search engine; privacy-based; privacy-based search engine; private; regional search; search engine; specialized search; web search / directory / metasearch; web search engine",
   "source_count": 508,
   "source_title": "List of search engines",
   "source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_search_engines"
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  {
   "engine": "C\u1ed1c C\u1ed1c",
   "launch_year": 2012,
   "end_year": null,
   "reported_status": "active",
   "region": "Vietnamese",
   "categories": "local engine; modern web search; regional; regional search",
   "source_count": 12,
   "source_title": "List of search engines by country",
   "source_url": "https://ph4.org/search_searchcountries.php"
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  {
   "engine": "Google Videos",
   "launch_year": 2012,
   "end_year": null,
   "reported_status": "Online",
   "region": null,
   "categories": "modern web search; specialized search",
   "source_count": 10,
   "source_title": "Google Search",
   "source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Googl.com"
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  {
   "engine": "Haosou",
   "launch_year": 2012,
   "end_year": null,
   "reported_status": "active",
   "region": "China",
   "categories": "Security Search; modern web search; regional search; search; security features; specialized search",
   "source_count": 69,
   "source_title": "The Top 5 Search Engines in China",
   "source_url": "https://chinafy.com/blog/the-top-5-search-engines-in-china"
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  {
   "engine": "Haosuo",
   "launch_year": 2012,
   "end_year": null,
   "reported_status": null,
   "region": "China",
   "categories": "regional search",
   "source_count": 7,
   "source_title": "Top 10 Top search engine China",
   "source_url": "https://sourcifychina.com/top-search-engine-China"
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  {
   "engine": "Million Short",
   "launch_year": 2012,
   "end_year": null,
   "reported_status": null,
   "region": "Toronto based",
   "categories": "modern web search; specialized search; web search / directory / metasearch",
   "source_count": 10,
   "source_title": "Comparison of search engines",
   "source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_search_engines"
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  {
   "engine": "Qihoo 360",
   "launch_year": 2012,
   "end_year": null,
   "reported_status": "active",
   "region": "China",
   "categories": "modern web search; regional search; secure; specialized search",
   "source_count": 16,
   "source_title": "Top 5 China Search Engines You Need to Know for Promotion",
   "source_url": "https://seoasoorm.com/china-search-engine"
  },
  {
   "engine": "Volunia",
   "launch_year": 2012,
   "end_year": null,
   "reported_status": "defunct",
   "region": null,
   "categories": "web search / directory / metasearch",
   "source_count": 2,
   "source_title": "List of search engines",
   "source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_search_engines"
  },
  {
   "engine": "Yelliot Search Engine",
   "launch_year": 2012,
   "end_year": null,
   "reported_status": null,
   "region": null,
   "categories": "modern web search; specialized search",
   "source_count": 5,
   "source_title": "Yelliot Search Engine: Yelliot! You & Elliot search engine, Top #1 Hybrid Alternative Search",
   "source_url": "https://alternativeto.net/software/yelliot-search-engine/about"
  },
  {
   "engine": "C\u1ed1c C\u1ed1c Search",
   "launch_year": 2013,
   "end_year": null,
   "reported_status": null,
   "region": null,
   "categories": "modern web search; regional search; web search / directory / metasearch",
   "source_count": 5,
   "source_title": "Comparison of search engines",
   "source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_search_engines"
  },
  {
   "engine": "Egerin",
   "launch_year": 2013,
   "end_year": null,
   "reported_status": "Active, Kurdish / Sorani",
   "region": "Kurdish / Sorani",
   "categories": "Kurdish / Sorani; modern web search; regional search; web search / directory / metasearch",
   "source_count": 30,
   "source_title": "List of search engines",
   "source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_search_engines"
  },
  {
   "engine": "Halalgoogling",
   "launch_year": 2013,
   "end_year": null,
   "reported_status": null,
   "region": null,
   "categories": "web search / directory / metasearch",
   "source_count": 1,
   "source_title": "Search engine",
   "source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Search_engine"
  },
  {
   "engine": "Pipilika",
   "launch_year": 2013,
   "end_year": null,
   "reported_status": "defunct",
   "region": "Bangla",
   "categories": "regional search; specialized search; web search / directory / metasearch",
   "source_count": 11,
   "source_title": "List of search engines",
   "source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_search_engines"
  },
  {
   "engine": "Shen Ma Search",
   "launch_year": 2013,
   "end_year": null,
   "reported_status": "active",
   "region": "China",
   "categories": "Mobile Search; The first \u201cmobile first\u201d search engine. It has a strong growth recently; mobile; mobile devices; mobile search; mobile search engine; mobile-first; mobile-only; mobile-only search engine; modern web search; regional search; search",
   "source_count": 155,
   "source_title": "Beyond Google: Discover the World's Diverse Search Engines",
   "source_url": "https://ithy.com/article/national-search-engine-alternatives-5utyr68b"
  },
  {
   "engine": "Ahmia",
   "launch_year": 2014,
   "end_year": null,
   "reported_status": null,
   "region": null,
   "categories": "modern web search; search engine; specialized search; web search / directory / metasearch",
   "source_count": 32,
   "source_title": "Comparison of search engines",
   "source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_search_engines"
  },
  {
   "engine": "Baidu Scholar",
   "launch_year": 2014,
   "end_year": null,
   "reported_status": null,
   "region": "China",
   "categories": "academic; academic search engine; specialized search",
   "source_count": 17,
   "source_title": "The best academic search engines [Update 2025]",
   "source_url": "https://paperpile.com/g/academic-search-engines"
  },
  {
   "engine": "Disconnect Search",
   "launch_year": 2014,
   "end_year": null,
   "reported_status": "closed",
   "region": null,
   "categories": "modern web search; specialized search",
   "source_count": 39,
   "source_title": "The 20 Best Private Search Engines to Use in 2026",
   "source_url": "https://privacysavvy.com/security/safe-browsing/private-search-engines"
  },
  {
   "engine": "Grams",
   "launch_year": 2014,
   "end_year": null,
   "reported_status": "offline for good",
   "region": null,
   "categories": "specialized search; web search / directory / metasearch",
   "source_count": 3,
   "source_title": "List of search engines",
   "source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_search_engines"
  },
  {
   "engine": "Khoj",
   "launch_year": 2014,
   "end_year": null,
   "reported_status": "struggling",
   "region": "India",
   "categories": "Hindi and regional search experiences; modern web search; regional search",
   "source_count": 11,
   "source_title": "What are the top local search engines in India with a big database?",
   "source_url": "https://quora.com/What-are-the-top-local-search-engines-in-India-with-a-big-database"
  },
  {
   "engine": "Kiddle",
   "launch_year": 2014,
   "end_year": null,
   "reported_status": "Active, Google Search",
   "region": null,
   "categories": "Safe sites and pages written specifically for kids; kid-friendly; modern web search; safe, visual search engine for kids; specialized search; visual search engine for kids; visual search engine for kids powered by Google, offering safe kids web, image, and video search; web search / directory / metasearch",
   "source_count": 146,
   "source_title": "Search engine",
   "source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Search_engine"
  },
  {
   "engine": "Pixsy",
   "launch_year": 2014,
   "end_year": null,
   "reported_status": null,
   "region": null,
   "categories": "specialized search",
   "source_count": 12,
   "source_title": "15 Search Engines Wikipedia Lists You Should Know in 2026",
   "source_url": "https://ones.com/blog/15-search-engines-wikipedia-lists-you-should-know-in-2026"
  },
  {
   "engine": "Searx",
   "launch_year": 2014,
   "end_year": null,
   "reported_status": "Discontinued",
   "region": "United States",
   "categories": "Inprivate Searching Service; Metasearch Engines; Metasearch engine; Open-source metasearch engine; metasearch; metasearch engine; modern web search; privacy; privacy search engine; search; specialized search; web search / directory / metasearch",
   "source_count": 156,
   "source_title": "List of search engines",
   "source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_search_engines"
  },
  {
   "engine": "SwissCows",
   "launch_year": 2014,
   "end_year": null,
   "reported_status": "active",
   "region": "Switzerland",
   "categories": "AI search / answer engine; Family-friendly and privacy-focused; Inprivate Searching Service; Privacy; Privacy-Focused Search Engines; Private Search Engines; encrypted searches; family-friendly; family-friendly content filtering and data integrity, using semantic information recognition to improve the relevance of results; family-friendly searches; family-friendly, privacy-first; fully encrypted searches; modern web search; privacy; privacy search engine; privacy-focused general search engines; private search; regional search; specialized search; web search / directory / metasearch",
   "source_count": 345,
   "source_title": "List of search engines",
   "source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_search_engines"
  },
  {
   "engine": "Brave search",
   "launch_year": 2015,
   "end_year": null,
   "reported_status": null,
   "region": null,
   "categories": "modern web search; specialized search",
   "source_count": 5,
   "source_title": "Brave Browser EXPLAINED: Shields, Private Search & Leo AI Setup Guide",
   "source_url": "https://youtube.com/watch?v=98iwMwvNaBQ"
  },
  {
   "engine": "Cliqz",
   "launch_year": 2015,
   "end_year": null,
   "reported_status": "Inactive",
   "region": null,
   "categories": "web search / directory / metasearch",
   "source_count": 1,
   "source_title": "Search engine",
   "source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Search_engine"
  },
  {
   "engine": "Lilo",
   "launch_year": 2015,
   "end_year": null,
   "reported_status": "active",
   "region": null,
   "categories": "modern web search; regional search; specialized search",
   "source_count": 20,
   "source_title": "DuckDuckGo Alternatives: Top 12 Web Search Engines from the EU",
   "source_url": "https://alternativeto.net/software/duckduckgo?origin=eu"
  },
  {
   "engine": "Oscobo",
   "launch_year": 2015,
   "end_year": null,
   "reported_status": null,
   "region": "UK",
   "categories": "modern web search; privacy; protects your privacy; protects your privacy while you search the web; regional search; search engine; specialized search",
   "source_count": 92,
   "source_title": "The Best Search Engines: List & Google Alternatives",
   "source_url": "https://farbentour.de/en/advice/search-engines"
  },
  {
   "engine": "Semantic Scholar",
   "launch_year": 2015,
   "end_year": null,
   "reported_status": "active",
   "region": null,
   "categories": "AI search / answer engine; AI-enhanced citation analysis; AI-powered free academic search; AI-powered recommendations; Academic; Academic and Research Search Engines; Academic materials only; Computer science, biomedicine, broad academic coverage; Generative AI-driven research tool for scientific literature; Multidisciplinary; Paper discovery; academic; academic paper search; academic search engine; modern web search; research tool; scholarly; scholarly search engine; specialized search; web search / directory / metasearch",
   "source_count": 196,
   "source_title": "List of search engines",
   "source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_search_engines"
  },
  {
   "engine": "Truth Finder",
   "launch_year": 2015,
   "end_year": null,
   "reported_status": null,
   "region": "United States",
   "categories": "AI search / answer engine; find anyone online; people search; people search tool; specialized search",
   "source_count": 49,
   "source_title": "Stop Googling: 100+ Insane AI Search Tools For Research \u2013 Info With Ai 100+ Ai Tools",
   "source_url": "https://infowithai.com/tools/search-ai-tools-list"
  },
  {
   "engine": "Yooz",
   "launch_year": 2015,
   "end_year": null,
   "reported_status": "Inactive",
   "region": null,
   "categories": "regional search; web search / directory / metasearch",
   "source_count": 2,
   "source_title": "Search engine",
   "source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Search_engine"
  },
  {
   "engine": "13Tabs",
   "launch_year": 2016,
   "end_year": null,
   "reported_status": null,
   "region": "India",
   "categories": "Indian businesses, government schemes, jobs, and vernacular content; regional search",
   "source_count": 4,
   "source_title": "8 Indian Search Engines List | Apps, Websites",
   "source_url": "https://godlyguide.com/indian-search-engines"
  },
  {
   "engine": "Bing Visual Search",
   "launch_year": 2016,
   "end_year": null,
   "reported_status": null,
   "region": null,
   "categories": "AI search / answer engine; AI-driven insights; Finding visually similar images and identifying well-known products, places, and public figures; image search; reverse image search; specialized search",
   "source_count": 45,
   "source_title": "Stop Googling: 100+ Insane AI Search Tools For Research \u2013 Info With Ai 100+ Ai Tools",
   "source_url": "https://infowithai.com/tools/search-ai-tools-list"
  },
  {
   "engine": "KidsClick",
   "launch_year": 2017,
   "end_year": null,
   "reported_status": null,
   "region": null,
   "categories": "guiding their young users to valuable and age appropriate web sites; specialized search",
   "source_count": 11,
   "source_title": "12 Safe Search Engines Designed for Kids",
   "source_url": "https://parenting.firstcry.ae/articles/12-safe-search-engines-for-kids-to-filter-out-unwanted-content"
  },
  {
   "engine": "Pinterest Lens",
   "launch_year": 2017,
   "end_year": null,
   "reported_status": null,
   "region": null,
   "categories": "Finding fashion items, home decor, food, and visual inspiration within Pinterest's content network; image search; specialized search",
   "source_count": 8,
   "source_title": "Best AI Visual Search Tools Compared (2026): 25 Tools Reviewed & Tested",
   "source_url": "https://redstaglabs.com/pages/best-ai-visual-search-tools-compared"
  },
  {
   "engine": "Presearch",
   "launch_year": 2017,
   "end_year": null,
   "reported_status": "active",
   "region": null,
   "categories": "AI search / answer engine; Blockchain-Based Search Engines; academic; blockchain; blockchain-based search engine; decentralized; general; modern web search; privacy; privacy-centric search; search engine; specialized search; web search / directory / metasearch",
   "source_count": 139,
   "source_title": "List of search engines",
   "source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_search_engines"
  },
  {
   "engine": "SciSpace",
   "launch_year": 2017,
   "end_year": null,
   "reported_status": "active",
   "region": null,
   "categories": "AI search / answer engine; Hybrid search using blend of Lexical search AND Semantic search; academic; modern web search; specialized search",
   "source_count": 12,
   "source_title": "Stop Googling: 100+ Insane AI Search Tools For Research \u2013 Info With Ai 100+ Ai Tools",
   "source_url": "https://infowithai.com/tools/search-ai-tools-list"
  },
  {
   "engine": "Dimensions",
   "launch_year": 2018,
   "end_year": null,
   "reported_status": null,
   "region": null,
   "categories": "Multidisciplinary; academic; cross-domain research graph; specialized search",
   "source_count": 25,
   "source_title": "Comprehensive review of academic search systems: evolution, analysis, and future research directions",
   "source_url": "https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s13278-025-01476-1.pdf"
  },
  {
   "engine": "Elicit",
   "launch_year": 2018,
   "end_year": null,
   "reported_status": "active",
   "region": null,
   "categories": "AI research assistant; AI search; AI search / answer engine; Academic research; Research synthesis; academic research; modern web search; other; scholarly; specialized search",
   "source_count": 59,
   "source_title": "13 Best AI Search Engines (2026): Answer Engines Compared & Tested",
   "source_url": "https://piccard.it/blog/ai-search-engines"
  },
  {
   "engine": "Google Dataset Search",
   "launch_year": 2018,
   "end_year": null,
   "reported_status": "Active",
   "region": null,
   "categories": "modern web search; specialized search; web search / directory / metasearch",
   "source_count": 7,
   "source_title": "List of search engines",
   "source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_search_engines"
  },
  {
   "engine": "Kagi",
   "launch_year": 2018,
   "end_year": null,
   "reported_status": "active",
   "region": null,
   "categories": "AI Agent Builders; AI search; AI search / answer engine; AI-Powered Search Engines; AI-powered search engine; Paid, ad-free search engine; Privacy Search; Privacy-focused; general; modern web search; other; paid search; paid, ad-free search engine; premium; privacy; privacy-first search engine; privacy-focused search engine; regional search; specialized search; traditional web search; web search / directory / metasearch",
   "source_count": 301,
   "source_title": "List of search engines",
   "source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_search_engines"
  },
  {
   "engine": "Lens.org",
   "launch_year": 2018,
   "end_year": null,
   "reported_status": null,
   "region": null,
   "categories": "fully free open-access academic and patent search; scholarly; scholarly research and patent data; specialized search",
   "source_count": 27,
   "source_title": "Google Scholar vs other AI search tools (Undermind, Elicit, SciSpace) - how and when to use each",
   "source_url": "https://aarontay.substack.com/p/google-scholar-vs-other-ai-search-tools"
  },
  {
   "engine": "PimEyes",
   "launch_year": 2018,
   "end_year": null,
   "reported_status": null,
   "region": null,
   "categories": "AI search / answer engine; facial recognition; reverse image and face search; specialized search",
   "source_count": 44,
   "source_title": "Stop Googling: 100+ Insane AI Search Tools For Research \u2013 Info With Ai 100+ Ai Tools",
   "source_url": "https://infowithai.com/tools/search-ai-tools-list"
  },
  {
   "engine": "Scite.ai",
   "launch_year": 2018,
   "end_year": null,
   "reported_status": "active",
   "region": null,
   "categories": "AI search / answer engine; academic; specialized search",
   "source_count": 6,
   "source_title": "AI Powered Search Engines List 2026: 13 Picks",
   "source_url": "https://perplexityaimagazine.com/ai-tools/ai-powered-search-engines-list-2026"
  },
  {
   "engine": "SearXNG",
   "launch_year": 2018,
   "end_year": null,
   "reported_status": "active",
   "region": null,
   "categories": "AI search / answer engine; Privacy focused; Privacy focused meta search engine; federated / meta-search; meta-search; metasearch; metasearch engine; modern web search; next gen Searx; privacy; regional search; self-hosters and technical users; specialized search; web search / directory / metasearch",
   "source_count": 232,
   "source_title": "Search engine",
   "source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Search_engine"
  },
  {
   "engine": "Glean",
   "launch_year": 2019,
   "end_year": null,
   "reported_status": "active",
   "region": "United States",
   "categories": "AI search / answer engine; Enterprise AI search engine; modern web search; search platform",
   "source_count": 11,
   "source_title": "Best AI Search & Research Tools in 2026 | AITrendTool",
   "source_url": "https://aitrendtool.com/category/ai-search-research"
  },
  {
   "engine": "Neeva",
   "launch_year": 2019,
   "end_year": null,
   "reported_status": "discontinued",
   "region": "U.S.",
   "categories": "AI search; AI search / answer engine; Search engines you can no longer use; answer engine; generative AI search engine; generative AI search tool; modern web search; privacy; search engine; specialized search; user-focused search engine; web search / directory / metasearch",
   "source_count": 71,
   "source_title": "List of search engines",
   "source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_search_engines"
  },
  {
   "engine": "Openverse",
   "launch_year": 2019,
   "end_year": null,
   "reported_status": "active",
   "region": null,
   "categories": "Open Source Media; image generator web application; image search; modern web search; openly licensed media; search engine for open content; specialized search; web search / directory / metasearch",
   "source_count": 46,
   "source_title": "List of search engines",
   "source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_search_engines"
  },
  {
   "engine": "Consensus",
   "launch_year": 2020,
   "end_year": null,
   "reported_status": "active",
   "region": null,
   "categories": "AI answer; AI search; AI search / answer engine; AI-Powered Search Engines; AI-powered academic search engine; Academic Search; Academic and peer-reviewed research; Evidence\u2011based answers; Scientific literature; Specialized; academic research; academic work; modern web search; scholarly; specialized search",
   "source_count": 85,
   "source_title": "13 Best AI Search Engines (2026): Answer Engines Compared & Tested",
   "source_url": "https://piccard.it/blog/ai-search-engines"
  },
  {
   "engine": "Internet Archive Scholar",
   "launch_year": 2020,
   "end_year": null,
   "reported_status": null,
   "region": null,
   "categories": "Specialized collection of full-text academic materials; specialized search; web search / directory / metasearch",
   "source_count": 14,
   "source_title": "List of search engines",
   "source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_search_engines"
  },
  {
   "engine": "OneSearch",
   "launch_year": 2020,
   "end_year": null,
   "reported_status": null,
   "region": null,
   "categories": "modern web search; privacy; specialized search",
   "source_count": 10,
   "source_title": "11 Privacy-Focused, Alternative Search Engines to Google - B2 Web Studios",
   "source_url": "https://b2webstudios.com/11-privacy-focused-alternative-search-engines-to-google"
  },
  {
   "engine": "Petal",
   "launch_year": 2020,
   "end_year": null,
   "reported_status": "Active",
   "region": null,
   "categories": "modern web search; regional search; web search / directory / metasearch",
   "source_count": 13,
   "source_title": "List of search engines",
   "source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_search_engines"
  },
  {
   "engine": "Petal Search",
   "launch_year": 2020,
   "end_year": null,
   "reported_status": "active",
   "region": null,
   "categories": "modern web search; regional search; specialized search",
   "source_count": 13,
   "source_title": "Search Engine Directory \u2014 Every Active Search Engine in 2026 | Max Intel",
   "source_url": "https://maxintel.org/engines.html"
  },
  {
   "engine": "You.com",
   "launch_year": 2020,
   "end_year": null,
   "reported_status": "active",
   "region": "United States",
   "categories": "AI answer; AI search; AI search / answer engine; AI search engine; AI search engine and assistant; AI-Powered Search Engines; AI-powered search engine; Conversational AI search; Enterprise AI agents and pipelines; Multi-model AI search; Multi\u2011modal AI tools; agentic search stack; free AI search tool; general; modern web search; privacy; privacy search engine; regional search; specialized search; web search / directory / metasearch",
   "source_count": 311,
   "source_title": "Search engine",
   "source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Search_engine"
  },
  {
   "engine": "Andi",
   "launch_year": 2021,
   "end_year": null,
   "reported_status": "active",
   "region": null,
   "categories": "AI search; AI search / answer engine; AI-Powered Search Engines; AI-powered search engine; Privacy; Visual conversational search; conversational AI search engine; modern web search; privacy; specialized search; visual search and privacy",
   "source_count": 65,
   "source_title": "Best AI Search Engines in 2026: 8 Tools I Tested for Real Research",
   "source_url": "https://dupple.com/learn/best-ai-search-engines"
  },
  {
   "engine": "Brave",
   "launch_year": 2021,
   "end_year": null,
   "reported_status": "active",
   "region": null,
   "categories": "AI search / answer engine; independent index; modern web search; offers both a browser and a search engine, built on Chromium so Chrome extensions still work, and includes customisable \u201cGoggles\u201d to filter results by topic or source type; privacy; privacy-centric; privacy-focused; specialized search",
   "source_count": 87,
   "source_title": "Why everyone is suddenly rethinking Google search",
   "source_url": "https://dailytopai.com/article/why-everyone-is-suddenly-rethinking-google-search-531.html"
  },
  {
   "engine": "Brave Search",
   "launch_year": 2021,
   "end_year": null,
   "reported_status": "active",
   "region": "Global (privacy-oriented)",
   "categories": "AI search; AI search / answer engine; Independent index, minimal tracking; Independent index, privacy-centric; Privacy; Privacy + own index; Privacy-Focused Search Engines; alternatives to DuckDuckGo; decentralized and ad-free; general; independent free index; independent index; modern web search; privacy; privacy-first; privacy-first answer engine; privacy-first search engine; private; private search engine; regional search; specialized search; traditional web search; web search / directory / metasearch",
   "source_count": 520,
   "source_title": "List of search engines",
   "source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_search_engines"
  },
  {
   "engine": "Exa",
   "launch_year": 2021,
   "end_year": null,
   "reported_status": "active",
   "region": "United States",
   "categories": "AI search; AI search / answer engine; AI search startups; AI-powered search engine built for developers; Developer APIs and RAG applications; Search API; Specialized; modern web search; neural search API; neural search engine; search infrastructure purpose-built for AI agents; specialized search; web search API for AI agents",
   "source_count": 68,
   "source_title": "Best AI Search Engines in 2026: 8 Tools I Tested for Real Research",
   "source_url": "https://dupple.com/learn/best-ai-search-engines"
  },
  {
   "engine": "Kagi Search",
   "launch_year": 2021,
   "end_year": null,
   "reported_status": "active",
   "region": null,
   "categories": "AI Search; AI Search Engine; AI search; AI search / answer engine; general; modern web search; premium, paid search engine; search engine; specialized search; web search",
   "source_count": 111,
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  }
 ],
 "notes": []
}